不经脱钙骨磨片的封固

众所周知,要观察骨磨片的骨组织结构,必须使骨小管及骨陷窝内充满有空气而呈黑色,这样在显微镜下观察时才能显示得清晰。所以,封固时除个别经染色的骨磨片外,一般是不能用液体树胶的。因为树胶中二甲苯会使骨小管和骨陷窝透明,结构反而不清晰。基于以上原因,过去不少人对骨磨片的封固进行过研究并使用了不少方法。各有不足之处,都不是理想的方法。Humason(1979)简要     

多孔钛合金不同孔径大小对新骨长入的影响

目的:评价不同孔径多孔钛合金植入物在骨缺损区对新骨长入的影响。方法:采用电子束熔融(EBM)技术制备三种不同孔径(孔径分别为1.0 mm,2.0 mm,3.0 mm)的多孔钛合金材料,其孔隙率依次为73%,79%,86%。将18只家犬随机分为1.0 mm孔径材料组,2.0 mm孔径材料组,3.0 mm孔径材料组,每组6只。制备家犬双侧股骨外侧髁缺损模型,然后植入各孔径组材料,于术后4周,8周,12周分别行大体标本观察,X线片观察,组织形态学观察三组不同孔径材料与周围骨的整合情况及孔隙中的新骨长入情况。结果:通过大体标本观察和X线片观察显示,12周后三组材料均与周围紧密骨连接。其中1.0 mm孔径组材料中心明显成骨,2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组中心仍为较多白色组织填充。组织学观察显示,12周时2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组材料周围有骨质包绕,但中心空洞,基本无骨质形成。1.0 mm孔径组材料周围骨质包绕紧密,孔中新生骨形成较多,且有大量纤维母细胞和软骨细胞形成。各时间点1.0 mm孔径组新生骨面积百分比明显高于2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组,P<0.01,差异具有统计学意义。2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组相比,P>0.05,无显著差异。结论:孔径大小影响多孔钛合金材料的骨长入,适当孔径的设计将更有利于材料的传导成骨。     

腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学诊断

目的:分析腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学表现以提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析10例经手术病理证实的腱鞘巨细胞瘤的X线平片及MRI表现,其中10例行X线平片检查,8例行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:X线平片显示局部稍高密度软组织肿块影,邻近骨质未见明显异常或轻度侵蚀破坏。MRI表现为相应部位软组织肿块影,T1WI多呈较低信号,内可见条片状更低信号影,增强后强化明显;T2WI呈高低混杂信号影;病灶与邻近肌腱关系密切,其中一例包绕指屈肌腱蔓状生长;局部骨皮质可受侵。结论:腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性。     

胶原诱导型关节炎大鼠的关节影像学特点

目的旨在分析CIA X线片四肢关节的破坏特点,揭示CIA大鼠关节破坏的规律,为规范评分方案提供依据。方法采用П型胶原和弗氏完全佐剂皮下注射清洁级Wistar大鼠,造模成功（每批10只,共3次）后第35天行全身X线钼靶照片,以正常组作为对照、每只大鼠评价96块骨破坏（erosion）和100个关节间隙（joint space narrowing,JSN）;处死动物,取左前肢和右后肢近端第3足趾关节苏木素-伊红（HE）染色,评价中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润、滑膜增生和软骨破坏的情况。结果造模成功后CIA大鼠关节出现明显的红肿,活动受限;HE病理显示,CIA关节存在明显的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,滑膜增生,纤维组织增生,软骨破坏;X线片分析结果显示：①广泛性骨质疏松,边缘性骨质侵蚀,关节间隙狭窄或增宽,部分踝关节间隙消失,关节相互融合甚至骨性强直。②67%的骨出现erosion,JSN影响为78%,关节破坏以中、重度为主;③远端、近端趾间关节和踝关节发病率高,损害严重,掌趾关节发病率低,破坏较轻。④后肢关节破坏重于前肢（P〈0.01）,左右肢没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论①滑膜是CIA炎症反应启动的主要病灶,与骨交界的滑膜和血管翳造成了CIA的骨质破坏;②CIA影像学表现关节破坏严重,以远端、近端趾间关节和踝关节为主,这些关节可作为评价破坏程度的选择。本研究对于深入CIA关节破坏的病因病理和进一步规范X线片评分方案具有一定意义。     

