外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

微量元素营养对桉树无性系苗木叶绿素及荧光参数影响

研究了不同微量元素营养液,对栽培的三种桉树无性系苗木叶绿素及荧光参数变化。结果表明:各无性系苗木在全部测试性状的差异表现出极显著。在六个测试的微量元素因子中,Fe(B)显著地影响苗木的Fo、Fm、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm,Zn(C)显著地影响Fo、Fv/Fm,Mn(D)显著地影响叶绿素含量(SPAD值),Mo(F)显著地影响叶绿素含量、Fo,B(G)显著地影响叶绿素含量Fo、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm。相关分析表明Fm与Fo、Fv/Fo与Fo、叶绿素含量与Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm与Fv/Fo均存在显著的相关性。随着微量元素Fe、Zn、Cu、Mo、B浓度增大,Fo、Fv/Fm均呈增大趋势,但在不利的高浓度环境下,Fv/Fm降低。对三个无性系叶绿素荧光比较,U₆与DH_32-29具有高的Fo、Fm和低的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,DH_201-2却具有低的Fo、Fm和高的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo。对微量元素浓度变化,DH_32-29较敏感。因此,叶绿素荧光参数可作为诊断植物微量元素营养状况的指标之一。     

干旱胁迫对不同葡萄砧木光合特性和荧光参数的影响

干旱胁迫导致葡萄砧木实生苗叶片光合能力下降.在正常供水和轻度干旱下,砧木的P_n 以3309C最高,其次是1103P,420A较低,各砧木的G_s和T_r差异不显著;中度干旱下,则以1103P的P_n最高,3309C最低;而严重干旱胁迫下,1103P的P_n比3309C高出124%,水分利用效率是3309C的1.95倍.干旱胁迫下,3种砧木的共同趋势是可变荧光 (F_o) 升高,最大荧光 (F_m)、实际光能转化效率 (ФPSⅡ）和可变荧光与最大荧光比 (F_v/F_m) 降低,但品种变幅不同.中度干旱使3309C的F _o升高17.1%,F_v/F_m降低了8.5%,而1103P的F_o升高6.8%,F_v/F_m降低了5.8%;严重干旱则使3309C的F_o升高36.2%,F_v/F_m降低了20.1%,而1103P的F_o升高9.9%,F_v/F_m降低了10.2%.干旱胁迫对不同葡萄砧木光合和荧光参数的影响与其抗旱性密切相关,其中F_v/F_m和P_n的相关系数最大（r=0.9883）.     

光照、温度和pH对雨生红球藻光合特性的影响

采用测定光合放氧速率和荧光动力学的方法,研究分析了光照强度、温度和pH对雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis CG-11绿色游动细胞阶段光合作用特性的影响。结果表明,H. pluvialis CG-11光合作用的饱和光强为109.1 μmol/m2·s,最大光合放氧速率为75.9 μmol O2/mg Chla·h;适宜的生长温度范围在25－30℃之间,温度在25℃时光合速率最大;pH在7.5－8.0范围内,光合效率较高,在pH为7.5时放氧速率最大,为75.5 μmol O2/mg Chla·h。在实验pH条件下,H. pluvialis CG-11叶绿素荧光动力学参数呈现出相似的趋势,在6.0－7.5范围内,Fv/ Fm、Fv/ F0、ΦPSⅡ和ETR值随pH升高而增大,pH为7.5时达到最大值,pH超过7.5时,Fv/ Fm和Fv/ F0值明显下降,而ΦPSⅡ和ETR的下降趋势不明显。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光的影响

研究了水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响。结果表明,在长期的水分胁迫中,牛心朴子叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量没有下降或下降不明显。直到处理末期才显著下降;叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm变化不大,在处理末期各处理Fo降低,轻度、重度水分胁迫的Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm升高。说明K期水分胁迫后牛心朴子的光合功能受到影响,但牛心朴子仍表现出较强的适应干旱的能力。     

