青海祁连地区四川绢蝶成虫习性的初步观察

为了了解四川绢蝶的生活习性,2009年6月至8月对青海省祁连地区的四川绢蝶Parnassius szechenyii Frivaldszky进行了实地调查研究。研究结果表明,该绢蝶喜欢在位于山谷到山顶间的中偏上部飞行活动,并对树林和人工破坏的区域有着很强的回避作用;雄性绢蝶的被捕捉机率要远大于雌性的;绢蝶一般喜欢在无风、阳光充足、气温较高的天气活动,其年活动最高峰大约在每年的7月中旬,日活动最高峰在每天的13：00左右。     

阿波罗绢蝶

世界上第 1种受保护的昆虫——阿波罗绢蝶 Parnassius apollo(Linnaeus)属鳞翅目绢蝶科昆虫。前翅长 4 3～ 4 7mm,雄蝶翅乳白色 ,雌蝶翅略暗。体黑色被白色鳞片。前翅基部前缘、外缘常散生有黑斑 ;后翅前缘及中部各有 1个外围黑色、内具白心的大红斑 ,外方有 2个并列的黑色臀斑。这种蝶是以古希腊著名神话人物——太阳神阿波罗命名的。传说中的阿波罗能把光明送到四面八方 ,是行路人和航海者的保护神和消灾弭难的神灵 ,深受西方人的崇拜。阿波罗绢蝶在中国列为二级 ,在国际列为 A级保护对象。主要分布在阿尔泰山和天山海拔 12 0 0～ 180 0…     

君主绢蝶的生物学及生境需求

在甘肃省永靖县境内通过野外设点观察、样线调查及室内饲养等方法研究了君主绢蝶的生物学特性及其生境需求,分析了其种群趋势及波动的原因,提出了保护措施。(1)君主绢蝶是中国特有种,在甘肃永靖县1年1代,以卵越冬,卵多产于寄主植物灰绿黄堇Corydalis adunca(也是中国特有种)附近的岩石壁上,翌年3月中旬卵孵化。幼虫4龄,平均历期为52d,3下旬至6月下旬都可见到幼虫。蛹期平均为47d。5月初始见其成虫,成虫飞翔迅速,7月中旬至8月中旬为成虫高峰期,至9月下旬仍可见成虫活动。卵期一般为8个月。(2)君主绢蝶在永靖县牙沟生境内是一个优势种群,成虫喜欢飞翔于有裸露岩石的沟谷,其幼虫则生存于阳光充足、气候干燥、有大量寄主植物的阳坡及半阳坡。君主绢蝶与其寄主植物灰绿黄堇的分布范围在中国相一致,二者之间有紧密的协同进化关系。(3)在永靖县和甘南合作市分布的君主绢蝶是两个亚种,在永靖县牙沟地区发生的是君主绢蝶兰州亚种Parnassiusimperator gigas Kotsch,在合作市发生的是君主绢蝶祁连亚种P.imperator regulus(Bryk et Eisner)。(4)极端的异常气候(强降温、霜冻、降雪)是影响君主绢蝶种群数量下降的主要因子,人类活动的干扰是另一个影响君主绢蝶生存的主要威胁。(5)保护措施建议:保护生境和减少人为干扰是两个最主要的促进绢蝶种群恢复的方法;强调对绢蝶种群进行长期监测,并开展生境丧失、气候变化等对绢蝶的影响研究。     

以绢蝶为代表的甘肃南部蝶类多样性

在甘肃南部地区的蝶类调查中,共记录到蝴蝶339种,分属于12科,157属,区系组成以广布种为主,占总种数的56.6%;古北种次之,占26.9%;东洋种最少,占16.5%;共采集到绢蝶15种,占分布于中国绢蝶总种数41种的36.6%。样线调查结果显示绢蝶在甘肃南部地区有比较明显的垂直性分布,高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带、亚高山灌丛草甸带、山地森林草原带及山地草原带均有绢蝶分布。各生境中绢蝶多样性与蝶类群落多样性进行比对得出变化趋势不一致,随着海拔升高,绢蝶物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈逐渐上升趋势,而蝶类群落物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体呈下降趋势。绢蝶是高原地区的特有珍稀物种,君主绢蝶(P.imperator)、依帕绢蝶(P.epaphus)、小红珠绢蝶(P.nomion)等3种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区常见种,元首绢蝶(P.cephalus)等8种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区偶见种,数量极少,其种群及生存状态需予以关注。     

