Hsh载体对外源基因在E. coli中高效表达的机制探讨

pHsh是根据大肠杆菌的热休克反应构建而成的新型表达载体, 受σ32调控。正常E. coli细胞的整个热休克反应持续时间约12 min, 而在携带有外源基因的高拷贝pHsh的E. coli细胞中, 外源基因却能持续高效表达4?10 h。为探求外源基因高效表达的机制, 以一个编码木聚糖酶的外源基因为代表, 首先研究了质粒拷贝数对木聚糖酶表达的影响, 接着通过Western-blot检测了携带质粒pHsh-xynIII和对照组携带pLac-xynIII的E. coli细胞在非诱导条件下(30 °C)和诱导条件下(30 °C→42 °C)胞内σ32的差异, 最后测定了不同温度下(30 °C、37 °C、42 °C、30 °C→42 °C)携带质粒(pHsh-xynIII)的E. coli细胞内稳定状态下热休克的水平(以木聚糖酶活性表征)。研究结果表明外源基因在pHsh中的高效表达是与3个方面密切相关的: pHsh质粒的高拷贝数增加了外源基因的剂量; pHsh的存在使E. coli细胞内σ32的水平较正常E. coli细胞显著增加了, 并最终增强了E. coli的热休克反应; 诱导状态下带有pHsh重组质粒的E. coli细胞内稳定状态下的热休克水平明显高于其它温度的水平。     

大肠杆菌tyrR基因对aroP的表达调控

大肠杆菌的tyrR基因编码芳香氨基酸生物合成和运输途径中的一种全局性调控蛋白质,该蛋白质控制着包括自身编码基因tyrR在内的涉及苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸合成与运输的8个转录单位的转录。大肠杆菌aroP基因编码一种跨质膜主动运输芳香氨基酸的透性酶,其转录也受TyrR蛋白抑制。利用PCR反应从E.coli K12基因组中分别克隆了aroP(p)基因(携带自身的启动子)、aroP基因(不携带自身的启动子)和tyrR基因,并将它们导入苯丙氨酸生产菌E.coli WT5中。通过大细胞法检测到这3个基因的表达,并分别测定了相应的酶活力。结果:发现导入aroP(p)和aroP基因的大肠杆菌吸收苯丙氨酸的能力分别提高到原来的1．40和1．46倍,这表明利用pλPR质粒能够表达aroP基因,该质粒中的λ右向启动子(R)和aroP自身启动子(p)的表达效率几乎同样;导入tyrR基因的E．coli WT5 ATP酶活力提高到原来的1．69倍。将两种基因串联克隆在同一质粒中共表达时,携带aroP-tyr串联的大肠杆菌株运输苯丙氨酸的能力明显高于携带aroP(p)-tyrR串联的大肠杆菌株。以E．coli WT5为对照,其AroP的活性定为1,前者的Atop相对酶活力为1．31,后者为0．95,这一结果显示TyrR蛋白可能是通过与aroP基因自身启动子的结合作用来负调控aroP基因的表达。     

耐辐射奇球菌recA基因的克隆、表达及其对recA缺损大肠杆菌辐射抗性的影响

将耐辐射奇球菌(Deinococcus radiodurans)recA基因克隆到表达质粒pET15b中,并在Escherichia coli HMS中高效表达了可溶性的RecA重组蛋白。同时将recA基因通过穿梭质粒pRADZ3导入recA缺损E.coli TG2细胞中,Western印迹实验显示RecA蛋白能够在不需要诱导剂IPTG的条件下稳定表达。辐射抗性实验表明,D.radiodurans的recA基因在E.coli细胞中的表达能够完全补偿recA缺损E.coli辐射抗性能力。     

pQE32-FOXP4ORF质粒的构建及其表达的研究

利用已建立的GenBank数据库提供的已知序列,初步克隆了一个新的人类基因,经国际基因命名委员会批准命名为FOXP4(forkheadboxP4).FOXP4的开放阅读框ORF长4186bp,包含有17个外显子,可以编码一个667个氨基酸的多肽链,蛋白质相对分子质量大小为73.4kDa.为了研究FOXP4基因编码产物在细胞内的作用,构建表达型质粒(pQE32)与FOXP4基因的穿梭表达载体pQE32-FOXP4ORF.利用异丙基硫代-βD-半乳糖苷(isopropyl-βD-t-hiogalactoside,IPTG)对蛋白质的表达进行诱导,在适合的温度和浓度下,经过一定的时间,使细胞大量表达外源蛋白.用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行检测,得出诱导的最佳的浓度和温度,再进行大量诱导,通过电泳分离,将外源蛋白提取出来,从而对基因的功能进行进一步的研究.     

