地衣芽孢杆菌耐高温α-淀粉酶基因的克隆、烟草瞬时表达及转化拟南芥的研究

从地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)中克隆到耐高温α-淀粉酶基因全长,构建了原核表达载体,转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中,使用IPTG于28℃诱导6小时后,通过SDS-PAGE检测到目的蛋白,分子量约为55 kDa,并通过酶活力检测实验证明该蛋白具有耐高温α-淀粉酶活性。同时构建了该基因融合GFP的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导瞬时转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacun)下表皮细胞并在荧光显微镜下观察,发现在烟草下表皮细胞的细胞质和液泡中均有绿色荧光。使用I_2-KI溶液对乙醇脱色后的烟草叶片进行染色,显色反应表明在烟草中表达的耐高温α-淀粉酶具有酶活性。最后,采用农杆菌介导的花蕾浸泡法将重组载体转化到拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中,筛选到稳定遗传的耐高温α-淀粉酶基因的拟南芥纯合子。研究结果为后期开展表达耐高温α-淀粉酶的转基因植物的相关研究奠定了实验基础。     

天山雪莲SiSAD基因与拟南芥AtFAB2基因转化 烟草的抗寒性分析

通过转基因烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)验证天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrata) Δ9硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和酶基因SiSAD与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中同源基因AtFAB2的抗寒性功能。利用农杆菌介导法将植物表达载体P_SiSAD:AtFAB2和P_SiSAD:SiSAD导入烟草, 然后将2种转基因和野生型烟草分别置于20°C、10°C、5°C、0°C及-2°C下处理2小时, 检测其相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素荧光参数(F_v/F_m)及脂肪酸含量。将-2°C处理2小时后的植株置于25°C培养1周进行生长恢复实验。结果表明, 生长恢复实验中转SiSAD基因烟草的恢复效果显著优于转AtFAB2基因和野生型烟草。在0°C和-2°C处理2小时后, 转SiSAD、AtFAB2基因型和野生型烟草的相对电导率和丙二醛含量呈现显著递增趋势; 转SiSAD、AtFAB2基因型烟草的F_v/F_m显著高于野生型烟草, 其中, 转SiSAD基因烟草的F_v/F_m显著高于转AtFAB2基因烟草。转AtFAB2基因型和野生型烟草的油酸(C18:1)含量随着温度的降低逐渐升高后降低并在0°C时达到最高值; 而转SiSAD基因型烟草C18:1含量持续升高, 并在-2°C时达到最高值, 其含量分别是转AtFAB2基因型和野生型烟草的1.58倍和1.7倍。以上结果表明, 天山雪莲Δ9硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和酶基因SiSAD与拟南芥中同源基因AtFAB2均可以显著增强非低温驯化烟草的抗寒性, 但是SiSAD基因效果显著优于AtFAB2。     

人β-半乳糖苷酶R299L突变体的获得与活性研究*

目的: GM1神经节苷脂贮积症是一种由半乳糖苷酶beta 1(galactosidase beta 1, GLB1)基因突变引起的β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase,β-gal)活性降低导致的严重的溶酶体贮积病。该病以进行性、致命性神经退行性病变为特征,目前尚无有效的治疗手段,AAV载体介导的基因治疗被认为是最有希望的治疗方法。通过基因定点突变获得具有较高β-gal活性的GLB1突变体,以期用于后续AAV介导的基因治疗。方法: 对人类和其他6种脊椎动物GLB1基因进行多序列比对分析,筛选出部分氨基酸位点进行定点突变,采用携带突变位点的重组质粒和AAV9载体转染或感染HEK-293细胞,比较突变体与未突变体的活性差异。对GM1模型鼠注射携带coGLB1-R299L的rAAV9病毒,探究该突变体的体内活性表达。结果: 从15个突变体中筛选出coGLB1-R299L突变体,经质粒转染导入细胞后,其β-gal活性比具有野生型氨基酸序列的coGLB1增加了30%~40%。AAV体外感染实验中,rAAV9-coGLB1-R299L组的β-gal活性较未感染的细胞对照组提升了约2.2倍。体内结果显示,rAAV9-coGLB1-R299L在模型鼠体内广泛表达,心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、脑组织中β-gal活性显著提升。结论: 获得了具有更高β-gal活性的突变体coGLB1-R299L,初步探究了rAAV9-coGLB1-R299L的体外表达效果和模型鼠体内β-半乳糖苷酶的表达与分布,为该突变体应用于AAV介导的GM1神经节苷脂病治疗奠定基础。     

