芳樟不同无性系叶片光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数分析

对18个芳樟[Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl]无性系叶片光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数进行了测定,并对各参数的相关性进行了分析;基于上述测定结果对供试的18个芳樟无性系进行了聚类分析.结果表明:芳樟不同无性系叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素含量分别为0.60～2.26、0.24～1.15和0.14～0.50mg· g-1,差异较大,部分无性系间叶绿素a和b以及类胡萝卜素含量差异达显著水平;其中,无性系BT2叶片的叶绿素a含量在18个无性系中最高,叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量也较高.各无性系间叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递情况(Fm/Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(Qp)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Qy)差异明显,且部分无性系间的差异达显著水平;各无性系间的最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)和荧光下降比值(Rfd)差异不显著.在各叶绿素荧光参数中,Fo与Fm显著正相关;Fm与Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/ Fo、Fm/Fo以及Fv/Fm与Fv、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo、Qy间均存在极显著正相关,其中Fv/Fm与Fv/ Fo、Fm/Fo的相关系数均达0.98;Qp与NPQ、Rfd呈极显著正相关,与其他参数则总体上呈负相关;Qy与Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo以及Rfd与NPQ、Qp、Qy均存在显著或极显著正相关.采用欧氏距离法,可将18个无性系划分为2类:第1类包含16个无性系;第2类仅包含无性系PC5和WP1.第1类又可进一步划分为2个亚类:第1亚类仅包含无性系BY2;第2亚类共包含15个无性系,其中的BT1与BT2距离最短,光合生理特征最接近.根据研究结果,初步推断芳樟各无性系叶片的潜在光化学活性和电子传递情况共同影响PSⅡ光能转换效率;无性系116、187、BT1和MD1对光能的利用率较高;无性系BT2则具有良好的光合生理性能.     

不同密度下牛膝叶绿素荧光特性比较

在大田条件下,测定了不同密度下(A:500 000;B:330 000;C:250 000;D:200 000株·hm-2)牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)的叶面积动态和倒二叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光动力学参数以及根产量和牛膝多糖含量,了解了不同密度下牛膝的叶绿素荧光特性,为牛膝规范化种植提供理论依据.结果表明:不同密度下叶面积指数和叶绿素含量最高值均在苗后45 d,分别为A>B>C>D和、B>C>A>D;光系统Ⅱ中的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、qP、ETR均是先上升后下降,qN则升高;同一生育时期B处理Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、qN和ETR则表现为最高,且B处理受强光抑制的程度最小,B处理表现较高的光合作用;根产量和牛膝多糖含量与 Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、呈正相关,与qN呈负相关;在出穗55 d,qN与多糖含量达显著负相关;B处理为最适密度.     

不同土壤和微量元素对车桑子幼苗生长的影响

为了解微量元素对车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)生长的作用,研究添加微量元素(硼B、铁Fe、锰Mn、锌Zn)对车桑子生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,除Mn外,B、Zn和Fe均对车桑子的生长和叶绿素荧光参数有显著促进作用(P<0.05);且添加B的车桑子具有更高的生物量积累,比对照显著提高了133.61%。微量元素与土壤类型对叶片磷(P)含量和叶片氮磷比(N/P)具有显著的交互作用(P<0.05),紫色土添加Zn、黄棕壤添加Fe均显著降低了叶片N/P。燥红土和黄棕壤上车桑子的株高、叶面积和生物量积累均高于紫色土,但紫色土和黄棕壤上车桑子的根冠比和叶片N/P显著高于燥红土(P<0.001)。这表明微量元素对干热河谷车桑子生长具有重要作用,在植被恢复过程中可通过添加B、Fe、Zn尤其是B来促进植物生长。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光的影响

研究了水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响。结果表明,在长期的水分胁迫中,牛心朴子叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量没有下降或下降不明显。直到处理末期才显著下降;叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm变化不大,在处理末期各处理Fo降低,轻度、重度水分胁迫的Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm升高。说明K期水分胁迫后牛心朴子的光合功能受到影响,但牛心朴子仍表现出较强的适应干旱的能力。     