八肋游仆虫含绿色荧光蛋白基因的大核人工染色体的构建

为研究八肋游仆虫(Euplotes octocarinatus)相关基因的功能,构建了八肋游仆虫大核人工染色体(macronuclear artificial chromosome of E. octocarinatus,EoMAC-G),其两端为克隆自八肋游仆虫大核β2-微管蛋白基因的5′和3′非编码区和两侧的端粒序列,中间为多克隆位点和密码子优化后的增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescence protein, EGFP-Eo) 报道基因. 用脂质体转染方法将携带有EoMAC－G的pBTub-Tel载体转入八肋游仆虫大核,分析EGFP-Eo基因在八肋游仆虫细胞中的表达. 荧光显微镜观察发现,EGFP-Eo产生的荧光均匀分布于八肋游仆虫细胞质中. 在细胞进行有丝分裂的情况下,荧 光可持续20 d以上. 相比pEGFP-N1质粒转化的游仆虫,人工染色体中的EGFP-Eo基因表达的荧光亮度强、稳定且持续时间长. Western 杂交分析进一步证实,外源EGFP-Eo基因在细胞中过量表达. 通过细菌喂食法进行纤毛虫RNA干扰实验,抑制了外源EGFP-Eo基因在八肋游仆虫细胞中的表达. 利用构建的人工染色体不仅可以在八肋游仆虫细胞内表达外源基因,对目的蛋白质进行活细胞实时动态的定位分析,还可通过RNA干扰的方法调控外源基因在纤毛虫细胞中的表达,便于进一步分析目的蛋白质的功能.     

采用pHsh载体克隆与表达N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶基因

利用质粒pHsh为表达载体,构建高效表达N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶的基因工程菌E.coli DH10B/argE-pHsh.为提高酶活并降低生产成本,优化了诱导条件.结果表明:NAOase可在pHsh系统中高活性表达,诱导起始OD600为0.6,在空气摇床中42℃热激诱导5h重组菌比酶活达到152U/mL.     

大肠杆菌热休克或冷休克启动子调控的基因表达载体

基因重组技术已经成为获得各种酶和生物活性蛋白的主要手段。虽然很多基因已在大肠杆菌中得到高效表达,但是当人们认定某种蛋白对科学研究或生产应用极为重要时,却常常因为其基因表达水平很低或产生包涵体而感到束手无策。表达载体pHsh和pEXC通过激活热休克或冷休克转录调控机制提高分子伴侣的表达水平,从而降低目标蛋白的细胞毒性并减少包涵体形成。应用于生物合成、分子修饰或生物降解的高温酶可以通过pHsh系统表达获得高产,而科研和诊疗所需要的来源于动植物和常温微生物的基因可以通过pEXC系统获得高效表达。这些新载体的发展为重组蛋白的小规模制备和大规模生产提供了新策略和有效途径。     

热休克蛋白调控机制

热休克蛋白是生物体体应对温度、pH、渗透压等不利环境刺激时合成的一种保护蛋白。在环境应激时,调控因子可以在转录水平上调控热休克基因的表达,恢复或加速清除细胞内已经变性的蛋白质,使细胞处于稳态并产生耐受性。大量研究发现,热休克调控因子对微生物应激耐受性发挥重要作用,具有广阔的应用前景。综述了6类热休克调控因子的调控机制以及相互作用,对调控因子HrcA、σ^B和CtsR进行了重点阐述,旨在为进一步构建热休克调控网络提供有价值的参考。     

热休克蛋白对细胞凋亡的调控作用

热休克蛋白属于细胞内分子伴侣蛋白,除涉及细胞内一些蛋白质分子构象和稳定性的调节之外,热休克蛋白对细胞应激、代谢、增殖以及凋亡等生理过程均具有重要的调控作用。研究表明热休克蛋白对细胞凋亡的调控机制是复杂的,可直接作用于与凋亡相关的蛋白质,也可以通过影响细胞信号传递而间接影响凋亡的发生。由于热休克蛋白对细胞凋亡的调控机制大多依赖于其分子伴侣功能,阻断热休克蛋白的伴侣功能已经成为研究药物诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的重要靶点。     

