产紫杉醇内生真菌MHZ-32的鉴定

从曼地亚红豆杉树皮内表皮分离获得一株内生真菌MHZ-32,通过高效液相色谱法检测发现,内生真菌MHZ-32的紫杉醇提取物中含有与紫杉醇标品 (15.02 min）、巴卡亭Ⅲ标品 (7.07 min)保留时间相近的色谱特征峰. 进一步通过质谱法检测发现,MHZ-32的紫杉醇提取物中具有与紫杉醇标品((M+Na)+=876)、巴卡亭Ⅲ标品((M+Na)+=609)相同的质谱特征峰,表明内生真菌MHZ-32可以产紫杉醇和巴卡亭Ⅲ. 其紫杉醇和巴卡亭III的产量分别约为0.6 μg/g和0.2 μg/g（紫杉醇或巴卡亭Ⅲ/菌丝干重）.并通过18S rRNA序列分析和形态学鉴定,将内生真菌MHZ-32初步鉴定为拟茎点霉属（Phomopsis sp.）真菌.     

产紫杉醇内生真菌TMS-26的分离和鉴定

为丰富产紫杉醇植物内生真菌资源库,从曼地亚红豆杉Taxus media茎中分离得到一株产紫杉醇的内生真菌TMS-26。通过对TMS-26的发酵提取物进行高效液相色谱分析,发现其具有与紫杉醇标准品(4.545 min)相近的色谱特征峰。进一步通过液质联用仪检测发现,内生真菌TMS-26的发酵提取物中具有与紫杉醇标准品((M+Na)+=876)相近的质谱特征峰,表明内生真菌TMS-26能够产生紫杉醇。同时通过传统形态学分类鉴定方法和18S r DNA序列分析、Internal-transcribed spacer(ITS)序列分析等现代分子生物学分类鉴定方法,最终将内生真菌TMS-26鉴定为曲霉属烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus,并命名为"烟曲霉TMS-26"。     

产紫杉醇内生真菌N-15的分离及鉴定

产紫杉醇内生真菌的研究是解决紫杉醇药源紧缺问题的重要途径之一。本研究主要报道了从南方红豆杉树皮的内表皮中筛选得到一株产紫杉醇的内生真菌N-15,高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测结果表明其提取物具有与紫杉醇及其前体巴卡亭Ⅲ、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ标准品一致的色谱特征峰和保留时间,表明真菌N-15可以产紫杉醇及其两个前体物。质谱法(mass spectrometry,MS)检测结果表明,N-15的发酵液提取物具有和紫杉醇标准品相同质谱特征峰,进一步说明N-15可以产紫杉醇。通过结合形态特征观察和18S rRNA序列分析,将N-15初步确定为黑孢霉属(Nigrospora sp.)真菌。     

高产紫杉醇内生真菌J11的鉴定

从南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)的幼茎中分离出一株产紫杉醇内生真菌J11.菌株J11的发酵提取物经高分辨质谱分析,证实J11菌株可产紫杉醇.提取该菌株的基因组DNA,扩增核糖体internal transcribed spacer(ITS)和28S核糖体large subunit rRNA gene(LSU)序列,经测序获得该菌的ITS序列和LSU序列.序列比对和检索结果表明,J11菌株为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria ssp.)属中的一个新菌株.形态学鉴定符合葡萄座腔菌属特征,高效液相色谱分析表明,J11菌株的紫杉醇含量约为615.1μg/L.本研究首次证实葡萄座腔菌J11是一株高产紫杉醇野生型菌株,具有潜在的应用前景.     

