ITS序列结合培养特征鉴定梨树腐烂病菌

对采自中国4个省份的9个梨树腐烂病菌分离株和7个苹果树腐烂病菌分离株的ITS序列进行了测定和分析,并结合GenBank的有性型Valsa ceratosperma、V.ambiens和V.mali的ITS序列构建了系统发育树。结果表明梨和苹果树的各分离株在ITS核苷酸序列上分化较小（p-distance=1.55%）,均在V.ceratosperma聚类组,但二者又分别处于两个独立小分支。其与V.ambiens和V.mali处在不同的聚类组中,且亲缘关系较远,表明供试梨树腐烂病菌并非V.ambiens。培养性状和生物学特点的研究结果还发现,梨树腐烂病菌各分离株无论在菌落颜色、产孢特点、还是37℃高温的生长情况都和苹果腐烂病菌有一定差别。前者菌落始在PDA终为乳白色,而后者菌落初为白色后期变褐色;在20?A上,前者形成的产孢体较大而数量较少,在37℃高温下能正常生长,后者则形成的产孢体较小而数量较多,在37℃高温下不能正常生长。并未发现二者在子实体上有稳定明显的差异。因而表明梨树腐烂病菌应为V.ceratosperma,但可用培养性状和生物学特点进行区分其和苹果树腐烂病菌。     

ITS序列结合培养特征鉴定梨树腐烂病菌

对采自中国4个省份的9个梨树腐烂病菌分离株和7个苹果树腐烂病菌分离株的ITS序列进行了测定和分析,并结合GenBank的有性型Valsa ceratosperma、V. ambiens和V. mali的ITS序列构建了系统发育树。结果表明梨和苹果树的各分离株在ITS核苷酸序列上分化较小（p-distance=1.55%）,均在V. ceratosperma聚类组,但二者又分别处于两个独立小分支。其与V. ambiens和V. mali处在不同的聚类组中,且亲缘关系较远,表明供试梨树腐烂病菌并非V. ambiens。培养性状和生物学特点的研究结果还发现,梨树腐烂病菌各分离株无论在菌落颜色、产孢特点、还是37℃高温的生长情况都和苹果腐烂病菌有一定差别。前者菌落始在PDA终为乳白色,而后者菌落初为白色后期变褐色;在20% ABA上,前者形成的产孢体较大而数量较少,在37℃高温下能正常生长,后者则形成的产孢体较小而数量较多,在37℃高温下不能正常生长。并未发现二者在子实体上有稳定明显的差异。因而表明梨树腐烂病菌应为V. ceratosperma,但可用培养性状和生物学特点进行区分其和苹果树腐烂病菌。     

苹果树腐烂病生防真菌Z-12A的鉴定及其生防效果

【背景】由苹果黑腐皮壳菌(Valsa mali)引起的苹果树腐烂病是我国苹果产区的毁灭性病害之一,具有分布广、危害重和防治难等特点,严重制约着苹果产业的发展,急需寻找一种对该病高效、安全的防治措施。【目的】明确一株分离自甘肃省静宁县苹果树根际土壤的生防菌株Z-12A的分类地位,评价其对苹果树腐烂病的生防潜力。【方法】结合形态学特征和rDNA ITS序列分析对拮抗菌株Z-12A进行鉴定,采用生长速率法测定了其生物学特性;采用平板对峙培养法和生长速率法测定菌株Z-12A对苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长的影响;利用菌株Z-12A活菌和发酵液分别处理苹果枝条及小白鼠测定其生物安全性;使用离体枝条烫伤接种法测定菌株Z-12A对腐烂病的防治效果。【结果】形态学观察和rDNA ITS序列分析结果表明该菌株为埃及青霉(Penicillium egyptiacum)。该生防菌菌丝生长的最适培养基是萨氏培养基(Sabouraud Dextrose Agar With Yeast Extract,SDAY),而高氏1号培养基(Gauze’s Medium No.1,GA)上产孢量最大;菌丝生长和产孢的最佳碳源是木糖,最佳氮源是硝酸钾;菌丝生长的最佳pH为5.0,最适宜产孢的pH为7.0;25℃时菌丝生长最快,产孢的最适温度为10℃。平板对峙试验表明菌株Z-12A对苹果树腐烂病菌抑制率为88.71%,发酵液在培养皿内的抑菌率为61.07%;显微观察显示菌株Z-12A可使苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝畸形及细胞原生质外渗;其发酵液对离体枝条防效为66.69%;安全性评价表明菌株Z-12A对苹果树和小白鼠安全。【结论】菌株Z-12A对苹果树腐烂病具有较强的生物防治效果,具有一定的生防潜能,可为该病生防菌剂的选择提供新的菌种资源。     