锰浓度对米氏凯伦藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

运用实验生态学和叶绿素荧光分析技术,研究了锰浓度(10-12-10-4mol/L)对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明:锰对米氏凯伦藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ,ETR,qP,NPQ)均有显著影响(P0.05);米氏凯伦藻的叶绿素相对含量和细胞密度在10-12-10-8mol/L锰浓度间随着起始锰浓度的增大而增大,在10-8-10-4mol/L锰浓度间随锰浓度的增大而降低。多重比较结果表明,10-4mol/L锰浓度组的细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量显著低于其它处理组。锰浓度对荧光参数的影响与锰浓度范围和生长时期有关,当锰浓度为10-12-10-8mol/L时,荧光参数Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ,ETR在第3-9天随着起始锰浓度的增加而升高,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo在第2-7天随培养时间的延长而增加。qP值在整个培养周期内随锰浓度升高呈下降趋势,各浓度组的NPQ则呈现先下降后上升趋势。相关性分析结果表明,从第3天开始至实验结束,10-4mol/L浓度组的叶绿素相对含量与细胞密度之间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo)、叶绿素相对含量以及细胞密度与锰浓度的相关性则随着锰浓度范围及培养天数的不同而变化。从第4天开始至培养结束,细胞密度、叶绿素相对含量均与锰浓度(10-8-10-4mol/L)呈极显著的负相关(P0.01)。探讨了叶绿素荧光技术在赤潮藻研究中的应用。     

不同供镁水平对两菊芋品种幼苗生物量、光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用砂培方式研究了不同供镁水平对"南芋1号(Nanyu No.1)"和"青芋2号(Qingyu No.2)"幼苗生物量、光合特性和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:缺镁使菊芋叶片叶绿素含量显著降低,干物质积累减少,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和光合电子传递速率显著下降、CO2同化受抑制,同时Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、qP和qN也显著下降,加重了叶片受到光抑制的程度;随着供镁水平的增加,菊芋的干物质积累,叶绿素含量,光合参数和各系列荧光参数均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;南芋1号和青芋2号在镁离子浓度分别为3和6mmol.L-1,叶片的净光合速率、Fo、Fm、Fo’、Fm’、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR达到最高值,叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量也最多,干物质积累量最大;南芋1号的各系列荧光参数、光合参数、叶绿素含量和干物质积累量均显著高于青芋2号。     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO2浓度升高[CO2浓度平均为(550+60) μmol·mo1-1]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:与对照[ CO2浓度平均为(389+40) μmol·mol-1左右]相比,大气CO2浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)分别升高11.7％和9.8％,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别下降32.0％和24.6％,水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5％;在蕾期,CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO2浓度升高使绿豆叶片Fo增加19.1％,Fm和Fv分别下降9.0％和14.3％,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm分别下降25.8％和6.2％.表明大气CO2浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

南城淮山脱毒苗移栽驯化期的光合生理

为了解南城淮山脱毒苗移栽驯化期的光合生理,本研究对其移栽驯化期的叶绿素含量以及其光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定和统计分析。结果表明,南城淮山脱毒苗在移栽驯化初期具有较高的叶绿素含量;随着移栽驯化时间延长,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量也显著提高;当移栽驯化时间达到10 d时,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量达到最高值;但当移栽驯化时间超过10 d时,脱毒苗的叶绿素含量则显著下降。脱毒苗在移栽驯化期间的叶绿素含量显著高于其带毒苗。脱毒苗移栽驯化期内的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)、瞬时羧化速率(CUE)、初始荧光(Fo)、暗适应下最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、光适应下PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q P)先增后降;蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭系数(q N)先降后升。脱毒苗的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ls、WUE、CUE、Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、Fv'/Fm'、q P均显著高于带毒苗,而其Ci和q N显著低于带毒苗。因此,南城淮山脱毒苗老叶在移栽驯化期第10天具有较强的光合效率,随后其光合效率随着移栽驯化时间的延长而显著下降,并逐渐由新生叶的光合作用所代替。南城淮山脱毒苗的光合效率显著高于带毒苗,有利于积累更多的光合产物,从而实现增产。本实验结果为南城淮山脱毒苗的移栽驯化及其大田种植提供了理论基础。     

英国PPS科学仪器公司

叶绿素荧光测定系统FMS-1、FMS-2脉冲调制式荧光仪,可单独使用或与计算机连用,自编程序控制。测定参数:Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fs,Fo’、Fm’、ΦPSⅡ、qP、qNP、NPQ、ETR、PAR、T_L。H-PEA 快速连续激发式荧光仪,准确记录快速荧光诱导动力学曲线,进行 OJIP分析:可测定 Fo、Fv、Fv/Fm,Tmax 等参数。     