运用叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学技术检测水稻生产潜力

运用叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学技术,检测水稻叶片和叶绿体的PSII原初光转化效率(F_v/F_m)或与此相关可代表PSII潜在活性(F_v/F_o)的参数,结果表明,不同产量水平的水稻品种之间,其叶片和叶绿体的F_v/F_m(或F_v/F_o)的比值,以及光合电子传递速率均有明显差异.此外,在外源Mg~(2+)的存在下,高产水稻品种叶绿体有更高的原初光能转化效率,同时Mg~(2+)对高产品种叶绿体PSII和PSI之间激发能分配的调节能力也较低产品种者高.实验说明Chl a荧光诱导动力学的技术,能够作为一种快速、灵敏和简便的有效方法用于早期检测水稻(或其他作物)的生产潜力.     

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis of Elsholtzia argyi—A Cadmium Accumulating Plant

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters on a Cd accumulating plant of Elsholtzia argyi. Four weeks-seedlings of E. argyi were treated with 0 (CK) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 100 μmol L^?1 Cd for 21days. Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSП, ETR and Fv′/Fm′ were significantly increased under low Cd (5–15 μmol L^?1 for Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm and qP, 5–10 μmol L^?1 for ΦPSП, ETR and Fv′/Fm′) stress, and these parameters were similar to control under Cd ≤ 50μmol L^?1. All above parameters were significantly decreased at 100 μmol L^?1 Cd. Compared with control, Pn was significantly (P < 0.05) increased under 5–30 μmol L^?1 Cd. However, 50 and 100 μmol L^?1 Cd significantly (P < 0.05) reduced it. Gs and Tr were substantially decreased at 50–100 and 40–100 μmol L^?1 Cd, respectively. Ci was significantly increased at 50 and 100 μmol L^?1 Cd. High Cd-induced decrease of Pn is not only connected to stomatal limitation but also to the inhibition of Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSП, qP, ETR and increase of NPQ. Maintain chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis parameters under its Cd tolerance threshold were one of tolerance mechanisms in E. argyi.     

Comparison of Photosynthetic Adaptability Between Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum on Qinghai Plateau

The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Kobresia humilis Serg. and Polygonum viviparum L. grown at two different altitudes (3200 m, 3980 m) were measured and the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were observed for studying the photosynthetic adaptability of plants to the influences of stress conditions in alpine environment. Rfd -values, the vitality index, in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum grown at 3980 m were higher than those at 3200 m. The higher ratio of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum indicated that the rate of photosynthetic conversion of light energy increased at higher altitude. Ratios of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm and Rfd -values in K.humilis were higher than that in P.viviparum grown at the same altitude. There were more irregular chloroplasts in leaves of both species grown at higher altitude. Many irregular chloroplasts such as swollen thylakoid, deformed chloroplast envelope, were observed in P.viviparum grown at 3980 m, but few in K.　humilis . These results were discussed in relation to the photosynthetic adaptability of alpine plants and the different adaptive competence between K.humilis and P.viviparum.     

热带林下人工种植阳春砂仁的生长与果实产量动态

调查了西双版纳不同海拔热带沟谷雨林和次生林下的阳春砂仁生长和果实产量动态.结果表明,西双版纳热带林下阳春砂仁自身年龄增长、林下光照不足和旱季水分胁迫影响阳春砂仁果实产量.随种植期增加,阳春砂仁果实产量和成熟植株密度降低.当林下光照水平在全日照的35%以下时,阳春砂仁果实产量随林下日照水平变化呈线性增加(P<0.05).沟谷下方阳春砂仁果实产量显著高于上方(P<0.05).海拔600～1000m,由于阳春砂仁的主花期从干热季3～4月推迟到雨季5月,果实产量显著增加.沟谷雨林和次生林下阳春砂仁果实产量差异不显著.因此,在海拔800～1000m沟谷中轮歇地次生林下有计划种植阳春砂仁,代替在沟谷雨林下种植阳春砂仁,既能解决沟谷雨林下光照和当地旱季水分不足对阳春砂仁果实产量的影响,又有利于热带沟谷雨林的保护.     