苹果树腐烂病菌拮抗放线菌的筛选、鉴定及防效

以苹果树腐烂病菌为靶标菌,通过对峙法和生长速率法对分离自苹果树根际土壤的放线菌进行筛选,对筛选出的拮抗菌株通过形态学和分子生物学特征进行鉴定,并测定了拮抗菌ZZ-9发酵滤液对苹果树腐烂病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响及离体枝条防效.结果表明: 经对峙初筛,15株放线菌对苹果树腐烂病菌具有抑菌作用,占所分离株数的18.8%,其中抑制率>50%的有8株.复筛结果表明,ZZ-9对腐烂病菌抑制率最高,达96.4%,显著高于其他菌株;通过培养特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析将菌株ZZ-9初步鉴定为娄彻氏链霉菌,其在GenBank上的序列登录号为KT986228;不同稀释倍数的ZZ-9发酵滤液对腐烂病孢子萌发及菌丝生长均有明显的抑制作用,其中50倍发酵滤液对孢子萌发抑制率和菌丝生长抑制率均达80%以上,且受抑制菌丝颜色加深,分支增多,末端膨大、畸形,出现原生质浓缩与释放现象;离体枝条防效试验表明,菌株ZZ-9发酵原液对苹果树腐烂病防效可达75%以上,表明该菌株可作为防治苹果树腐烂病的生防菌株.     

苹果斑点落叶病致病菌的鉴定及生物学特性研究

目的:明确l株分离于感病苹果株系群体的供试菌株AML0801的种类,探讨其生物学特性,为苹果抗病分子育种研究奠定基础.方法:通过形态特征描述,显微形态、超微结构观察等方法,从形态学上明确AML0801的分类.室内模拟侵染试验,了解AML0801致病性.ITS序列测定分析辅助验证供试菌株AML0801.结果:菌株AML0801的分生孢子、产孢表型等形态特征,符合苹果链格孢(Alternaria mali Roberts,A.mali)种的描述,ITS序列分析表明,AML0801与A.mali标准菌株同源性达99％.通过比较病原菌侵染试验证实AML0801具备一定的致病性.结论:结合供试菌株AML0801形态特征、ITS序列分析结果,以及室内模拟的致病性研究,可将供试菌株AML0801鉴定为苹果链格孢(A.mali).     

葛内生真菌抑菌活性菌株的筛选及鉴定

对药用植物葛的112株内生真菌进行抑菌活性的观察,结果显示:J5-2、J100-2、J31-3这3株菌对细菌及植物病原真菌具有较好的抑制作用,其中J100-2对苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)等5种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,抗菌谱较广。通过形态学特征观察和rRNA基因ITS序列系统发育分析对J100-2进行鉴定,可知J100-2为半知菌门,球壳孢目,球壳孢科,茎点霉属,巨腔茎点霉(Phoma macrostoma)。     

一株苹果树腐烂病病原菌的分离与初步鉴定

苹果树腐烂病已成为严重影响甘肃产区苹果产量和品质的重要病害之一,为确定其致病的致病菌,对采自甘肃省镇原县的苹果树腐烂病病枝,以组织分离和离体枝条接种的方法进行病原菌的分离和致病性测定。结果获得了一株苹果树腐烂病致病菌,通过培养特征、显微形态和rDNA-ITS序列分析综合鉴定及菌体回接实验,初步确定致病菌菌株P1为黑腐皮壳菌(Valsa mali)。     