金针菇淀粉酶家族基因鉴定及其表达特性分析

本研究对金针菇淀粉酶家族基因进行了信息分析,并选用金针菇双核菌株H1123作为实验材料,分析了菌丝生长过程中淀粉酶活性和淀粉酶基因表达特性之间的关系。结果表明,金针菇淀粉酶家族包含6个α淀粉酶和1个γ淀粉酶。7个淀粉酶基因的表达量均在菌丝接种后第10天出现峰值,并与胞外淀粉酶活性呈同步变化,说明基质中淀粉的分解和利用是淀粉酶家族各成员之间相互协调的结果。其中α-Amy-1、α-Amy-4、α-Amy-5的上调幅度最大,为淀粉降解和代谢过程的主效基因。值得注意的是胞内淀粉酶基因α-Amy-1在第10天时达到约90倍的上调表达水平。我们推测：金针菇胞外淀粉酶将淀粉分解为小分子单糖的同时,其胞内淀粉酶也参与了这些糖类的吸收和运输过程。     

农杆菌介导Txpam基因转化烟曲霉TMS-26及其产紫杉醇效果评价

为研究红豆杉紫杉醇合成途径限速酶基因功能及其对内生真菌烟曲霉TMS-26发酵产紫杉醇的影响,以曼地亚红豆杉愈伤组织制备cDNA作为模板扩增苯丙氨酸氨基变位酶基因（Txpam）,构建重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-Txpam,转入大肠杆菌中进行异源诱导表达,经亲和层析纯化,获取重组酶TxPAM并验证其酶活性。构建pCAMBIA1302-Txpam质粒,转化农杆菌感受态细胞,利用农杆菌介导的转化体系获得转化子并优化转化条件,结合插入片段携带的分子标记和目的基因进行转化子验证,同时培养转化菌株并检测紫杉醇产量。结果表明：纯化获取的重组酶TxPAM,经HPLC检测具有将α-苯丙氨酸催化为β-苯丙氨酸的功能;在最优转化条件下,转化子数目达到471个/10⁶个孢子;根据基因hyg和Txpam的克隆以及测序结果,说明成功构建了基因工程菌株,通过对其发酵条件进行优化,紫杉醇产量达到721.87μg/L。     

两种瞬时表达体系研究拟南芥Profilin-1的亚细胞定位

使用两种瞬时表达方法研究Profilin-1(PRF1)的亚细胞定位,并比较了2种瞬时表达体系在亚细胞定位研究中的优缺点。利用拟南芥幼叶作为材料,提取叶片的RNA,采用特异性引物RT-PCR的方法克隆PRF1基因,连接到p CAMBIA1300-GFP的改造载体上,成功的构建p CAMBIA1300-GFP-PRF1的表达载体。然后分别利用PEG转化拟南芥原生质体、农杆菌浸染烟草叶片两种技术进行了瞬时表达,并在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)融合蛋白的表达。研究结果表明,将PRF1基因导入拟南芥的原生质体和烟草表皮细胞后,融合蛋白绿色荧光均能被观察到,PRF1基因与GFP融合蛋白的产物在烟草表皮细胞中主要定位在细胞质和外周细胞器中,在拟南芥的原生质体中的细胞核和细胞质中都有定位。两种不同的瞬时表达体系中PRF1蛋白的定位出现了不同,这可能与同源或异源表达的植物的特性相关。     

GFP基因在新疆小拟南芥和拟南芥中的表达分析

以质粒pMCB30为模板,扩增GFP基因,连接到载体pCMBIA2300-35S-OCS上,构建过量表达载体p35S:GFP,将其转入农杆菌GV3101.通过农杆菌介导法将p35S:GFP载体分别转入新疆特色植物小拟南芥和拟南芥中.T0代经含有卡那霉素的1/2MS培养基筛选,获得了T1代转基因小拟南芥2株,T1代转基因拟南芥9株.通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察,在转基因小拟南芥和拟南芥的根尖细胞中均可检测到GFP绿色荧光蛋白;对转基因植株进行PCR扩增,均可检测到GFP基因,表明GFP基因已成功转入小拟南芥和拟南芥中.该研究建立了小拟南芥的遗传转化体系,为进一步利用GFP基因和进一步研究小拟南芥的功能基因奠定基础.     