水分胁迫与复水对地枫皮生理生态特性的影响

以岩溶特有药用植物地枫皮为材料,研究土壤水分胁迫及复水条件下,其叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及光合色素含量的变化特性,进而探讨其对水分胁迫的生理生态适应性。结果表明:停止供水10 d,水分胁迫地枫皮叶片的P_n(净光合速率)、C_i(胞间CO_2浓度)、G_s(气孔导度)和L_s(气孔限制值)均下降,气孔限制是P_n降低的主要原因;停止供水15 d,水分胁迫地枫皮叶片的P_n日变化呈逐渐下降趋势,上午9:30以后全天的P_n值均接近零,非气孔限制成为P_n下降的主要因素;而对照地枫皮叶片的P_n日变化呈"双峰型",中午P_n下降的主要原因依然是气孔限制。水分胁迫下,地枫皮叶片叶绿素含量降低和Chl_(a/b)升高,减少了叶片对光能的捕获,减轻了光合机构遭受光氧化的破坏,而Car/Chl_(a+b)升高增强了光保护能力。水分胁迫下,地枫皮叶片的初始荧光(F_o)显著增大,最大荧光(F_m)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均显著降低,表明水分胁迫对地枫皮叶片的PSⅡ反应中心和电子传递造成了一定的破坏,从而使其PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率降低。复水5 d后,地枫皮的上述生理生态参数均能恢复到对照水平,表明其复水后的生理修复能力很强。     

模拟酸雨胁迫下硅对髯毛箬竹光合特性的影响

以髯毛箬竹为试验材料,研究了模拟酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)下硅对髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素相对含量、光合作用日变化以及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响.结果表明:20和100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃预处理可以不同程度地抑制酸雨胁迫下髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素含量的显著下降,且以100 mg·L^-1浓度处理效果最佳,叶绿素含量可提高22.7%,而高浓度(500 mg·L^-1)预处理则无缓解作用-酸雨胁迫下,髯毛箬竹光合“午休”现象加重,日平均净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和气孔限制值(L_s)明显降低,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)增大,经过20～100 mg·L^-1硅预处理后,P_n、G_s、L_s不同程度增加,而C_i有所降低,且以100 mg·L^-1硅预处理效果最佳,日平均P_n增加39.2%.酸雨胁迫下,箬竹PSⅡ最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、有效光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、最大荧光产额(F_m′)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)、PSII实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)降低,暗适应和光适应下的最小荧光产额F_o、F_o′ 则升高;而100 mg·L^-1硅预处理明显抑制了胁迫下各荧光参数的变化,F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_v′/F_m′和Φ_PSⅡ分别增加35.2%、146.2%、55.0%和24.3%.说明外源适宜浓度硅预处理能有效地缓解酸雨胁迫导致的髯毛箬竹光合活性下降和光合系统损伤,从而提高胁迫下植物的光合能力.     

Photoprotective Effects of D1 Protein Turnover and the Lutein Cycle on Three Ephemeral Plants under Heat Stress

To clarify the characteristics of photoinhibition and the primary defense mechanisms of ephemeral plant leaves against photodestruction under high temperature stress, inhibitors and the technology to determine chlorophyll fluorescence were used to explore the protective effects of D1 protein turnover and the lutein cycle in the high temperature stress of the leaves of three ephemeral plants. The results showed that the maximum light conversion efficiency (Fv/Fm) of the ephemeral plant leaves decreased, and the initial fluorescence (Fo) increased under 35°C ± 1°C heat stress for 1–4 h or on sunny days in the summer. Both Fv/Fm and Fo could be recovered after 8 h of darkness or afternoon weakening of the external temperature. Streptomycin sulfate (SM) or dithiothreitol (DTT) accelerated the decrease of Fv/Fm and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) in the leaves of three ephemeral plants at high temperature, and the decrease was greater in the SM than in the DTT treatment. When the high temperature stress was prolonged, the Y(II) values of light energy distribution parameters of PSII decreased, and the Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) values increased gradually in all the treatment groups of the three ephemeral plants. The results showed that the leaves of the three ephemeral plants had their own highly advanced mechanisms to protect against photodamage, which inhibited the turnover of D1 protein and xanthophyll cycle. This can damage the PSII reaction center in the leaves of the three ephemeral plants under high temperature. The protective effect of D1 protein turnover on heat stress in Erodium oxyrrhynchum and Senecio subdentatus was greater than that of the lutein cycle, while the protective effect of lutein cycle was greater than that of D1 protein turnover in Heliotropium acutiflorum subjected to heat damage.     