蛇足石杉产石杉碱甲内生真菌SNZ-12的分离及鉴定北大核心CSCD

为了获取具有应用价值的产石杉碱甲内生菌,本文从蛇足石杉分离得到60株内生真菌,采用高效液相色谱法和质谱法分别检测各个真菌的提取物,发现内生真菌SNZ-12的提取物具有与石杉碱甲标品相近的色谱特征峰和保留时间(8. 994 min)以及相同的质谱特征峰((M+H)+=243. 1),说明内生真菌SNZ-12可以产石杉碱甲,其石杉碱甲产量约为1. 01 mg/L;并通过结合内生真菌SNZ-12的形态特征和18S r DNA序列分析,将其鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。本文结果为利用微生物发酵生产石杉碱甲研究提供了潜在的菌种资源。     

蛇足石杉产石杉碱甲内生真菌SNZ-12的分离及鉴定

为了获取具有应用价值的产石杉碱甲内生菌,本文从蛇足石杉分离得到60株内生真菌,采用高效液相色谱法和质谱法分别检测各个真菌的提取物,发现内生真菌SNZ-12的提取物具有与石杉碱甲标品相近的色谱特征峰和保留时间(8. 994 min)以及相同的质谱特征峰((M+H)+=243. 1),说明内生真菌SNZ-12可以产石杉碱甲,其石杉碱甲产量约为1. 01 mg/L;并通过结合内生真菌SNZ-12的形态特征和18S r DNA序列分析,将其鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。本文结果为利用微生物发酵生产石杉碱甲研究提供了潜在的菌种资源。     

红豆杉中产紫杉醇内生真菌分离部位的比较研究

目的 探讨红豆杉不同部位在内生真菌分离效率以及产紫杉醇菌株筛选率方面的规律性,为红豆杉产紫杉醇内生菌菌株的分离与筛选提供一定的理论依据.方法 从根、茎、叶3个器官取大小和表面积相同的太行山野生红豆杉(Taxous chinensis)材料,用组织块法分离红豆杉内生真菌,计算各部位内生真菌的分离效率;用高效液相法时分离到的内生真菌发酵液提取物进行紫杉醇含量分析,计算各部位产紫杉醇内生真菌的筛选率.结果 共分离到109株红豆杉内生真菌,根部、茎部和叶部分离效率指数分别为0.90、0.63和0.28;其中有28株产紫杉醇,紫杉醇菌株筛选率分别为31.48%、21.05%和17.65%.结论 在内生真菌的分离效率及其产紫杉醇内生真菌的筛选率上,均为根部>茎部>叶部,即根部在内生真菌分离效率和筛选产紫杉醇内生真菌效率上均具有明显的优势.     

1株产紫杉醇内生真菌LNUF014的鉴定及产物检测

从红豆杉的韧皮部组织中分离得到的360株内生真菌中,通过对发酵粗提的检测,共筛选到11株产紫杉醇的真菌。其中1株内生真菌LNUF014的发酵液采用有机试剂抽提紫杉醇,经薄层层析和高效液相色谱分析,初步表明该菌株的紫杉醇类物质含量为53.68μg/L。根据形态学研究和真核生物18S rDNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。产紫杉醇内生真菌的研究将对紫杉醇类抗肿瘤药物的研制具有重要意义。     

一株产紫杉醇罗汉松内生真菌的分离和鉴定

[目的]紫杉醇是重要的抗癌药物,主要从罗汉松等植物中提取,为了保护罗汉松等种质资源,本文从罗汉松植株中分离产紫杉醇内生真菌,并对内生真菌所产紫杉醇的抗肿瘤活性进行了分析.[方法]采用组织块法自罗汉松的根、茎、叶等组织中分离内生真菌;通过四唑蓝(Methyl ThiazolylTetrazolium,MTT)比色法筛选有抗肿瘤活性的内生真菌菌株,通过薄层层析(Thin Layer Chro-matography,TLC)和高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)对内生真菌所产活性物质进行鉴定;采用抽提法抽提内生真菌所产紫杉醇,应用Vero细胞对抽提的紫杉醇的活性进行了分析.[结果]从罗汉松属(Podocrapus)植物中分离到155株内生真菌,其中28株内生真菌具有较高的抑癌活性.将其中一株菌株A2命名为EPTP-1,经形态学和分子分类学分析鉴定为烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus).菌株EPTP-1中抽提的紫杉醇5.553μg/L～555.3 μg/L作用24h表现出明显的致细胞凋亡作用.菌株EPTP-1发酵5天时紫杉醇的产率为0.5578±0.0294 mg/L.[结论]从罗汉松中分离到了一株产紫杉醇内生真菌EPTP-1,可作为紫杉醇类药物工业化生产的候选菌株.     