转拟南芥AtKup1基因高含钾量烟草获得

提取拟南芥幼根总RNA,进行RTPCR逆转录,产物测序,将其构建到含Km(带内含子)筛选标记的植物双元表达载体上,根癌农杆菌介导法将AtKup1基因导入烟草,对转化子进行PCR扩增、GUS染色、Southern杂交和AtKup1基因mRNA荧光定量PCR分析,并进行烟叶内在成分化验分析。PCR获得2100bp左右扩增产物,测序结果证实扩增产物序列与拟南芥AtKup1基因(GenbankNo:AF029876)一致;得到GUS染色阳性的AtKup1基因转化烟草材料29株。经PCR扩增、分子杂交检测证实AtKup1基因已整合到转基因烟草的基因组,荧光定量PCR分析可以在幼根中检测到AtKup1基因的mRNA转录。烟叶含钾量化验结果表明导入的AtKup1基因在转化材料中成功表达,使烟叶含钾量提高约45%。     

植物microRNA功能瞬时验证体系的建立

目的:建立植物microRNA(miRNA)功能的瞬时活体验证体系,并检验该体系的有效性。方法:选用双元表达载体pCAMBIA1200,并插入烟草花叶病毒双35S启动子,以驱动目标miRNA超表达;选用双元表达载体pFGC5941的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)改造载体用于潜在的靶基因与GFP融合蛋白的超表达,以转入这2种载体的农杆菌侵染烟草叶片,观察GFP融合蛋白的荧光,作为验证miRNA对其潜在靶基因调控作用的瞬时验证体系。选取拟南芥已知功能的miR393及其靶基因AFB3,分别构建pCAMBIA1200-35S-miR393和pFGC5941-GFP-AFB3载体,利用农杆菌注射烟草叶片进行2个载体共转化,并以pFGC5941-GFP-AFB3单转化作为对照,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察融合蛋白的表达。结果:只将AFB3导入烟草表皮细胞,可观察到绿色荧光;而将miR393与AFB3同时导入烟草表皮细胞后,未能观察到绿色荧光。表明miR393抑制了AFB3的表达。结论:本瞬时表达体系可作为植物miRNA功能的活体瞬时验证体系,为miRNA调控靶基因表达功能提供简单、快速、有效的证据。     

人干扰素α-2b基因在烟草中的表达研究

应用PCR的技术从质粒pAIFN中扩增人干扰素α-2b(Human interferon α-2b,HuIFN α-2b)编码基因,将其连接到pBI121双元载体构建植物真核表达载体pBIFN;用冻融法将该载体转染根癌农杆菌LBA4404;并用叶盘浸染法转化烟草叶片,经转化的烟草叶片的组织培养,诱导愈伤获得再生植株。通过应用PCR,RT-PCR,Wes-tern blot和WISH/VSV方法检测获得的烟草再生植株,结果表明HuIFN α-2b基因已成功整合进烟草核基因组并表达出具有活性的HuIFN α-2b蛋白。本文对HuIFN α-2b基因在烟草核系统中的表达进行了研究,为进一步在烟草叶绿体系统中该基因的表达研究奠定了基础。     

Generation and analyses of the transgenic potatoes expressing heterologous thermostable β-amylase