黄山九龙峰尖头鱥的年龄鉴定

鱼类的年龄鉴定及其最佳骨质材料的选择,是鱼类年龄研究的必要前提,也是鱼类基础生物学和生态学研究的基础。利用2012年4月于黄山九龙峰采集的132尾尖头鱥标本,研究了其鳞片、鳃盖骨、脊椎骨和耳石等骨质材料的年轮特征,并以根据全长分布频率确定的"真实年龄"为参照,比较了鳃盖骨、脊椎骨和微耳石在年龄判读中的精确度和准确度。尖头鱥体侧部和尾柄部的鳞片均无任何年轮标志,星耳石磨片上暗带和明带排列无明显规律,但鳃盖骨、脊椎骨和微耳石上存在明显年轮。鳃盖骨、脊椎骨和微耳石3种骨质材料的年龄判读精确度或准确度差异视不同年龄组有所不同。总体上,脊椎骨年龄判读的精确度最高,鳃盖骨次之,微耳石最低;但年龄判读的准确度正好相反,即微耳石最高、脊椎骨最低。因此,微耳石是尖头鱥年龄鉴定的最佳骨质材料,而其较低的年龄鉴定精确度及其对准确度的潜在影响可通过提高磨片质量和优化判读方法来改善。     

培养破骨细胞扫描电镜样本制备方法的探讨

目的:探讨体外培养的破骨细胞在自制牛股骨磨片和细胞爬片中扫描电镜制备方法。方法:实验分两组,一组采用新鲜牛股骨制备成5mm×5mm大小的薄片,作为共培养之需;另一组,采用盖玻片制成5mm×5mm的细胞爬片。分别以5×104种植于骨磨片和爬片,培养5天后进行扫描电镜的制备并观察。结果:破骨细胞在牛骨磨片表面生长良好,充分伸展,有细胞突起伸入到实验组材料深部,并形成骨陷窝;在爬片表面生长的破骨细胞,细胞生长良好,粘附性强,细胞之间相互连接较紧密,细胞表面突起明显。结论:牛股骨磨片与破骨细胞在体外相容良好,材料有利于破骨细胞的生长及细胞功能的表达,而破骨细胞爬片更适于细胞外形的观察。将两种方法结合既能反映破骨细胞的形态结构又能展示其破骨功能。     

足跟部CT检查及正常解剖

跟骨为具有上、下、内、外、前、后6个骨面和跟距关节、跟骰关节、距跟舟关节的多关节面的不规则骨骼。传统的X线检查因重叠较多,解剖关系显示不清,尤其在跟骨骨折时,因跟骨为海绵质骨,骨折后常无清晰的骨折线,故传统X线检查不能提供正确的信息。跟骨的CT检查使跟骨各部位的显示有了明显的提高,且可根据多平面扫描获得精确的三维分析。本文根据我院28次共35个跟骨的CT检查,介绍检查方法,并对适应症、禁忌症、各     

培养破骨细胞扫描电镜样本制备方法的探讨

目的：探讨体外培养的破骨细胞在自制牛股骨磨片和细胞爬片中扫描电镜制备方法。方法：实验分两组,一组采用新鲜牛股骨制备成5mm×5mm大小的薄片,作为共培养之需;另一组,采用盖玻片制成5mm×5mm的细胞爬片。分别以5×104种植于骨磨片和爬片,培养5天后进行扫描电镜的制备并观察。结果：破骨细胞在牛骨磨片表面生长良好,充分伸展,有细胞突起伸入到实验组材料深部,并形成骨陷窝;在爬片表面生长的破骨细胞,细胞生长良好,粘附性强,细胞之间相互连接较紧密,细胞表面突起明显。结论：牛股骨磨片与破骨细胞在体外相容良好,材料有利于破骨细胞的生长及细胞功能的表达,而破骨细胞爬片更适于细胞外形的观察。将两种方法结合既能反映破骨细胞的形态结构又能展示其破骨功能。     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在胫骨平台骨折的诊疗应用分析