大肠杆菌中的蛋白质分泌

目前,在微生物遗传工程中应用的表达载体大多是指导目的基因在宿主的胞质中表达,尽管外源蛋白的产量可达菌体总蛋白的50％以上,但同时也存在不少缺点:(1)高水平表达的外源蛋白容易发生沉降、凝聚,难以重新折叠为正确构象,不易获得有功能的产品;(2)产品纯化工艺复杂;(3)对宿主有毒性作用,导致表达体系不稳定;(4)外源蛋白易被胞内蛋白酶降解。这使得微生物遗传工程的应用受到很大限制。 如果能使在胞质表达的外源蛋白分泌到胞外,既可纠正由子高表达所引起的种种不利。近十年开展了对E.coli中蛋白质定位的深入研究。E.coli的蛋白质最初都是在胞质合成的,通过分泌而定位于膜或周质。例如外膜蛋白A(OmpA)先以前体形式在胞质合成,然后借助信号肽的作用穿过内膜,在分泌过程中信号肽被切除成的成熟蛋白定位子外膜。现在许多作者利用E.coli分泌蛋白的信号肽序列与目的基因相融合,将外源蛋白分泌出胞质。如用碱性磷酸酶(phoA)的信号肽分泌人α干扰素,使产物的稳定性和产量都有所提高,并且可通过简单的物理技术得到产品。E.coli溶血素通过特殊的分泌机制穿越细胞膜分泌至培养基,现已尝试用该系统构建表达载体。 本文从信号肽的作用、成熟蛋白对分泌的影响、宿主在分泌中的作用、E.coli溶血素的分泌以及外源蛋白在E.coli中的分泌等几方面综述近几年研究E.coli蛋白质分泌的进展。     

新型大肠杆菌高效表达载体pHsh的构建与应用

在现代生物学和生物技术研究中,通过基因的重组表达获得目标蛋白是一种应用最广泛的方法。因其培养简单、操作方便、遗传背景清楚、克隆表达系统成熟完善,大肠杆菌表达系统通常是人们表达重组蛋白的首选,而表达载体在重组蛋白的生产中起决定作用。pHsh及其衍生质粒是近年发展起来的新型大肠杆菌表达载体,其调控外源基因表达的原理不同于所有其他表达系统,并且具有表达水平高、成本低廉等特点。介绍大肠杆菌表达系统的组成和常用表达载体,并对由pHsh系列载体组成的Hsh表达体系的构建策略、表达调控机制及其使用方法进行综述。Hsh表达体系的建立和发展有望从一个不同的角度帮助解决基因的重组表达中常见的表达水平低、诱导剂成本高、包涵体形成等问题。     

Cloning and characterization of two cellulase genes from Lentinula edodes

The effect of overproduction of the Hsp70 system proteins (DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE) and/or ClpB (Hsp100) from plasmids on the process of formation and removal of heat-aggregated proteins from Escherichia coli cells (the S fraction) was investigated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Two plasmids were employed: pKJE7 carrying the dnaK/dnaJ/grpE genes under the control of the araB promoter and pClpB carrying the clpB gene under the control of its own promoter (sigma(32)-dependent). In the wild-type cells the S fraction after 15 min of heat shock amounted to 21% of cellular insoluble proteins (IP), and disappeared 10 min after transfer of the culture to 37 degrees C. In contrast to this, in the clpB mutant the S fraction was larger (35% IP) and its elimination was retarded, nearly 60% of the aggregated proteins remained stable 30 min after heat shock. This result points to the importance of ClpB in removal of the heat-aggregated proteins from cells. Overproduction of the Hsp70 system proteins (exceeding by about 1.5-fold that of wild-type) in wild-type and DeltaclpB cells completely prevented the formation of the S fraction during heat shock. Overproduction of ClpB (exceeding by about eight-fold that of wild-type) in the same background did not prevent protein aggregation after heat shock and only partly compensated for the effect of the mutation in the clpB gene. Monitoring the S fraction during co-production of DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE and ClpB in the DeltaclpB mutant revealed that both the levels of expression and the ratios of ClpB to Hsp70 system proteins had a significant effect on the formation and removal of protein aggregates in heat-shocked E. coli cells. In the presence of excess ClpB, an increase in the levels of DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE was required to prevent aggregate formation upon heat shock or to efficiently remove protein aggregates after heat shock. Therefore, it is supposed that a high level of ClpB under some conditions, especially at insufficient levels of Hsp70 system proteins, may support protein aggregation resulting from heat shock and may lead to stabilization of hydrophobic aggregates.     