β-Amylase hydrolyzes the -1,4-glycosidic linkages of starch resulting in the release of maltose. This reaction is of industrial importance for maltose production and for the preparation process of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. A demand for an acceleration of the rate of enzymatic cleavage of the starch macro-molecule is a prerequisite for large-scale and highly efficient production. Increasing the temperature up to the optimum of approximately 60 °C can significantly speed up the reaction. However, at higher temperatures, the effect on protein denaturation becomes dominant, and the conversion rate decreases. The primary objective of this study was to generate transgenic plants of the “Kennebec” potato variety for production of thermostable β-amylase using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Four chimeric genes encoding the β-amylase with or without signal peptide sequences for targeting expression in cytoplasm, amyloplasts, or vacuoles were constructed and driven by high tuber expression promoter from Sucrose synthetase gene Sus4. Forty-two transgenic lines were selected for this study. Transgenic lines with various β-amylase constructs were verified for the existence and expression of the transgenes by PCR approaches. The expression level of the introduced β-amylase protein was estimated by immunoblot analyses using polyclonal antibodies. Recombinant β-amylase was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli B21 (DE3), and temperature ranges of these inducible recombinant proteins were found to be between 40 and 90 °C. This enzymatic complex produced in the in vitro cultured microtubers and field-grown tubers from transgenic potatoes were proved to be stable and active at 60 °C. The relative activities of β-amylase in tubers of field-grown potatoes were compared, and the maximum increase was found with transgenic line #6A of the pSUS4-AMY construct which has an 11-fold greater increase than the untransformed “Kennebec”. Variations of the chemical compositions were found in the selected transgenic lines. Results of this study suggest the feasibility of utilizing thermostable β-amylase in transgenic potatoes for the starch-processing industries.     

Tobacco Plants Transformed with the Bean alphaai Gene Express an Inhibitor of Insect alpha-Amylase in Their Seeds

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds contain a putative plant defense protein that inhibits insect and mammalian but not plant α-amylases. We recently (J Moreno, MJ Chrispeels [1989] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7885-7889) presented strong circumstantial evidence that this α-amylase inhibitor (αAI) is encoded by an already-identified lectin gene whose product is referred to as lectin-like-protein (LLP). We have now made a chimeric gene consisting of the coding sequence of the lectin gene that encodes LLP and the 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences of the lectin gene that encodes phytohemagglutinin-L. When this chimeric gene was expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), we observed in the seeds a series of polypeptides (M_r 10,000-18,000) that cross-react with antibodies to the bean α-amylase inhibitor. Most of these polypeptides bind to a pig pancreas α-amylase affinity column. An extract of the seeds of the transformed tobacco plants inhibits pig pancreas α-amylase activity as well as the α-amylase present in the midgut of Tenebrio molitor. We suggest that introduction of this lectin gene (to be called αai) into other leguminous plants may be a strategy to protect the seeds from the seed-eating larvae of Coleoptera.     

Expression of a Thermostable Bacterial Cellulase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

The bacterial gene of the thermostable endo--1,4-glucanase (cellulase) was shown to retain its activity and substrate specificity when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. The leader peptide of the carrot extensin was efficient in transferring the bacterial enzyme into the apoplast. The expression of the bacterial cellulase gene leads to changes in the plant tissue morphology. In the transgenic plant lines, regeneration of primary shoots from callus occurred at the three to five times higher cytokinin (6-BAP) concentration than in control plants. The transgenic plants that expressed the bacterial gene exhibited increased bushiness and altered leaf shape. The transgenic plants developed can be used as models for studying the cellulases role and function in plants.     

Expression of a thermostable bacterial cellulase in transgenic tobacco plants

The bacterial gene of the thermostable endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (cellulase) was shown to retain its activity and substrate specificity when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. The leader peptide of the carrot extensin was efficient in transferring the bacterial enzyme into the apoplast. The expression of the bacterial cellulase gene leads to changes in the plant tissue morphology. In the transgenic plant lines, regeneration of primary shoots from callus occurred at the three to five times higher cytokinin (6-BAP) concentration than in control plants. The transgenic plants that expressed the bacterial gene exhibited increased business and altered leaf shape. The transgenic plants developed can be used as models for studying the cellulases role and function in plants.     