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建在胫骨平台骨折中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2007-2008年55例胫骨平台骨折病例．手术前均常规行X线摄片,行螺旋CT三维重建并与术中所见对照。结果所有病例螺旋CT三维重建明确地显示了骨折,并在骨折的分型和关节面碎裂情况的描述上较平片优越,与手术中所见一致。结论CT多种成像后处理技术可清晰显示骨折的部位、骨折线的走行方向、骨质碎裂程度和移位的距离以及关节面塌陷情况等,对术前分型、制订手术治疗方案具有重要的参考价值。     

骨斑点症的X线分析(附6例报道及文献复习)

目的:对骨斑点症的临床特征、发病机理及鉴别诊断进行讨论,并探讨骨斑点症的X线特征,以提高对该病的影像学认识。方法:回顾性分析6例骨斑点症患者的临床及X线表现,其中3例患者属于同一家族,并对1例28岁患者随访1年,并复习相关文献。结果:病变好发部位为骨盆、跗骨、腕骨、指(趾)骨和长管状骨的骨骺及干骺端,影像表现为0.2~1.6 cm散在多发的大小不等的圆形或卵圆形致密阴影为特征,靠近关节面病灶较密集,大部分病灶位于松质骨内,病灶长轴与骨小梁走行相平行,密度均匀,边界清晰,相邻关节软骨骨质未见异常改变,其中4例病灶呈双侧对称性分布。1例随访病灶未见有明显变化。6例患者无任何症状,男女比为2:1,实验室相关检查均未见异常。结论:骨斑点症属于骨发育异常,是一种遗传性疾病,具有遗传学特点,X线检查是发现和诊断本病的主要依据,其X线表现具有特征性,熟悉其临床及X线特征有助于提高对该病的诊断。     

Functional relationship between skull form and feeding mechanics in Sphenodon, and implications for diapsid skull development

The vertebrate skull evolved to protect the brain and sense organs, but with the appearance of jaws and associated forces there was a remarkable structural diversification. This suggests that the evolution of skull form may be linked to these forces, but an important area of debate is whether bone in the skull is minimised with respect to these forces, or whether skulls are mechanically "over-designed" and constrained by phylogeny and development. Mechanical analysis of diapsid reptile skulls could shed light on this longstanding debate. Compared to those of mammals, the skulls of many extant and extinct diapsids comprise an open framework of fenestrae (window-like openings) separated by bony struts (e.g., lizards, tuatara, dinosaurs and crocodiles), a cranial form thought to be strongly linked to feeding forces. We investigated this link by utilising the powerful engineering approach of multibody dynamics analysis to predict the physiological forces acting on the skull of the diapsid reptile Sphenodon. We then ran a series of structural finite element analyses to assess the correlation between bone strain and skull form. With comprehensive loading we found that the distribution of peak von Mises strains was particularly uniform throughout the skull, although specific regions were dominated by tensile strains while others were dominated by compressive strains. Our analyses suggest that the frame-like skulls of diapsid reptiles are probably optimally formed (mechanically ideal: sufficient strength with the minimal amount of bone) with respect to functional forces; they are efficient in terms of having minimal bone volume, minimal weight, and also minimal energy demands in maintenance.     

中国和欧洲早期智人的比较研究

中国与欧洲的早期智人头骨在颧骨额蝶突前外侧面的朝向、颧颌角、上颌骨颧突、鼻区、上面部高度、额鼻额颌缝形状、眉间区、矢状脊、印加骨和铲形门齿诸特征的形态或出现率等方面有明显差异。那时此两大地区存在相对独立的人类进化线,其间还有一定程度的基因交流。当时此两地区的人类居群分属于不同的人种。这一假说还可从古文化和古环境的资料得到支持。     

香港地区现代人头骨的研究：性别和地区类型的判别分析

本文报告了香港地区现代中国人头骨测量性状的性别差异情况和香港与太原的男性头骨的差异情况。在此基础上,使用判别分析的方法建立了各自的判别函数,正判率分别达到93.1％和85.3％。它们分别适用于华南头骨的性别鉴定和华南与华北男性头骨的区分。     

Aberrant growth of maxillary canine teeth in male babirusa (genus Babyrousa)