Heat shock protein-mediated disassembly of nucleoprotein structures is required for the initiation of bacteriophage lambda DNA replication

Three Escherichia coli heat shock proteins, DnaJ, DnaK, and GrpE, are required for replication of the bacteriophage lambda chromosome in vivo. We show that the GrpE heat shock protein is not required for initiation of lambda DNA replication in vitro when the concentration of DnaK is sufficiently high. GrpE does, however, greatly potentiate the action of DnaK in the initiation process when the DnaK concentration is reduced to a subsaturating level. We demonstrate in the accompanying articles (Alfano, C. and McMacken, R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 10699-10708; Dodson, M., McMacken, R., and Echols, H. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 10719-10725) that DnaJ and DnaK bind to prepriming nucleoprotein structures that are assembled at the lambda replication origin (ori lambda). Binding of DnaJ and DnaK completes the ordered assembly of an ori lambda initiation complex that also contains the lambda O and P initiators and the E. coli DnaB helicase. With the addition of ATP, the DnaJ and DnaK heat shock proteins mediate the partial disassembly of the initiation complex, and the P and DnaJ proteins are largely removed from the template. Concomitantly, on supercoiled ori lambda plasmid templates, the intrinsic helicase activity of DnaB is activated and DnaB initiates localized unwinding of the DNA duplex, thereby preparing the template for priming and DNA chain elongation. We infer from our results that DnaK and DnaJ function in normal E. coli metabolism to promote ATP-dependent protein unfolding and disassembly reactions. We also provide evidence that neither the lambda O and P initiators nor the E. coli DnaJ and DnaK heat shock proteins play a direct role in the propagation of lambda replication forks in vitro.     

Regulation of ATPase and chaperone cycle of DnaK from Thermus thermophilus by the nucleotide exchange factor GrpE

The nucleotide binding and release cycle of the molecular chaperone DnaK is regulated by the accessory proteins GrpE and DnaJ, also called co-chaperones. The concerted action of the nucleotide exchange factor GrpE and the ATPase-stimulating factor DnaJ determines the ratio of the two nucleotide states of DnaK, which differ in their mode of interaction with unfolded proteins. In the Escherichia coli system, the stimulation by these two antagonists is comparable in magnitude, resulting in a balance of the two nucleotide states of DnaK(Eco) in the absence and the presence of co-chaperones.The regulation of the DnaK chaperone system from Thermus thermophilus is apparently substantially different. Here, DnaJ does not stimulate the DnaK-mediated ATP hydrolysis and thus does not appear to act as an antagonist of the nucleotide exchange factor GrpE(Tth). This raises the question of whether T. thermophilus GrpE stimulates nucleotide exchange to a smaller degree as compared to the E. coli system and how the corresponding rates relate to intrinsic ATPase and ATP binding as well as luciferase refolding kinetics of T. thermophilus DnaK.We determined dissociation constants as well as kinetic constants that describe the interactions between the T. thermophilus molecular chaperone DnaK, its nucleotide exchange factor GrpE and the fluorescent ADP analogue N8-(4-N'-methylanthraniloylaminobutyl)-8-aminoadenosine-5'-diphosphate by isothermal equilibrium titration calorimetry and stopped-flow kinetic experiments and investigated the influence of T. thermophilus DnaJ on the DnaK nucleotide cycle.The interaction of GrpE with the DnaK.ADP complex versus nucleotide-free DnaK can be described by a simple equilibrium system, where GrpE reduces the affinity of DnaK for ADP by a factor of about 10. Kinetic experiments indicate that the maximal acceleration of nucleotide release by GrpE is 80,000-fold at a saturating GrpE concentration.Our experiments show that in T. thermophilus, although the thermophilic DnaK system displays no stimulation of the DnaK-ATPase activity by DnaJ, nucleotide exchange is still efficiently stimulated by GrpE. This indicates that two counteracting factors are not absolutely necessary to maintain a functional and regulated chaperone cycle. This conclusion is corroborated by data that show that the slower ATPase cycle of the DnaK system as well as of heterologous T. thermophilus DnaK/E. coli DnaK systems is directly reflected in altered refolding kinetics of firefly luciferase but not necessarily in refolding yields.     

In vivo and in vitro complementation study comparing the function of DnaK chaperone systems from halophilic lactic acid bacterium Tetragenococcus halophilus and Escherichia coli

In this study, we characterized the DnaK chaperone system from Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium. An in vivo complementation test showed that under heat stress conditions, T. halophilus DnaK did not rescue the growth of the Escherichia coli dnaK deletion mutant, whereas T. halophilus DnaJ and GrpE complemented the corresponding mutations of E. coli. Purified T. halophilus DnaK showed intrinsic weak ATPase activity and holding chaperone activity in vitro, but T. halophilus DnaK did not cooperate with the purified DnaJ and GrpE from either T. halophilus or E. coli in ATP hydrolysis or luciferase-refolding reactions under the conditions tested. E. coli DnaK, however, cross-reacted with those from both bacteria. This difference in the cooperation with DnaJ and GrpE appears to result in an inability of T. halophilus DnaK to replace the in vivo function of the DnaK chaperone of E. coli.