菠菜乙醇酸氧化酶同工酶的亚基组成

我们首次报告 ,菠菜有ＧＯⅠ (ｐＩ≈ 7.4 )、ＧＯⅡ(ｐＩ≈ 9.4 )和ＧＯⅢ (ｐＩ≈ 8.3 ) 3种乙醇酸氧化酶(ＧＯ)同工酶 ;ＧＯⅠ只含 4 0± 2ｋＤ一种亚基 ,而ＧＯⅡ和ＧＯⅢ的亚基组成未被研究 ;3种同工酶之间均有免疫同源性[1-4 ] .水稻也存在 3种ＧＯ同工酶 ,其中ＧＯⅡ (ｐＩ >8.3 )能被乙醇酸所诱导 用柱层析法纯化可获得经ＳＤＳ ＰＡＧＥ后为 4 3± 2ｋＤ单带的水稻ＧＯⅠ[5～ 7] .以上初步解释了前人报告ＧＯ电荷不均一的原因[5] .最近从菠菜分离得到含ＧＯⅡ的蛋白和含ＧＯⅢ的蛋白 ,其ＳＤＳ ＰＡＧＥ分别为 67± 2ｋＤ和 4 0±…     

海藻糖的生物保护作用

海藻糖 (ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ ,Ｄ ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌＤ ｇｌｕ ｃｏｐｙｎｏｓｉｄｅ)是一种非还原性二糖 ,有 (α ,α)、( β ,β)、(α ,β) 3种光学异构体。天然存在的海藻糖一般为 (α ,α)构型 ,是由 2个分子葡萄糖以α ,α 1 1键连接而成 ,分子式为Ｃ12 Ｈ2 2 Ｏ11·2Ｈ2 Ｏ ,相对分子量为 378.33,白色结晶 ,化学性质极稳定 ,无毒无害 ,不会焦收稿日期 :2 0 0 1 0 3 2 6作者简介 :聂凌鸿 ,博士生 ;宁正祥 ,教授 ,博士生导师。糖化。海藻糖广泛存在于低等植物、藻类、细菌、真菌、酵母、昆虫及无脊椎动物中 ,既是一种贮藏…     

几种测定植物叶绿素含量的方法比较

植物叶绿素含量的测定大致可分为分光光度计法和活体叶绿素仪法两大类,目前还有人在研究反射型的活体叶绿素仪。本文就这些测定方法作些简要介绍和比较,以供读者参考。 1.分光光度计法由于所用提取叶绿素的溶剂不同,分光光度计法又有多种测定方法。 (1)丙酮法丙酮法是Mackinney(1941)首先     

西藏八角莲的化学成分研究

八角莲属植物为我国所特有 ,约 1 2种 1变种 [1,2 ] ,西藏八角莲 (Dysosma tsayuensis Ying)仅产于西藏东南部 ,海拔 2 5 0 0～ 3 5 0 0 m的高山松林下或云杉林下 ,为藏药奥毛塞 (音译 )代用品 ,其根与根茎有活血、止血、解毒、消肿功效 ;用于治疗腰腿疼痛、咳喘、心胃痛、跌打损伤。其化学成分研究未见报道。1　实验部分1 .1　实验仪器与材料熔点用 X- 4型显微熔点仪测定 (温度计未校正 )。红外光谱用 Perkin- Elmer983型红外光谱仪测定 ,KBr压片。紫外光谱用 Shimadze UV- 3 0 0 0紫外可见分光光度计测定 ,核磁共振谱用 Bruker ARX-…     

玉龙草胚性愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生

1　植物名称　玉龙草 (Ｏｐｈｉｏｐｏｇｏｎｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓｃｖ .“Ｎａｎｕｓ”)。2　材料类别　嫩芽。3　培养条件　胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为 :(1)ＭＳ 2 ,4 Ｄ 1.0ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1(单位下同 ) 6 ＢＡ 0 .0 1;(2 )ＭＳ 2 ,4 Ｄ 2 .0 6 ＢＡ 0 .0 1;(3)ＭＳ 2     