Water stress enhances expression of an alpha-amylase gene in barley leaves

The amylases of the second leaves of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Betzes) were resolved into eight isozymes by isoelectric focusing, seven of which were β-amylase and the other, α-amylase. The α-amylase had the same isoelectric point as one of the gibberellin-induced α-amylase isozymes in the aleurone layer. This and other enzyme characteristics indicated that the leaf isozyme corresponded to the type A aleurone α-amylase (low pI group). Crossing experiments indicated that leaf and type A aleurone isozymes resulted from expression of the same genes.

In unwatered seedlings, leaf α-amylase increased as leaf water potential decreased and ABA increased. Water stress had no effect on β-amylase. α-Amylase occurred uniformly along the length of the leaf but β-amylase was concentrated in the basal half of the leaf. Cell fractionation studies indicated that none of the leaf α-amylase occurred inside chloroplasts.

Leaf radiolabeling experiments followed by extraction of α-amylase by affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation showed that increase of α-amylase activity involved synthesis of the enzyme. However, water stress caused no major change in total protein synthesis. Hybridization of a radiolabeled α-amylase-related cDNA clone to size fractionated RNA showed that water-stressed leaves contained much more α-amylase mRNA than unstressed plants. The results of these and other studies indicate that regulation of gene expression may be a component in water-stress induced metabolic changes.

     

铁蛋白基因表达对烟草耐低铁能力的影响

铁是植物生长发育的必需元素。由于土壤中的三价铁离子不能被植物直接利用。使一些植物经常表现出缺铁症状。为探讨利用铁蛋白基因提高植物耐低铁胁迫的作用,利用农杆菌介导法将大豆铁蛋白基因SoyFer1和内源反义铁蛋白基因NtFer2的cDNA分别导人烟草基因组,采集转基因烟草种子。对T1转基因烟草的卡那霉素抗性分析表明,整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因,也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明,外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中,并且得到了正确表达。将转基因株系移栽到铁离子浓度不同的培养基中生长2个月后进行比较表明,转大豆铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量明显高于非转基因烟草株系,而转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量则明显低于非转基因烟草株系。转大豆铁蛋白基因和转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的叶绿素含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理性状也发生了明显变化,表现为转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量明显增加,POD活性明显增强,MDA含量明显降低：而转内源反义铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量、POD活性和MDA含量等则表现为与转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的相反。铁蛋白过量表达提高了烟草耐低铁能力,而铁蛋白抑制表达则降低了烟草耐低铁能力。     

转人α-乳清白蛋白基因烟草中半胱氨酸含量的提高

将人α-乳清白蛋白基因构建到植物表达载体上,通过农杆菌介导采用叶盘法将人α-乳清白蛋白基因导入到烟草中,经过PCR和Southern blot分析表明:人α-乳清白蛋白基凶已经整合到烟草基因组中;经过RT-PCR葙GUS组织化学染色证明:人α-乳清白蛋白基因得到了表达.测定了9株转基因烟草叶片半胱氨酸含量,大部分植株有着明显的提高,最高幅度达到了318.02%,半胱氨酸含量平均提高了166.40%.     

铁蛋白基因表达对烟草耐低铁能力的影响

铁是植物生长发育的必需元素。由于土壤中的三价铁离子不能被植物直接利用, 使一些植物经常表现出缺铁症状。为探讨利用铁蛋白基因提高植物耐低铁胁迫的作用, 利用农杆菌介导法将大豆铁蛋白基因SoyFer1和内源反义铁蛋白基因NtFer2的cDNA分别导入烟草基因组, 采集转基因烟草种子。对T1转基因烟草的卡那霉素抗性分析表明, 整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因, 也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明, 外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中, 并且得到了正确表达。将转基因株系移栽到铁离子浓度不同的培养基中生长2个月后进行比较表明, 转大豆铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量明显高于非转基因烟草株系, 而转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量则明显低于非转基因烟草株系。转大豆铁蛋白基因和转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理性状也发生了明显变化, 表现为转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量明显增加, POD活性明显增强, MDA含量明显降低; 而转内源反义铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量、POD活性和MDA含量等则表现为与转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的相反。铁蛋白过量表达提高了烟草耐低铁能力, 而铁蛋白抑制表达则降低了烟草耐低铁能力。