利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建大鼠L2细胞α-ENaC基因敲除稳定细胞株

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建大鼠L2细胞α-ENaC基因敲除的细胞株,研究α-ENaC基因对细胞增殖的影响。构建敲除α-ENaC基因的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体和筛选报告载体,通过转染和嘌呤霉素筛选获得单克隆细胞株,Western Blot、测序确定突变的细胞株,CCK-8检测突变细胞株的增殖活力。成功构建靶向α-ENaC基因第一外显子的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体和筛选报告载体,嘌呤霉素筛选后,挑选8个单细胞克隆中有两个单细胞克隆α-ENaC蛋白表达下降,一个单细胞克隆α-ENaC蛋白不再表达,测序结果显示3个单细胞克隆分别为2个单等位基因突变和1个双等位基因突变,且未发现脱靶现象。突变细胞株的增殖活力降低,其中双等位基因突变细胞株增殖活力降低更为显著。因此,利用CRISPR/Cas9结合SSA-RPG报告载体成功获得了α-ENaC基因敲除的L2细胞株,α-ENaC与细胞增殖有关。     

哺乳动物基因组靶向修饰阳性细胞富集的报告载体系统研究进展

基因组靶向修饰技术对基因功能研究、基因治疗以及转基因育种研究都具有重要的意义和价值。近年来发展起来的人工核酸酶如ZFNs、TALENs和CRISPR/Cas9等的应用大大提高了基因组靶向修饰的效率。但是由于核酸酶表达载体转染效率、核酸酶表达效率及活性以及基因组被打靶后的修复效率等因素在一定程度上制约着基因组靶向修饰阳性细胞的获得。因此富集和筛选基因组靶向修饰阳性细胞是一个亟待解决的问题。报告载体系统可以间接地反映核酸酶的工作效率并有效富集核酸酶修饰的阳性细胞,进而提高基因组靶向修饰阳性细胞的富集和筛选效率。本文主要针对由非同源末端连接(Non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)和单链退火(Single-strand annealing,SSA)两种修复机制分别介导的报告载体系统的原理和应用进行了详细的介绍,以期为以后的相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9技术在生物医学领域的非病毒及病毒载体

规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)及CRISPR相关蛋白9(CRISPR/Cas9)系统是一种新型基因组编辑技术,能够靶向干扰或修复基因组的特定基因.来自细菌或人工改造的CRISPR/Cas9系统已经由生物学家发现或构建,Cas9核酸酶及单链导向RNA(sgRNA)是CRISPR/Cas9系统的主要组成成分.该系统被广泛应用于疾病治疗新靶点的发掘,基因功能的鉴定,动物模型的建立以及基因治疗药物的开发.CRISPR/Cas9系统已经通过突变或修正疾病相关基因来部分缓解或彻底治愈某些病症.然而,如何有效递送CRISPR/Cas9至目标细胞及靶器官仍然是运用该技术所面临的挑战之一,这影响着该系统稳定和精准的基因编辑能力.本文主要综述Cas9mRNA,Cas9蛋白或编码Cas9基因及相应sgRNA载体的递送系统.递送Cas9蛋白的非病毒载体能够维持Cas9的靶向作用,减少脱靶效应;递送sgRNA和供体模板的病毒载体能够改进基因编辑及同源修复效率.安全,有效及可规模化生产的递送载体将会推进CRISPR/Cas9技术在人类基因治疗领域中的应用.     