不同胁迫处理对刺栲叶片叶绿素a荧光的影响

探讨了光强、温度和水分胁迫对刺栲(Castanopsis hystrix)体叶片叶绿素a荧光特征的影响,由此了解它的基本生物学特性。结果表明:(1)强光(1 300μmol.m-2.s-1左右)未胁迫时下降6.1%,表现轻微光抑制;(2)黑暗下低温(4℃,72 h)处理后电子传递速率下降较少(21.1%),初始荧光Fo保持稳定;与25℃对照相比,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm无显著变化,表明黑暗下零上低温对PSⅡ潜在活性及光化学效率影响较小;(3)高温(40℃)胁迫显著影响了PSⅡ反应中心活性,ETR,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降在处理2 h后达到极显著水平(p<0.01),Fo上升在处理4 h后也达到显著水平(p<0.05);(4)PEG诱导的水分胁迫严重影响了其光合机构活性,表现在无论与处理前比较、还是与耐旱种降真香(Acronychia pedunculata)的比较,其Fo上升和Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降都达到显著水平,表明其不耐干旱。     

铜对紫背浮萍的影响

利用紫萍(Spirodela polyrhiza)作材料,在实验室条件下研究了增加铜对紫萍生长、光合作用色素含量、叶绿素a荧光的产生和植物体内铜累积的影响。结果表明,环境中增加1μmol L-1d的Cu2+时即可显著地抑制紫萍的生长(用鲜重和干重表示),随增加的铜的量加大,对生长的抑制作用增加,鲜重在8 μmol L-1Cu2+时,干重在2 μmol L-1 Cu2+以上时出现负增长;铜水平的升高可使叶绿素含量大幅下降,但对类胡萝卜素的含量影响不大;对叶绿素a荧光的产生也有影响,短时间的处理(24 h内)使Fo和Fm升高,但Fv/Fm变化很小,随着处理时间的延长和处理浓度的增加,Fo和Fm下降至很低水平,特别是Fm下降更快,以至Fv/Fm可能出现负值,表明光合作用器官已受到破坏;当铜处理水平增加时植物体内的铜含量水平也增加,表明其对铜有一定的累积作用,但因为在高铜浓度水平下植物的生物量显著下降,因而从植物修复的角度考虑,在中等或微量铜污染的情况下,才能选择适宜来源的紫萍用于进行铜污染环境的植物修复。     

Three-stage Transformation of Chlorophyll Transient Fluorescence Pattern Under Sustained Dehydration and the Discovery of Critical Water Content in Seaweeds (in English)

The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence “burst” was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters Fo , Fv and Fv/ Fm were measured and compared during water loss. Both Fo and Fv increased in the first stage of dehydration but Fv / Fm kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration Fo increased continuously while Fv decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in Fo instead of Fv . This significance of Fo indicates that it is necessary to do more research on Fo as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

干旱胁迫对不同葡萄砧木光合特性和荧光参数的影响

干旱胁迫导致葡萄砧木实生苗叶片光合能力下降.在正常供水和轻度干旱下,砧木的P_n 以3309C最高,其次是1103P,420A较低,各砧木的G_s和T_r差异不显著;中度干旱下,则以1103P的P_n最高,3309C最低;而严重干旱胁迫下,1103P的P_n比3309C高出124%,水分利用效率是3309C的1.95倍.干旱胁迫下,3种砧木的共同趋势是可变荧光 (F_o) 升高,最大荧光 (F_m)、实际光能转化效率 (ФPSⅡ）和可变荧光与最大荧光比 (F_v/F_m) 降低,但品种变幅不同.中度干旱使3309C的F _o升高17.1%,F_v/F_m降低了8.5%,而1103P的F_o升高6.8%,F_v/F_m降低了5.8%;严重干旱则使3309C的F_o升高36.2%,F_v/F_m降低了20.1%,而1103P的F_o升高9.9%,F_v/F_m降低了10.2%.干旱胁迫对不同葡萄砧木光合和荧光参数的影响与其抗旱性密切相关,其中F_v/F_m和P_n的相关系数最大（r=0.9883）.     