红色毛癣菌的生物学特性研究

目的 观察红色毛癣菌在不同温度、不同培养基上的生长和产孢情况,并对其进行分子生物学鉴定.方法 ①大培养:采用沙堡葡萄糖琼脂(SDA)和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平皿,27℃、35℃黑暗培养,测量菌落直径,绘成生长曲线.②小培养(钢圈法):采用SDA、PDA、溴甲酚紫乳固体葡萄糖琼脂(BCP-MSG)、乳蜜琼脂(M)和复合维生素B(VitB)培养基,27℃、30℃黑暗培养,观察镜下菌丝生长、孢子产生情况.③进行rDNA 18S和ITS序列测定.结果 在SDA,PDA上,27℃条件下菌落生长速度较35℃快;在5种培养基上,SDA、PDA产孢较快较多,复合维生素B培养基产孢较慢,但产生大分生孢子较多.30℃产孢更丰富.对部分菌株rDNA ITS、18S PCR扩增产物纯化后直接测序,结果在GenBank中比对、分析,相似度为98%～100%,均鉴定为红色毛癣菌.结论 SDA、PDA均为鉴定和分离红色毛癣菌的合适培养基.5种培养基均可用来刺激红色毛癣菌产孢,其中SDA、PDA产孢较早、较丰富.红色毛癣菌rDNA 18S和ITS序列测定是一种快速准确的红色毛癣菌分子生物学鉴定方法.     

稗草叶枯病病原尖角突脐孢菌的鉴定

采用形态学及分子生物学的方法对采集自湖南和北京的3株尖角突脐孢菌分离物进行了鉴定。结果表明,3株分离物(KF-1、HN-14和K-12)和保存于中国农业大学已定名的尖角突脐孢菌菌株G-9和X-27之间在菌落形态、产孢量及孢子大小和分隔方面存在较大差异。其中,K-12在PDA培养基上生长缓慢、产孢量小;菌株G-9、KF-1、X-27和HN-14生长迅速,产孢丰富。对菌株进行分子鉴定结果表明,菌株间ITS区序列相似度达98%以上,聚类分析也表明,种内各菌株之间的遗传距离明显小于种间的遗传距离;基于ITS1及ITS2序列,能将尖角突脐孢菌和突脐蠕孢属中其它种分开。由此可确定分离自湖南水稻田及中国农业大学科学园温室中自然发病的稗草病样上的3株病原真菌均为尖角突脐孢菌。     

PEG 介导的苹果腐烂病菌原生质体转化

摘要: 【目的】建立PEG 介导的苹果腐烂病菌原生质体遗传转化体系。【方法】本文利用带有hph 基因的质粒,以苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali var.mali) 03-8 为受体菌株,通过PEG 融合法对其原生体进行转化。【结果】于YEPD 内培养48 h 的菌丝,在酶解液浓度为50 mg /mL Driselase + 10 mg /mL Lysing Enzymes 情况下,按10 mL酶液/0. 5 g湿菌体比例,酶解2 h时可以释放出4 × 107 个/mL 原生质体,其转化效率为44 个/μg DNA。对转化子的PCR 检测和Southern 杂交分析表明,hph 基因已经整合进苹果树腐烂病菌的基因组中。转化子在PDA 培养基中继代5 次后,87. 5% 的转化子仍能正常生长,表明外源基因hph 能在苹果树腐烂病菌中稳定遗传。【结论】该转化体系的建立为苹果树腐烂病菌致病相关基因的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Re-evaluation of pathogens causing Valsa canker on apple in China

Valsa canker is a destructive disease on apple that causes serious economic losses in eastern Asia. In the present study fungal isolates from cankered apple and pear bark were examined and compared with morphology and rDNA-ITS sequences. Valsa mali was confirmed to be an independent species and a causal pathogen of Valsa canker on apple and pear in China. It was the predominant species (96.7% of isolates) on apple and was complemented by V. malicola (3.3% of isolates). Significant intraspecific genetic differentiation was detected in V. mali with two varieties recognized, V. mali var. mali occurring exclusively on apple and V. mali var. pyri occurring on both apple and pear. Results from genetic analysis and cross-inoculation tests provided support for the hypothesis that host preference probably catalyzed such genetic changes within the pathogen populations.     