黄山地区红豆杉中产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离和筛选

从黄山地区红豆杉中分离得到107株内生真菌,利用薄层层析(TLC)方法对107株内生真菌的发酵代谢物进行了初筛,首次筛出8株可产紫杉醇或其类似物的菌株。再通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)对其作了进一步分析,发现有1株内生真菌菌株发酵代谢物的吸收峰与紫杉醇标准品吸收峰保留时间一致。同时结合以中国仓鼠卵巢CHO细胞株作为肿瘤细胞模型,用Resazurin法检测生长抑制率,对经筛选出的1株内生真菌次生代谢产物进行体外抗肿瘤活性试验,该菌株的代谢物对CHO细胞的抑制率高达71.28%。通过对该菌株的显微形态观察,从菌丝、孢子的形态和产孢子的特征等初步判定HQ-24是曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)。     

一株产紫杉醇内生真菌YN6的分离及鉴定

从云南红豆杉（Taxus yunnanensis）树皮内表皮中分离得到75株内生真菌,采用基于紫杉醇合成关键酶10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ-10-O-乙酰基转移酶（10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ-10-O-acetyl transferase,DBAT）和C-13苯丙氨基侧链CoA乙酰基转移酶（C-13-phenylpropanoid side chain-CoA acyltransferase,BAPT）基因为标志分子的快速筛选方法获得一株可产紫杉醇的内生真菌YN6,并通过高效液相色谱法和质谱法对其紫杉醇进行分析.同时,通过对内生真菌YN6的形态特征分析以及18S rDNA序列分析将其初步鉴定为拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotiopsis sp.）真菌. 拟盘多毛孢YN6的紫杉醇产量约为120~140 μg/L,是目前已报道的紫杉醇产量较高的野生菌株之一. 拟盘多毛孢YN6的发现为微生物发酵生产紫杉醇提供了潜在的优良种质资源.     

一株产紫杉醇菌的分离及其代谢产物对HeLa细胞抑制作用的研究

从东北红豆杉Taxus cuspidata的主干和侧枝树皮及皮下分离筛选得到181株纯化的内生菌株。经过摇瓶发酵培养,再用甲醇、乙酸乙酯萃取抽提,抽提产物经以标准紫杉醇为对照的薄层层析(TLC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、质谱(MS)分析,发现有1株菌株HD181-23能够产生紫杉醇,其紫杉醇产量为206.34μg/L。对菌株HD181-23菌落、菌丝体和孢子形态和产孢特征进行了研究,表明菌株HD181-23为葡萄孢属的种,暂定为Botrytissp.。该菌株的发酵提取纯化产物经HeLa细胞毒实验,结果显示对HeLa细胞具有较强的抑制作用。     

Cladosporium cladosporioides XJ-AC03, an aconitine-producing endophytic fungus isolated from Aconitum leucostomum

The endophytic fungus XJ-AC03, which was isolated from the healthy roots of Aconitum leucostomum, produced aconitine when grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The presence of aconitine was confirmed by the chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. The yield of aconitine was recorded as 236.4 μg/g by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mass spectrometry was shown to be identical to authentic aconitine. Further analysis with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to show the chemical structure of the fungal aconitine indicated that the fungal aconitine produced an NMR spectrum identical to that of authentic aconitine. Strain XJ-AC03 was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides by its characteristic culture morphology and ITS rDNA sequence analysis.     

Taxol from Tubercularia sp. strain TF5, an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei

The diterpenoid taxol is an important anticancer agent used widely in the clinic. The purpose of this work was to identify a taxol-producing endophytic fungus (strain TF5) isolated from Taxus mairei and study its anticancer activities. Strain TF5 was identified as a Tubercularia sp. according to the morphology of the fungal culture, the mechanism of spore production and the characteristics of the spores. Strain TF5 produced taxol, when grown in potato dextrose liquid medium and analyzed by thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet and mass spectrometry. The fungal taxol, which was isolated from the organic extract of the TF5 culture, had strong cytotoxic activity towards KB and P388 cancer cells in vitro, tested by the MTT assay. Observed with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, the fungal taxol enhanced microtubule stability and bundling in culture cells and induced tubulin polymerization in vitro similar to the authentic taxol.     