高温胁迫对柑橘光合速率和光系统Ⅱ活性的影响

用红外CO2分析仪和叶绿素荧光仪测定了温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)及电子传递速率(ETR)．结果表明,与常温(25℃)相比,高温胁迫(38～40℃)使温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm及ETR下降,Fo升高．胁迫25d后温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的Pn分别下降55．6％和39．8％．Fv／Fm下降22．0％和6．7％,ETR下降55．0％和41．5％,Fo分别上升了113．8％和14．9％．柑橘经高温胁迫后,在25℃下处理10d,叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm、Fo及ETR恢复明显．这些结果说明柑橘的光合速率下降与PSⅡ反应中心失活有关．     

不同品种美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数日变化的研究

以湖南省永州市冷水滩采穗圃中的美国山核桃为试材,研究了叶绿素荧光参数的日变化规律。结果表明:初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSII原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光合量子产额(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)均存在着明显的日变化。其中Fv/Fm、Fm、Yield、qP均呈先下降后上升的趋势,在中午强光下降低到最低值;qN则呈先上升后下降的趋势,在中午时分达到峰值;Fo呈下降趋势,部分品种傍晚稍有回升,但仍比早晨低;ETR日变化呈双峰曲线。不同品种间Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP、qN对光强和温度的响应也存在着明显差异,可作为鉴定品种耐光抑制能力大小的指标。     

Effects of Strong Light and Active Oxygen on Photosynthesis in Soybean

With the use of chlorophyll fluorescence technique, it was found that the net photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate decreased after strong light (2 000 μmol· m-2·2-1 ) treatment for two hours in soybean ( Glycine max L. ) leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm, ФPSII, qp and qN decreased along with the increase of light intensity. In strong light, exogenous active oxygen H202、·OH and 'O2 were harmful to soybean leaves. The destruction of 'O2 and·OH to leaves was most evident, as was shown that Fv/Fm and PS H decreased significantly. The antioxidants DABCO, mannitol, ascorbate and histidine protected the leaves, but weakly, from strong light. In darkness, the SOD inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocar- bamate (DDC) had no significant effect on Fm/Fo and Fv/Fm, but NAN,, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX)inhibitor, significantly decreased Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm and ФPS II. In strong light, however, beth DDC and NaN3 reduced the above-mentioned fluorescence parameters, but NaN3 was more effective than DDC. The results suggested that photoinhibition did take place in soybean leaves under strong light, and it was related to active oxygen in vivo.     

A comparative analysis of wild and laboratory grown Laminaria abyssalis (Phaeophyta) using modulated fluorescence