中国5种珍稀绢蝶非损伤性取样的mtDNA序列及系统进化

应用非损伤性取样DNA测序技术测定了4种来自云南白马雪山和1种来自新疆天山的5种珍稀绢蝶的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因部分DNA序列。在获得的433bp的序列中,A＋T约占754％,其中40个核苷酸位点存在变异（约924％）。DNA一级序列数据显示,该5种绢蝶间DNA序列变异丰富。PAUP3.1.1（简约法）数据分析软件构建该5个种绢蝶的分子系统树显示,爱珂绢蝶（Parnassiusacco）和巴裔绢蝶（Parnassiusbaileyi）的亲缘关系比较接近,阿波罗绢蝶（Parnassiusapollo）、珍珠绢蝶（Parnassiusorlears）和西猴绢蝶（Parnassiussimo）3种绢蝶均为相对独立的一支,其中西猴绢蝶分化较早,与形态学研究结果相吻合。     

基于线粒体基因组控制区序列的中国冰清绢蝶遗传分化和谱系生物地理研究

【目的】分析中国冰清绢蝶Parnassius glacialis遗传多样性和遗传分化情况及其系统发生关系,推测其起源及分歧时间,并探讨其历史生物地理分布格局的成因。【方法】以2008-2016年采集于中国13个地区的冰清绢蝶的325头及绢蝶属其他11个种的11头个体样品,对其线粒体基因组的AT富集区(控制区)序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定,采用MEGA 6.0, Dna SP 5.1和Arlequin 3.5等软件分析其遗传多样性和遗传分化情况;以其他近缘绢蝶种类作为外类群,采用PhyML3.0, MrBayes 3.2和BEAST V1.8.3等软件重建冰清绢蝶的系统发生树,并利用宽松分子钟和校准方法推测中国冰清绢蝶的起源和分歧时间;同时结合现今冰清绢蝶的地理分布特点和第四纪以来的地球环境事件,分析其扩散路径,探讨其历史生物地理分布格局及成因。【结果】冰清绢蝶AT富集区序列长度介于487～495 bp之间,平均为491 bp,其长度的差异主要体现在Poly(T)或Poly(A)的数目差异,A+T平均含量为95.76%。供试冰清绢蝶13个地理居群325头个体中,共检测出基于线粒体基因组AT富集区序列的239个单倍型,单倍型多样性Hd为0.9971;核苷酸多态性指数π值为0.02948, Theta (per site)Eta值为0.06594。系统发生分析和分子定年显示,冰清绢蝶和白绢蝶P.stubbendorfii为近缘姊妹种,二者在距今7.52百万年(Ma)的中新世晚期开始分化。冰清绢蝶的祖先可能起源于我国西南地区(现今横断山脉-喜马拉雅附近的青藏高原东北缘)距今1.53 Ma的更新世时期,先由起源地先期扩散到达小陇山、秦岭一带;后来,由于第四纪的冰期-间冰期轮回事件和扩散路径的不同而分化出2大支系,但两个支系之间存在少量的单倍型相互混杂现象;随后,2大支系继续向低海拔、低纬度地区扩散,即通过伏牛山脉向东北方向扩散到嵩山、泰山、昆嵛山一带,经大别山系向东南方向扩散到琅琊山、紫金山和天目山一带。【结论】中国13个居群的冰清绢蝶没有形成明显的地理分化格局,其遗传变异主要来自居群内部,居群间的遗传分化现象尚不明显;冰清绢蝶起源于更新世时期的较高海拔地区,由于第四纪的冰期-间冰期轮回事件以及扩散路径的不同而形成2大支系并向中国东部和南部低海拔和低纬度地区扩散。     

中国5种珍稀绢蝶非损伤取样的mtDNA序列及系统进化

应用非损伤性取样ＤＮＡ测序技术测定了４种来自云南白马雪山和１种来自新疆天山的５种珍稀绢蝶的线粒体ＤＮＡ细胞色素ｂ基因部分ＤＮＡ序列。在获得的４３３ｂｐ的序列中,Ａ＋Ｔ约占７５．４％,其中４０个核苷酸位点存在变异（约９．２４％）。ＤＮＡ一级序列数据显示,该５种绢蝶间ＤＮＡ序列变异丰富。ＰＡＵＰ３．１．１（简约法）数据分析软件构建该５个种绢蝶的分子系统树显示,爱珂绢蝶和巴裔绢蝶的亲缘关系比较接近,阿波     