多靶点CRISPR表达载体系统的设计和构建

CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶系统能实现多基因的高效靶向编辑,但是多靶点CRISPR表达载体的构建比较复杂。本研究以细菌的DNA旋转酶和二氢叶酸还原酶为靶基因,选择多个打靶位点,合成携带靶序列和多克隆位点的寡聚核苷酸引物,直接退火延伸合成靶序列DNA,利用同尾酶产生相同粘性末端的特点,将靶序列克隆至骨架载体,然后依次加入更多靶序列,实现多靶点的串联。最后测序验证,单靶点、双靶点和三靶点成功插入CRISPR表达载体,同时保留了多克隆位点,实现多靶点串联。本研究设计的多靶点CRISPR表达载体系统操作简单、成本低、成功率高,为后续细菌多基因编辑提供技术支撑,同时可拓展应用于其他生物多基因打靶研究。     

CRISPR/Cas9:基因编辑的新时代

基因编辑技术是通过核酸内切酶对基因组DNA进行定向改造的技术,可以实现对特定DNA碱基的缺失、替换等,常用的四种基因编辑工具分别是:巨型核酸酶、锌指核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶以及CRISPR/Cas9系统。其中CRISPR/Cas9系统作为一种新型的基因组编辑技术具有组成简单、特异性好、切割效率高的优点。该文对CRISPR/Cas9系统的结构组成和功能机制,动植物基因靶向编辑和人类在遗传性疾病、病毒感染性疾病以及肿瘤方面进行综述,旨在对CRISPR/Cas9系统的现状和发展进行总结和展望。     

运用改良的CRISPR/Cas9系统建立HtrA2敲除细胞株

能识别特定基因组DNA序列的核酸酶是基因编辑的重要工具。在单链RNA引导下,来源于一种产脓链球菌的成簇规律间隔短回文重复(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)关联蛋白(CRISPR-associated protein 9,Cas9)能够发挥其核酸酶功能对基因组特定序列进行剪切。这种功能依赖于单链引导RNA(single-guide RNAs,sg RNAs或g RNAs)中20 nt的核心靶向序列。在该研究中,作者对已有的CRISPR/Cas9系统载体进行了优化,简化了g RNA表达载体的构建。运用优化后的CRISPR/Cas9系统,我们敲除了HEK293T细胞中HtrA2基因的第一个外显子。这一改进大幅度降低了CRISPR/Cas9技术的使用成本。     

应用Surrogate 报告载体提高RISPR/Cas9 对TMEM215基因的打靶效率*

目的:构建Surrogate报告载体,并利用Surrogate报告载体提高CRISPR/Cas9对HEK293T细胞TMEM215基因打靶效率。方法:构建针对人TMEM215的CRISPR/Cas9表达载体及相应Surrogate报告载体,两者共转HEK293T细胞,通过流式分析、T7EI检测、TA克隆测序等明确Surrogate报告载体对不同sgRNA打靶效率的检测及对基因修饰细胞的筛选富集作用。结果:流式分析结果表明,Surrogate报告载体成功检测出不同sgRNA的打靶效率,并筛选出高效率sgRNA;T7EI检测及TA克隆测序显示,外加嘌呤霉素抗性筛选时,Surrogate报告载体可有效富集基因修饰细胞。结论:成功构建Surrogate报告载体,并利用Surrogate报告载体提高CRISPR/Cas9对HEK293T细胞TMEM215基因的打靶效率。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶靶向细菌必需基因的特异性抗菌剂研究（英文）

CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶是一种高效和精确的基因组DNA编辑工具。目前,CRISPR/Cas9被开发成一种新型抗菌剂,通过靶向破坏目标基因,例如抗生素耐药基因来诱导细菌死亡。本研究利用CRISPR携带多靶点优势,同时靶向大肠杆菌必需基因gyrA、gyrB和folA,以达到杀菌作用。本设计针对3个内源基因的CRISPR系列载体,分别含有1个、2个或3个靶点。当IPTG诱导Cas9表达后,CRISPR RNA (crRNA)和反式作用CRISPR RNA (trans-activating CRISPR RNA, tracrRNA)复合物募集Cas9切割靶基因,导致细菌死亡。随着crRNA中靶点数量的增加,杀菌效率显著提高。当含有3个靶点的crRNA作用于细菌基因组时,杀菌效率达到99.35%。此外,在存活的大肠杆菌中,crRNA表达质粒的靶序列和直接重复序列发现碱基缺失,而内源靶基因和Cas9基因均未发生突变。最后,该CRISPR系统还应用于其他大肠杆菌实验室菌株和产肠毒素K88菌株,并表现出高效的杀菌作用。我们设计了一种基于CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶的新型抗菌剂,为抗菌剂的研发提供新策略。     