利用嵌合RNA：DNA寡聚核苷酸进行核酸序列突变

动物中内源基因的单核苷酸突变可以引起多种单基因疾病。传统的基因疗法大多利用外源基因的导入 ,由于转基因的效率和外源基因表达上存在问题 ,这种基因疗法有一定的局限性。本文介绍的利用嵌合ＲＮＡ :ＤＮＡ寡聚核苷酸 (ＲＤＯ)在ＤＮＡ水平上对突变基因进行修复是一种新的基因疗法。这种基因疗法同样适用于植物 ,并且在植物功能基因组的理论研究中有重要作用。1　嵌合ＲＮＡ :ＤＮＡ寡聚核苷酸 (ＲＤＯ)的分子结构ＲＤＯ有一段五碱基长的ＤＮＡ序列 ,除了突变的位点以外 ,与靶基因互补。五碱基的ＤＮＡ序列两旁各有 1 0个 2’ -Ｏ -甲基…     

亚硫酸对玉米和高粱苗的伤害及磷酸缓冲液的防护作用

二氧化硫(ＳＯ2)是我国主要大气污染物,严重影响植物生长和作物产量,因此探讨提高植物抗性,减轻ＳＯ2伤害的有效途径已为国内外诸多学者所关注[1～6]。刘荣坤等[2,7]首次提出用(1/15)ｍｏｌ·Ｌ-1,ｐＨ64的磷酸缓冲液处理小麦苗,可稳定膜结构,减少Ｋ 渗漏,提高ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性,增强或新增同工酶,对ＳＯ2伤害有一定的防护作用。前述研究主要以小麦为研究材料,对某些木本植物也有一定的作用[8],对其它农作物的适用性还未见报道。ＳＯ2进入植物体内主要是通过亚硫酸(ＨＳＯ-3或ＳＯ2-3)启动自由基进行过氧化伤害[5],而亚硫酸的直接影响与磷…     

茶叶中咖啡碱的快速测定法

咖啡碱是茶叶中主要成分之一,测定方法较多,但各有不足之处。我们通过反复比较、试验,提出一种简便快速的氧化镁浸提-紫外分光光度法,现将测定方法介绍如下: (1)咖啡碱标准液:无水咖啡碱(卫生部药检所),熔点237℃,配制成20微克/毫升水液,在岛津LLV-200型双光束分光光度计上测定273nm处吸收值—A_0。 (2)茶叶中咖啡碱测定:茶叶0.5000克(过20目)加入氧化镁(分析纯)5克,蒸馏水40毫升,搅匀;     

白花假龙胆的组织培养

1　植物名称　白花假龙胆 (Ｇｅｎｔｉａｎｅｌｌａａｌｂｉｆ ｐｒａ)。2　材料类别　野生品种白花假龙胆的胚轴、幼叶及未成熟种子 (采自青海省海北州 )。3　培养条件　 (1 )诱导培养基 :选用ＭＳ、Ｂ5和Ｎ6三种培养基。培养基以ＭＳ为基本培养基 ,分别附加不同激素浓度组合 :① 2 .4 Ｄ 3 .0ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1(单位下同 ) ;② 2 .4 Ｄ 1 .0 +ＫＴ 2 .0 ;③ 2 .4 Ｄ 2 .0+ＫＴ 1 .0 ;④ 2 .4 Ｄ 3 .0 +ＫＴ 1 .0 ;⑤ＮＡＡ 0 .5 +6 ＢＡ 0 .2。 (2 )继代培养基 :ＭＳ +2 .4 Ｄ 2 .0ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1+ＫＴ 0 .8ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 。 (3 )分化培养基 :ＭＳ +…     

几种优质籼稻品种／品系的组织培养

1　植物名称　籼稻 (Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａｓｓｐ .Ｉｎｄｉ ｃａ)品种湖大 1 1 8 2以及品系湖大 5 2 1 6和湖大 5 2 1 3。2　材料类别　成熟胚。3　培养条件　以ＭＳ为基本培养基。愈伤组织诱导培养基附加 :( 1 ) 2 ,4 Ｄ 1 .0ｍｇ·Ｌ-1(单位下同 ) ＮＡＡ 1 .0 ;( 2 ) 2     