阿波罗绢蝶种群数量和垂直分布变化及其对气候变暖的响应

局部气候变暖可能改变适应低温环境物种的分布格局,迫使该物种向高海拔或高纬度地区迁移,导致喜寒的山区物种适生区变小、种群数量减少甚至灭绝。阿波罗绢蝶(Parnassius apollo L.1758)属喜寒物种,在国内仅分布于新疆,且天山西部是其主要分布区。根据近40 a阿波罗绢蝶种群数量及垂直分布调查,结合研究区域——天山西部的果子沟山区的气象资料,采用相关函数分析近40 a来阿波罗绢蝶数量与分布对研究区域温度变化的响应。结果表明:1)研究区域的阿波罗绢蝶种群数量明显下降,2010年种群数量不及1981年的50%,且具有明显的垂直分布特征,80.4%的阿波罗绢蝶集中分布于1600—2100 m的山区,并有向高海拔迁移趋势;2)近40 a研究区域增温趋势显著,冬季增温最为明显,每10 a增温速率为0.350℃;3)阿波罗绢蝶数量与冬季和春季平均温度的相关系数最大,分别为-0.79、-0.77,表明越冬期和孵化期温度对阿波罗绢蝶数量有显著影响;4)滑动序列相关分析表明,阿波罗绢蝶数量对冬季和2月份平均温度变化的响应较明显,随着冬季温度及早春2月份温度升高,负相关系数有增加趋势,说明阿波罗绢蝶在长期进化过程中已适应低温山区环境,冬季温度偏高和早春温度迅速回升都将不有利于阿波罗绢蝶越冬和胚胎发育。     

甘南地区小红珠绢蝶生物学特性研究初报

小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion Fischer von Waldheim在甘肃甘南1年发生1代。翌年5月上旬幼虫孵化,6月下旬开始化蛹,7月下旬至8月上旬,成虫开始羽化,8月中旬至9月上旬成虫开始产卵,该虫以卵越冬。     

竞争指数及其在小红珠绢蝶保护生物学研究中的应用

利用多样性指数和种群动态相结合,建立竞争指数对小红珠绢蝶东灵山种群的濒危机制进行分析。结果表明,小红珠绢蝶的竞争指数在不同年份的下降过程中有不同的变化。以此为依据可以准确地判断出对该种群动态影响的环境因子。这一方法有很高的普适性,可应用于昆虫种群的保护生物学研究。     

A homozygous female hemophilia A

BACKGROUND:

Hemophilia A (HA), being an X-linked recessive disorder, females are rarely affected, although they can be carriers.

AIMS:

To study the mutation in F8 gene in an extended family with a homozygous female HA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

All the seven affected members (six males and one female) were initially screened by Conformation Sensitive Gel Electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing.

RESULTS:

A homozygous missense mutation c.1315G>A (p.Gly420Ser) was identified in exon 9 of F8 gene in homozygous state in the affected female born of 1° consanguinous marriage and in all the affected male members of the family. Her factor VIII levels was found to be 5.5%, vWF:Ag 120%.

CONCLUSION:

In India, as consanguineous marriages are very common in certain communities (up to 30%), the likelihood of encountering female hemophilia is higher, although this is the first case of HA out of 1600 hemophilia families registered in our Comprehensive Haemophilia Care Center. Genetic diagnosis in such cases is not necessary as all the male children will be affected and daughters obligatory carriers.     

Aminopeptidase A is angiotensinase A

Summary Quantitative histochemical measurements of aminopeptidase A (APA; E.C.3.4.11.7) were done kinetically in the kidney glomeruli of rat and mouse with an instrumental setup consisting of a microdensitometer and a computer-supported morphometric system. The histochemical demonstration of APA was carried out using the simultaneous azo coupling technique (purest-grade Fast Blue B as coupling agent and -l-glutamic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide as substrate). The methodological studies show that APA activity is calcium-ion-dependent and increases linearly with the thickness of the tissue section (3–12 m) and that the time-course of APA activity as determined by linear regression is linear only for the first 1 to 2 min of the reaction. — Kinetic measurements indicate a 40% decrease in APA activities when -l-glutamic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (-l-Glu-MNA) is replaced by -l-aspartic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide. When -l-Glu-MNA is replaced with l-alanine-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, which is a substrate of aminopeptidase M (APM) only very low reaction rates are measurable (about 1.4% of those with -l-Glu-MNA). 100 and 130 mM NaCl in the incubation medium increase APA activities by approximately 16%–17%. — To clarify the functional importance of APA in the kidney, their activities were measured under the influence of angiotensins. The glomerulus was selected as the measuring site, for besides APA it contains no APM or other peptidases that could degrade angiotensins (the glomerular dipeptidyl peptidase IV is not inhibited by angiotensin II). Using the Lineweaver-Burk plot, we determined a K _m of 0.16 mM for the APA in rat glomeruli and 0.14 mM in mouse glomeruli. The V _max in mouse glomeruli is 1.6 times higher than in rat glomeruli. Ang iotensin I, II and III competitively inhibit APA in the rat and mouse glomeruli. — With quantitative histochemical techniques it was possible to show that APA is equivalent to angiotensinase A (splitting off the N-terminal aspartic acid from angiotensin I and II).Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 105)     

A glucoside of urospermal A

The aerial parts of Urospermum picroides afforded, in addition to urospermal A a p-hydroxylphenyl acetate of a glucoside of urospermal A.     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.