植物CRISPR/Cas9多基因编辑载体构建和突变分析的操作方法

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术是植物基因功能研究与作物改良的有效工具.为此,本实验室开发了高效的CRISPR/Cas9植物多基因编辑载体系统.本载体系统包括6个双元载体和12个含有不同U3/U6启动子的sg RNA中间载体,可满足对单子叶和双子叶植物的遗传转化以及不同抗生素筛选的要求,具有简便、高效,可同时对多基因进行编辑的特点.此外,为了能更高效地应用基因组编辑技术,还开发了一站式在线分析工具包CRISPR-GE.为方便研究人员利用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行植物基因组编辑,本文提供了从靶点选择、CRISPR/Cas9多靶点双元载体构建,以及对靶点突变序列的测序分析等详细的操作方法,以及常见的问题解答.     

一种新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI双链DNA供体适配基因编辑系统

在CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的基因编辑中,借助于双链DNA （double-stranded DNA,dsDNA）供体模板的重组效应能够实现对目标基因组靶位点的精确编辑和基因敲入,然而高等真核生物细胞中同源重组的低效性限制了该基因编辑策略的发展和应用。为提高CRISPR/Cas9系统介导dsDNA供体模板的同源重组效率,本研究利用大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）乳糖操纵子阻遏蛋白LacI与操纵序列LacO特异性结合的特点,通过重组DNA技术将密码子人源化优化的阻遏蛋白基因LacI分别与脓链球菌（Streptococcus pyogenes）源的SpCas9和路邓葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus lugdunensis）源的SlugCas9-HF融合表达,通过PCR将操纵序列LacO与dsDNA供体嵌合,构建了新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI供体适配系统（donor adapting system,DAS）。首先在报告载体水平上对Cas9核酸酶活性、DAS介导的同源引导修复（homology-directed repair,HDR）效率进行了验证和优化,其次在基因组水平对其介导的基因精确编辑进行了检测,并最终利用CRISPR/SlugCas9-hLacI DAS在HEK293T细胞中实现了VEGFA位点的精确编辑,效率高达30.5%,显著高于野生型。综上所述,本研究开发了新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI供体适配基因编辑系统,丰富了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术种类,为以后的基因编辑及分子设计育种研究提供了新的工具。     

应用SSA报告载体提高ZFN和CRISPR/Cas9对猪IGF2基因的打靶效率

IGF2(Insulin-like growth factor 2)基因作为最复杂多样的生长因子之一,对猪胎儿发育以及出生后生长发育和肌肉生成起着非常重要的作用。通过基因组编辑技术对我国本地猪种的IGF2基因作精确的遗传修饰,对于提高本地猪种的瘦肉率具有重要的育种意义。文章在蓝塘猪胎儿成纤维细胞(Porcine fetal fibroblasts, PEF)中检测了锌指核酸酶(Zinc finger nucleases, ZFN)和CRISPR/Cas9对IGF2基因的打靶效率,结果表明CRISPR/Cas9对IGF2基因的切割效率最高可达9.2%,显著高于ZFN的切割效率(<1%),但两者均未达到作为体细胞核移植(Somatic nuclear transfer, SCNT)供体细胞所需的打靶效率。应用SSA (Single-strand annealing)报告载体筛选技术来富集IGF2基因被ZFN和CRISPR/Cas9修饰过的PEF细胞,结果表明,该技术可使CRISPR/Cas9的打靶效率提高5倍左右,对ZFN的打靶效率具有更大的增强作用。     

The CRISPR/Cas9 system produces specific and homozygous targeted gene editing in rice in one generation