Delimiting cryptic pathogen species causing apple Valsa canker with multilocus data

Fungal diseases are posing tremendous threats to global economy and food safety. Among them, Valsa canker, caused by fungi of Valsa and their Cytospora anamorphs, has been a serious threat to fruit and forest trees and is one of the most destructive diseases of apple in East Asia, particularly. Accurate and robust delimitation of pathogen species is not only essential for the development of effective disease control programs, but also will advance our understanding of the emergence of plant diseases. However, species delimitation is especially difficult in Valsa because of the high variability of morphological traits and in many cases the lack of the teleomorph. In this study, we delimitated species boundary for pathogens causing apple Valsa canker with a multifaceted approach. Based on three independent loci, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β‐tubulin (Btu), and translation elongation factor‐1 alpha (EF1α), we inferred gene trees with both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, estimated species tree with Bayesian multispecies coalescent approaches, and validated species tree with Bayesian species delimitation. Through divergence time estimation and ancestral host reconstruction, we tested the possible underlying mechanisms for fungal speciation and host‐range change. Our results proved that two varieties of the former morphological species V. mali represented two distinct species, V. mali and V. pyri, which diverged about 5 million years ago, much later than the divergence of their preferred hosts, excluding a scenario of fungi–host co‐speciation. The marked different thermal preferences and contrasting pathogenicity in cross‐inoculation suggest ecological divergences between the two species. Apple was the most likely ancestral host for both V. mali and V. pyri. Host‐range expansion led to the occurrence of V. pyri on both pear and apple. Our results also represent an example in which ITS data might underestimate species diversity.     

Studies on Apple Canker Disease. The Necrotic Toxins Produced by Valsa ceratosperma

Several metabolites responsible for the toxic manifestations of Valsa ceratosperma (Toda et Fries) Maire, a phytopathogenic fungus of the Japanese apple canker, have been isolated from its culture filtrate after growth on apple branch extract. Chemical and spectrometric studies revealed the products to be degradation products of phlorizin which is a dominant component distributed in leaves, stems, fruits and roots of apple. The toxic substances were identified as 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, phloroglucinol, p-hydroxyacetophenone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid. All of these compounds except p-hydroxyacetophenone were detected in the lesions of apple trees infected by V. ceratosperma. The fungus cultivated in a medium containing added phlorizin also produced the five toxic substances mentioned above. These results suggest that phlorizin is involved in the specific relationship between the host and the pathogen, indicating that the degradation products of phlorizin play important roles in the production of symptoms of infected apple trees.     

Genetic Mapping Reveals Sophisticated Responses of Malus domestica to Botryosphaeria dothidea Isolates

Infection by the globally distributed pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. et de Not. causes bot canker on the stems, branches and limbs or causes fruit ring rot (FRR) on the fruit in apple. To investigate the relationship between resistance to bot canker and FRR and among resistance mechanisms in response to different pathogen isolates, 34 major gene loci and six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bot canker and FRR resistance/susceptibility were genetically mapped on Malus genome using an F1 hybrid population (Jonathan × Golden Delicious) in 2008 and 2009. None of the QTLs for bot canker and FRR overlapped with the region of the major gene loci. Some of the FRR‐ and bot canker‐associated loci either coincided or overlapped, and some were independent, suggesting that the responses of different organs to the pathogen would be correlated but might deviate from each other. Some major gene loci and QTLs associated with different pathogen isolates of bot canker or, FRR were mapped to different regions of the genome. The results indicated that not only did the resistance mechanisms differ between bot canker and FRR but also that genetic differentiation occurred among pathogen isolates.     