Identification of delta-guanidinovaleric acid in human urine

delta-Guanidinovaleric acid (DGVA) was identified in human urine using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the TLC, all Rfs of sample from urine developed by 6 solvent systems were identical to that of authentic DGVA. In the GC/MS, the mass spectrum of the sample was identical to the trifluoroacetylated dimethylpyrimidyl derivative of DGVA butylester (M+ = 375). In the HPLC analysis, the DGVA peak was observed just before 15 min in either chromatogram obtained by analysis of human urine or authentic DGVA, and the content of DGVA in pooled human urine was calculated at 2.4 nmol/ml.     

Identification of 5,6-trans-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in the phospholipids of red blood cells

A novel eicosanoid, 5,6-trans-epoxy-8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid (5,6-trans-EET), was identified in rat red blood cells. Characterization of 5,6-trans-EET in the sn-2 position of the phospholipids was accomplished by hydrolysis with phospholipase A(2) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as well as electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. The electron ionization spectrum of 5,6-erythro-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-erythro-DHET), converted from 5,6-trans-EET in the samples, matches that of the authentic standard. Hydrogenation of the extracted 5,6-erythro-DHET with platinum(IV) oxide/hydrogen resulted in an increase of the molecular mass by 6 daltons and the same retention time shift as an authentic standard in gas chromatography, suggesting the existence of three olefins as well as the 5,6-erythro-dihydroxyl structure in the metabolite. Match of retention times by chromatography indicated identity of the stereochemistry of the red blood cell 5,6-erythro-DHET vis à vis the synthetic standard. High pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the phospholipase A(2)-hydrolyzed lipid extracts from red blood cells revealed match of the mass spectrum and retention time of the compound with the authentic 5,6-trans-EET standard, providing direct evidence of the existence of 5,6-trans-EET in red blood cells. The presence of other trans-EETs was also demonstrated. The ability of both 5,6-trans-EET and its product 5,6-erythro-DHET to relax preconstricted renal interlobar arteries was significantly greater than that of 5,6-cis-EET. In contrast, 5,6-cis-EET and 5,6-trans-EET were equipotent in their capacity to inhibit collagen-induced rat platelet aggregation, whereas 5,6-erythro-DHET was without effect. We propose that the red blood cells serve as a reservoir for epoxides which on release may act in a vasoregulatory capacity.     

正相和反相柱层析组合分离纯化紫杉醇

采用正相氧化铝柱层析和反相C₁₈柱层析从东北红豆杉培养细胞浸提物中分离纯化了紫杉醇。优化了氧化铝柱层析和反相柱层析的操作条件。实验发现,经过氧化铝柱层析后,测得的紫杉醇量大大增加。经两步层析,使紫杉醇的含量从小于1.0%提高到95%,样品中微量杂质继以重结晶步骤除去,即可获得纯度超过98%的紫杉醇晶体。采用13-CNMR对晶体分析,所得产物结构与文献上紫杉醇的结构一致。     

Taxol content in the bark of Himalayan Yew in relation to tree age and sex

Taxol content in the bark of Taxus baccata trees growing in a homogenous (uniform) environment at Jageshwar, District Almora in Central Himalaya has been quantified. The average taxol concentration in the bark of sampled trees was 0.0558+/-0.008% (of dry wt.) and was about 64% higher for male plants (averaged across tree age) in comparison to female trees. Maximum taxol content was recorded in the bark samples collected from trees of >110 yrs age. ANOVA indicates a significant difference in the taxol content of bark from trees of different ages, however, differences were not significant between sexes. Taxol was quantified by HPLC using a standard curve prepared with authentic taxol; the identification of bark taxol was confirmed by UV and mass spectrometry. The total taxol content of the bark of Taxus trees across an age series was found to range between 0.064 to 8.032 g/tree, and a tree of about 100 yrs age can yield 5.74 kg dry bark.