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been demonstrated to efficiently induce targeted gene editing in a variety of organisms including plants. Recent work showed that CRISPR/Cas9‐induced gene mutations in Arabidopsis were mostly somatic mutations in the early generation, although some mutations could be stably inherited in later generations. However, it remains unclear whether this system will work similarly in crops such as rice. In this study, we tested in two rice subspecies 11 target genes for their amenability to CRISPR/Cas9‐induced editing and determined the patterns, specificity and heritability of the gene modifications. Analysis of the genotypes and frequency of edited genes in the first generation of transformed plants (T0) showed that the CRISPR/Cas9 system was highly efficient in rice, with target genes edited in nearly half of the transformed embryogenic cells before their first cell division. Homozygotes of edited target genes were readily found in T0 plants. The gene mutations were passed to the next generation (T1) following classic Mendelian law, without any detectable new mutation or reversion. Even with extensive searches including whole genome resequencing, we could not find any evidence of large‐scale off‐targeting in rice for any of the many targets tested in this study. By specifically sequencing the putative off‐target sites of a large number of T0 plants, low‐frequency mutations were found in only one off‐target site where the sequence had 1‐bp difference from the intended target. Overall, the data in this study point to the CRISPR/Cas9 system being a powerful tool in crop genome engineering.     

CRISPR/Cas9系统纳米递送及其在肿瘤治疗中应用

新兴的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可实现在分子水平上对基因进行操作,具有设计简单、易于操作、特异性好、效率高等优点,广泛应用于肿瘤发生、发展和转移的潜在机制以及临床治疗的研究.利用纳米技术研发的非病毒纳米载体可以将CRISPR/Cas9系统高效递送到体内,为CRISPR/Cas9技术在临床领域的应用提供新途径.本文介绍CRISPR/Cas9的作用原理,简要概括目前CRISPR/Cas9系统的递送形式和常用的纳米递送载体,总结在部分肿瘤治疗中应用该技术的研究进展,并进一步对此进行展望.     

Establishing a dual knock-out cell line by lentivirus based combined CRISPR/Cas9 and Loxp/Cre system

The clustered regulatory interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been widely used for gene knock-out. Lentiviral vectors have been commonly used as a delivery method for this system, however, prolonged Cas9/sgRNA expression due to lentiviral integration can lead to accumulating off-target mutations. To solve this issue in engineering a gene knock-out cell line, this study established a novel system, which was composed of two lentiviral vectors. One lentiviral vector carried simultaneously sgRNAs and CRISPR/Cas9 expression cassettes targeting single or multiple gene(s); the other lentiviral vector carried Cre that could remove excess sgRNAs and Cas9 expression cassettes in the genome after gene targeting was achieved. To prove the principle, two candidate genes, extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) and progranulin (PGRN), both highly expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells, were selected for testing the novel system. A dual knock-out of ECM1 and PGRN was successfully achieved in MDA-MB-231 cell line, with the sgRNAs and Cas9 expression cassettes being removed by Cre. This system should have great potential in applications for multiple genes knock-out in vitro.     

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Soybean Hairy Roots

As a new technology for gene editing, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system has been rapidly and widely used for genome engineering in various organisms. In the present study, we successfully applied type II CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate and estimate genome editing in the desired target genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.). The single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 cassettes were assembled on one vector to improve transformation efficiency, and we designed a sgRNA that targeted a transgene (bar) and six sgRNAs that targeted different sites of two endogenous soybean genes (GmFEI2 and GmSHR). The targeted DNA mutations were detected in soybean hairy roots. The results demonstrated that this customized CRISPR/Cas9 system shared the same efficiency for both endogenous and exogenous genes in soybean hairy roots. We also performed experiments to detect the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 system to simultaneously edit two endogenous soybean genes using only one customized sgRNA. Overall, generating and detecting the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome modifications in target genes of soybean hairy roots could rapidly assess the efficiency of each target loci. The target sites with higher efficiencies can be used for regular soybean transformation. Furthermore, this method provides a powerful tool for root-specific functional genomics studies in soybean.