Laminaria abyssalis fronds were either collected at the Brazilian costal area - 40 meters below sea level - or grown in the laboratory. The photochemical yield as defined by the Fv/Fm and the Fo - the dark fluorescence level when all PSII centers are open - varied with the distance from the stipe to the tip of the blade in wild grown fronds while it stayed constant in the laboratory grown plants. The chlorophyll a/c ratio levels decreased in the wild fronds from 12 (near the stipe) to 6 near the top. The chlorophyll c content increased from 0.8 to near 1.7 mg cm^–2 in the wild fronds. The laboratory fronds did not show variations in their chlorophyll contents. The wild fronds pattern changed after 2 months kept in the laboratory, producing similar results to those grown in the laboratory. The results indicate that the levels of the antenna complex in the wild fronds increase from the stipe to the top of the blade, in a fashion similar of the sun/shade leaves. Also, results show, that this alga is able to adapt itself to new light conditions, possibly increasing its level of antenna complex and photosynthetic units.Abbreviations PSII Photosystem II - Fo Chlorophyll fluorescence when all PSII are opened - Fm Chlorophyll Fluorescence when all PSII are closed - Fv Variable Fluorescence (Fm-Fo) - Fv/Fm Quantum Yield for Photochemistry     

Photoinhibition in Shaded Cotton Leaves After Exposing to High Light and the Time Course of Its Restoration (in English)

Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular intervals there after within 15 d. Photoinhibition occurred in shade-grown cotton leaves immediately after exposed to full sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv / Fm and ΦPSⅡ , which reflect the efficiency of PSⅡ, obviously decreased in shade-grown leaves, much lower than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. On the contrary, Fo value was sharply increased. Neither of these parameters could completely recover till next morning. The photoinhibition was chronic and continued for about 4 d, while the Fv / Fm and the net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ) continued to decline, then began to increase gradually 6 d later and turned stable after 10-12 d, appearing as an acclimation phenomenon. However, the final value of Fv / Fm and Pn did not reach the level as in those leaves grown in the full sunlight ever before. The final Pn was higher by 60% than that before exposure, but lower for more than 40% than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. The most notable response of chloroplast pigment composition was a pronounced increase in the pool size of carotenoids in xanthophyll cycle over a period of 3 d. The results indicated that when shade-grown cotton seedlings were suddenly transferred to the full sunlight, the decline of Fv / Fm and Pn might associate with the damage of the PSⅡ reaction center. During the light acclimation, photoprotective mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation were increased, so that photodamage in leaves transferred from low to high light might be reduced.     

外源甜菜碱对干旱／盐胁迫下的小麦幼苗生长和光合功能的改善

本文用甜菜碱溶液浸种,研究了外源甜碱对干旱／盐胁迫下的小麦幼苗的生长状况和叶片光合转能的影响,结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使干旱／盐胁迫下的小麦幼苗地上部和根部的干重和含水量增加,使叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv/Vo,Fv/Fm和qP增高,qN降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获和转换,明显促进植物生长,降低干旱／盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

外源甜菜碱对干旱/盐胁迫下的小麦幼苗生长和光合功能的改善

本文用甜菜碱溶液浸种,研究了外源甜菜碱对干旱/盐胁迫下的小麦幼苗的生长状况和叶片光合转能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使干旱/盐胁迫下的小麦幼苗地上部和根部的干重和含水量增加,使叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm和qP增高,qN降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获和转换,明显促进植物生长,降低干旱/盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

外源NO对NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗光合生理响应的调节

采用营养液砂培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对100 mmol/L NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、光能分配及叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明:(1)外施60μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP)显著缓解了NaHCO3胁迫下叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和气孔限制值(Ls)的下降及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的升高,提高了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭(qP),降低了初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。(2)NaHCO3胁迫下,外施SNP显著抑制了天线转换效率(Fv’/Fm’)的下降,降低了光系统间激发能分配的不平衡性(β/α-1)和天线热耗散的比例(D),提高了吸收光能中用于光化学反应的比例(P),而对PSⅡ反应中心的过剩光能(Ex)无明显影响。(3)外施SNP显著降低了NaHCO3胁迫下叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)下降和叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)上升的幅度。但SNP对NaHCO3胁迫的缓解效应可被NO清除剂血红蛋白(Hb)部分或完全地逆转,SNP的分解产物NaNO2处理对NaHCO3胁迫无明显改善。表明外源NO可能通过提高光化学效率,缓解了碱胁迫引起的光抑制对光合机构的破坏,从而提高黑麦草的光合效率。