Development of photosynthetic apparatus and respiration in pea seedlings during greening as influenced by toxic concentration of lead

Detached leaves of 14 day-old dark-grown pea seedlings were immersed with their cut ends either in water (control) or in 20 mM Pb(NO₃)₂ solution. They were exposed to continuous illumination during 24 and 48 h. The formation of PSII primary photochemistry in thylakoids was determined in vivo by measuring changes in values of parameters of chlorophyll a fast fluorescence kinetics: Fo, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm and t 1/2. The amount of lead accumulation in leaves, content of chlorophylls and carotenoids and rates of CO₂ uptake in light and evolution in darkness (Pn-net photosynthesis and DR - dark respiration respectively) were determined. It has been found that with the exception of Fo, values of Fv, Fm and Fv/Fm were reduced by Pb²⁺. The values of t 1/2 were significantly larger in Pb²⁺ treated leaves. Decrease in the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters was paralleled with the strong inhibition by this metal the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a and b but less of the carotenoids. Pb²⁺ drastically reduced Pn but had a stimulatory action on DR after 24 h and small inhibition of DR after 48 h exposure of leaves to this metal. As a consequence, after 48 h of greening the ratio of DR/Pn of control leaves was 0.45 whereas in Pb²⁺ treated leaves 2.7. It is proposed that DR in leaves plays a protective role against damage of Pn by Pb²⁺. Protection can be due to the supply the respiratory derived reductant and ATP to carry out cell metabolism upon reduced photosynthesis.     

模拟酸雨胁迫下硅对髯毛箬竹光合特性的影响

以髯毛箬竹为试验材料,研究了模拟酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)下硅对髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素相对含量、光合作用日变化以及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响.结果表明:20和100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃预处理可以不同程度地抑制酸雨胁迫下髯毛箬竹叶片叶绿素含量的显著下降,且以100 mg·L^-1浓度处理效果最佳,叶绿素含量可提高22.7%,而高浓度(500 mg·L^-1)预处理则无缓解作用-酸雨胁迫下,髯毛箬竹光合“午休”现象加重,日平均净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和气孔限制值(L_s)明显降低,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)增大,经过20～100 mg·L^-1硅预处理后,P_n、G_s、L_s不同程度增加,而C_i有所降低,且以100 mg·L^-1硅预处理效果最佳,日平均P_n增加39.2%.酸雨胁迫下,箬竹PSⅡ最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、有效光化学效率(F_v′/F_m′)、最大荧光产额(F_m′)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)、PSII实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)降低,暗适应和光适应下的最小荧光产额F_o、F_o′ 则升高;而100 mg·L^-1硅预处理明显抑制了胁迫下各荧光参数的变化,F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_v′/F_m′和Φ_PSⅡ分别增加35.2%、146.2%、55.0%和24.3%.说明外源适宜浓度硅预处理能有效地缓解酸雨胁迫导致的髯毛箬竹光合活性下降和光合系统损伤,从而提高胁迫下植物的光合能力.     

Effects of Strong Light and Active Oxygen on Photosynthesis in Soybean

With the use of chlorophyll fluorescence technique, it was found that the net photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate decreased after strong light (2 000 μmol· m-2·2-1 ) treatment for two hours in soybean ( Glycine max L. ) leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm, ФPSII, qp and qN decreased along with the increase of light intensity. In strong light, exogenous active oxygen H202、·OH and 'O2 were harmful to soybean leaves. The destruction of 'O2 and·OH to leaves was most evident, as was shown that Fv/Fm and PS H decreased significantly. The antioxidants DABCO, mannitol, ascorbate and histidine protected the leaves, but weakly, from strong light. In darkness, the SOD inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocar- bamate (DDC) had no significant effect on Fm/Fo and Fv/Fm, but NAN,, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX)inhibitor, significantly decreased Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm and ФPS II. In strong light, however, beth DDC and NaN3 reduced the above-mentioned fluorescence parameters, but NaN3 was more effective than DDC. The results suggested that photoinhibition did take place in soybean leaves under strong light, and it was related to active oxygen in vivo.     

茉莉酸甲酯对干旱及复水条件下烤烟幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以烤烟品种“龙江911”为试验材料,研究了干旱及复水过程中外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对移栽后烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明： 干旱下烤烟幼苗叶绿素含量、PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭时荧光产量(F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)下降,而初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)升高,0.2和0.5 mmol·L^-1的外源MeJA明显减缓了干旱下烤烟幼苗F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、Ф_PSⅡ、ETR、q_P的下降和q_N的上升,而1.0 mmol·L^-1 MeJA效果不明显.复水后,烤烟幼苗各项叶绿素荧光指标均有明显恢复,并且MeJA处理后的幼苗恢复更明显.表明外源MeJA减轻了干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素的分解,对PSII反应中心起到一定的保护作用,提高了电子传递速率,降低了干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗的伤害,并且复水后叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数能迅速恢复,从而保证了经干旱胁迫后烤烟幼苗能迅速缓苗.