The apple FERONIA receptor-like kinase MdMRLK2 negatively regulates Valsa canker resistance by suppressing defence responses and hypersensitive reaction

Valsa canker, caused by the fungus Valsa mali, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple trees in China and other East Asian countries. The plant receptor-like kinase FERONIA is involved in plant cell growth, development, and immunity. However, little is known about the function of FERONIA in apple defence against V. mali. In this study, we found that MdMRLK2 was highly induced by V. mali in twigs of V. mali-susceptible Malus mellana but not in those of the resistant species Malus yunnaensis. 35S:MdMRLK2 apple plants showed compromised resistance relative to wild-type (WT) plants. Further analyses indicated that 35S:MdMRLK2 apple plants had enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) levels and reduced salicylic acid (SA) levels relative to the WT on V. mali infection. MdMRLK2 overexpression also suppressed polyphenol accumulation and inhibited the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), and chitinase (CHT) during V. mali infection. Moreover, MdMRLK2 interacted with MdHIR1, a hypersensitive-induced response protein, and suppressed the MdHIR1-mediated hypersensitive reaction (HR), probably by impairing MdHIR1 self-interaction. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that overexpression of MdMRLK2 compromises Valsa canker resistance, probably by (a) altering ABA and SA levels, (b) suppressing polyphenol accumulation, (c) inhibiting PAL, GLU, and CHT activities, and (d) blocking MdHIR1-mediated HR by disrupting MdHIR1 self-interaction.     

芽孢杆菌拮抗苹果树腐烂病菌的筛选、鉴定及抑菌活性初探

【背景】苹果树腐烂病发生面积广、危害严重,目前对于该病的防治以化学防治为主,但存在一定的弊端,因此迫切需要寻找一种对该病高效、安全的防治措施。【目的】从敦煌地区盐碱土壤中筛选出对苹果树腐烂病有良好抑制作用的芽孢杆菌菌株。【方法】采用平板对峙培养法和菌丝生长速率法对盐碱土中分离筛选的芽孢杆菌进行拮抗苹果树腐烂病菌的筛选,并对优良拮抗效果菌株进行离体组织防效测定、发酵培养基选择以及结合培养形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌种鉴定。【结果】初筛阶段菌株7-2-1-2对病原菌的抑制率为86.18%,复筛试验中发酵液对病原菌的抑制率为73.2%;在离体枝条创面涂抹菌株7-2-1-2发酵原液后,苹果树腐烂病菌的生长可被完全抑制;菌株7-2-1-2的最优生长培养基为NBY培养基;经初步鉴定,菌株7-2-1-2为枯草芽孢杆菌亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii)。【结论】菌株7-2-1-2对苹果树腐烂病有较好的生防效果,为该病生防菌剂的选择提供了必要的菌种资源。     

Occurrence and Diversity of Pome Fruit Viruses in Apple and Pear Orchards in Latvia

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus are economically important viruses infecting fruit tree species worldwide. To evaluate the occurrence of these pome fruit viruses in Latvia, a large‐scale survey was carried out in 2007. Collected samples were tested for infection by DAS ELISA and multiplex RT‐PCR. The accuracy of the detection of the viruses in multiplex RT‐PCR was confirmed by sequencing amplified PCR fragments. The results showed a wide occurrence of viruses in apple and pear commercial orchards established from non‐tested planting material. More than 89% of the tested apple trees and more than 60% of pear trees were infected with one or more pome fruit viruses. Analyses showed that the high occurrence of viruses in several apple cultivars is due to the propagation of infected clonal rootstocks and scions from infected mother trees. Sequence analyses targeting the 3′‐terminal region of the tested viruses showed various degrees of genetic diversity within respective virus isolates. This is the first report of the occurrence of ACLSV, ASGV and ASPV in apple and pear trees in Latvia and demonstrates their genetic diversity in different host genotypes.