基于云模型的鄱阳湖秋季周边湿地水体富营养化评价

针对水体富营养化评价过程中存在随机性和模糊性的特点,基于鄱阳湖周边湿地30个采样点的实测水质数据,选取叶绿素a（Chl-a）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）及透明度（SD）为水质评价因子,生成云模型对鄱阳湖周边湿地水体进行富营养化评价,并与综合营养状态指数评价结果进行比较。结果表明：两种方法的评价结果存在一定差异,但都反映了鄱阳湖周边湿地水体总体上处于轻度富营养化状态。该方法能为鄱阳湖湿地水体富营养化评价提供重要的方法和手段。     

Environmental changes in Lake Taihu during the past century as recorded in sediment cores

The Lake Taihu drainage basin is an economically developed area with some of the highest population densities in China. The lake has deteriorated due to ecological destruction and eutrophication. Three short sediment cores from eastern, northeastern and southwestern Lake Taihu were collected. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), pigments, elements and particle size were analyzed for the purpose of understanding past trophic status and pollution levels. Sedimentation rates were based on ¹³⁷Cs or ²¹⁰Pb methods. Results indicated that sediment particle size became coarser since the 1920s, and the lake was contaminated by heavy metals, such as Cu and Zn, since the 1970s. A remarkable increase in eutrophication since the 1980s due to increased loading of untreated effluents from industry, agriculture and urbanization is reflected by total organic carbon, total nitrogen and pigments in the studied cores. However the onset times of eutrophication in different parts of Lake Taihu were not synchronous.     

典型高原湖滨带底泥细菌群落结构及多样性特征

【背景】高原湖泊的富营养化日趋严重,而湖滨带作为湖泊的保护屏障对外源污染物具有拦截净化等作用,水环境变化则会对底泥细菌产生深刻影响。【目的】探究高原湖滨带底泥细菌群落结构特征及与水体富营养化之间的联系。【方法】基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析了阳宗海南岸湖滨带8个不同样点的底泥细菌群落结构及多样性,并结合样品水体环境因子,采用主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)探讨了水体富营养化对底泥细菌群落结构及丰富度的影响。【结果】湖滨带底泥细菌与水体富营养化程度存在响应关系,在水体富营养化程度高的区域(S3)细菌丰富度较高,操作分类单元(operationaltaxonomicunits,OTU)高达1473。反之,在富营养化程度低的区域(S1)细菌丰富度较低,OTU为730。阳宗海南岸湖滨带底泥中主要优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),含有少量的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)与水体富营养化程度具有相关性,在中度富营养化区域,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的比重高达44.1%,而在轻度富营养化区域绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的比重仅为15.6%。通过环境因子分析发现,阳宗海湖滨底泥细菌受总磷(TP)、叶绿素a (Chla)和总氮(TN)影响较强。【结论】研究结果明确了高原湖泊湖滨带底泥细菌种群的结构、变化特征及其对于水体富营养化的响应,加深了高原湖泊底泥细菌的了解,为高原湖泊水体富营养化的防治提供理论基础。     

Investigation and assessment of environmental pollution in Gonghu Bay,Taihu Lake,China: A year-long study

Abstract

To understand environmental pollution and assess water quality in Gonghu Bay of Taihu Lake, the eutrophication status and microcystins (MCs) occurrence were monitored monthly from December 2015 to November 2016. Moreover, the pollution of metals and antibiotics was investigated and assessed. In May 2016, the comprehensive trophic level index (∑TLI) at most sampling sites in Gonghu Bay were hypereutrophic, demonstrating that the eutrophication status in Gonghu Bay is still quite intense. The persistent and ubiquitous occurrence of MCs was observed in the water of Gonghu Bay throughout the monitoring period. Moreover, various metal elements and antibiotic compounds were found in the surface water of Gonghu Bay, in which arsenic (As) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) respectively showed high risks. Overall, the water quality of eastern Gonghu Bay is affected mainly by eutrophication, while the antibiotic pollution level is higher in the southern part of Gonghu Bay. Continuous and long-term monitoring efforts are required to document the tendency of water quality change in Gonghu Bay and other parts of Taihu Lake to improve environmental management works.     

Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China

Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status,mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes.Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now.Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.     

Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China

Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophica-tion process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status, mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hyper trophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes. Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now. Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.     

Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China

Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake’s ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970’s, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status, mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978–1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes.

Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now.

Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.

     

巢湖渔业资源现状及其对水体富营养化的响应研究

2002年至2004年期间,对巢湖鱼类资源进行调查,共发现鱼类54种,隶属16科、9目,主要以鲤科鱼类为主(35种),占64.8%,与20世纪80年代相比,鱼类种类数减少了40种,主要表现在洄游性种类急剧减少,甚至消失。渔业资源结构(渔获物)表现为以湖鲚、太湖新银鱼等小型鱼类为优势种类,在渔产量的比例不断上升,而大型鱼类(如翘嘴、鲤等)的种群结构趋于低龄化,产量呈下降趋势。结合已有的历史资料,分析巢湖渔业资源变化的影响因素,结果表明造成巢湖渔业资源结构变化受人为活动的影响主要表现在水利工程修建、过度捕捞和水体富营养化等方面。同时探讨近20年巢湖渔业捕捞产量与水体氮磷含量变化的相互关系发现,水体磷的含量变化显著影响巢湖渔业的捕捞产量。因此,合理利用巢湖渔业资源,需要减轻水体富营养化,控制捕捞强度和人为调整渔业结构使得巢湖渔业可持续发展。     

基于组合可拓综合分析法的鄱阳湖流域水质富营养化评价

长期跟踪定位评价湖泊的水质营养化程度,对于实现地区水功能具有重要意义。针对评价方法中指标选取的可行性、单一性、权重赋值的主观随意性以及水质变化的模糊性、随机性、动态性和生物指示性等特点,采用了可拓综合评价法和浮游生物调查与室内测定法相结合,构建了组合可拓综合分析法,一方面利用可拓综合分析法对鄱阳湖流域5个代表性观测站点的10年的年均（每2年）观测数据进行评价;另一方面通过浮游生物指示法对该5个站点的水质进行富营养化评价,以生物指示评价法所得等级与可拓综合分析法评定等级吻合的最多次数所对应等级作为组合可拓综合评价法的评价等级。结果表明：（1）自2006年以来鄱阳湖流域水体富营养化水平较为平稳,总体呈好转势态。2010年有4个观测点的水体达到富营养化程度,而在2014年湖区的蛤蟆石和鄱阳水质略有所改善,达到轻富营养化程度,都昌、康山、星子站点的水体为中营养化,改善幅度较大,水质较好;（2）从湖区的地理区位看,鄱阳湖湖区的南部和西部的水质富营养化程度总体上要好于北部、东部和中部湖区,水质富营养化程度表现为区域的不均匀性。     

中国典型湖泊富营养化现状与区域性差异分析

为全面科学地综合评估全国富营养化现状, 以全国五大湖区22个典型湖泊为研究对象, 科学评估了其富营养化状态, 分析了全国湖泊富营养化状态的区域性差异, 并探讨了富营养化状态与总磷的定量关系。结果表明, 2010—2011年, 59.1%的调研湖泊处于不同程度的富营养化状态, 其中云贵湖区的富营养化程度最为严重, 蒙新湖区的富营养化呈两极分化状态, 东北山地-平原湖区与东部湖区的湖泊基本均处于中营养-轻度富营养之间, 青藏高原湖区的富营养化程度最低。通过分析日照数、无霜期、气温、水深、海拔、降雨与湖泊营养状态的关系, 揭示了湖泊所处的地理位置是影响湖泊富营养化的基本因素, 具有区域性的分布规律。综合分析结果表明, 全国范围内湖泊中叶绿素a与总磷浓度存在显著相关性, 其中东部平原湖区、东北平原-山地湖区、青藏高原湖区和云贵高原湖区的叶绿素a与总磷浓度符合三次曲线方程, 蒙新湖区的叶绿素a与总磷浓度符合S型曲线方程; 东部平原湖区、东北平原-山地湖区、青藏高原湖区叶绿素浓度随着总磷浓度的增加, 首先出现1个极小值点, 然后出现1个极大值点, 其中3个湖区极小值点对应的总磷浓度分别为: 0.054、0.089和0.072 mg/L, 可为我国对应湖区的湖泊富营养化控制指标提供借鉴。