A worldwide survey of babirusa skulls curated in museum and private collections located 431 that were from adult males and had retained at least one maxillary canine tooth. Eighty-three of these skulls were identified as exhibiting aberrant maxillary canine tooth growth. Twenty-four of the skulls represented babirusa from Buru and the Sula Islands, and forty-five skulls represented babirusa from Sulawesi and the Togian Islands. The remaining series of fourteen babirusa skulls originally came from zoo animals. Fifteen skulls showed anomalous alveolar and tooth rotation in a median plane. Twenty-nine skulls had maxillary canine teeth that did not grow symmetrically towards the median plane of the cranium. Fourteen skulls showed evidence that the tips of one or both maxillary canine teeth had eroded the nasal bones. Twenty-one skulls had maxillary canine teeth that had eroded the frontal bones. The teeth of two skulls had eroded a parietal bone. One skull had two maxillary canines arising from an adjacent pair of alveoli on the left side of the cranium. Three skulls exhibited alveoli with no formed maxillary canine teeth in them. Analysis suggested that approximately 12% of the adult male babirusa in the wild experience erosion of the cranial bony tissues as a result of maxillary canine tooth growth. There was no skeletal evidence that maxillary canine teeth penetrate the eye.     

广东佛山河宕新石器时代晚期墓葬人骨

本文对佛山河宕新石器晚期墓葬中出土的人骨进行了形态观察和测量比较,认为这些古代人在体质上仍有不特别强烈的蒙古人种性质,并显示出一些同赤道人种相似的特证。还指出了该墓群的性别年龄分布,因性别而异的埋葬头向和拔牙风俗。     

First report of Troglotrema acutum (Digenea, Troglotrematidae) in the Eurasian badger Meles meles in the Iberian Peninsula and presumptive lesions caused in the host

A total of 109 badger Meles meles skulls from Catalonia (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula) were studied for helminths. The tremadode Troglotrema acutum is reported here for the first time in the Eurasian badger in the Iberian Peninsula and southern Europe. Three methodologies were used to detect this trematode: an examination for surface lesions, axial computed tomography and fresh skull dissection. The damage caused in the affected skulls is described, along with details regarding the use of computed tomography to detect hyperostosis, leakage in the sinus structure and bone surface erosion in the affected skulls.     

Continuous tooth eruption in Australian aboriginal skulls

Increases in the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar crest (CEJ-AC) have often been attributed to senile atrophy of the bone or to the effects of periodontitis, without reference to the condition of the alveolar crest. This study investigated the relationship between CEJ-AC distance, tooth wear, gender, site of the CEJ-AC measurements, and age in 161 pre-white-contact Australian aboriginal skulls. Individual teeth were included in the study when there was no evidence of dehiscence, periodontitis, or abscess cavity formation in the supporting alveolar bone. The CEJ-AC distances increased as the severity of attrition increased; in male skulls, CEJ-AC distances were greater than in female skulls for all categories of tooth wear. In general, CEJ-AC distances measured on the mesial aspects of teeth were greater than those recorded distally; lingual distances generally exceeded buccal recordings. The best explanation of these findings and similar reports in the anthropological literature is that continuous tooth eruption occurred without the concomitant coronal movement of alveolar bone. This conclusion has significant ramifications for anthropological, epidemiological, and clinical studies which use the CEJ and AC as reference points when measuring periodontal attachment loss (periodontitis).     

Craniometric measurements of artificial cranial deformations in Eastern European skulls

Standardized lateral cephalograms of eleven skulls with artificial cranial deformations from Eastern Europe and twenty normal skulls from the same population were made, digitized and imported into the AutoCAD 2005 computer program. The x- and y-coordinates of defined measuring points were determined and angle measurements were made. The form difference of the skulls was tested with the Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) and the difference of the angle measurements were compared statistically using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. All deformed skulls belonged to the tabular fronto-occipital type of deformation. The results of the EDMA and the angle measurements indicated significant differences for the neurocranium and the facial cranium in height between the normal and the deformed skulls, but not in the cranial length. It can be concluded that in Eastern Europe one method of cranial molding was used. The deformation of the neurocranium also affected the development of the facial cranium regarding facial height. This may indicate a dependency of the developmental fields of the neurocranium and facial cranium.     

现代人头骨面部某些特征的投影栅相位法测量研究

用投影栅相位法 ,定量测量现代人面颅骨的一些项目 ,分析比较了中国南方、北方面骨的特点及中国与欧洲现代人面骨的差异 ,并探讨该方法在人类学研究领域应用的可行性和实用性。发现 :1 不论云南、欧洲头骨 ,性别差异主要集中在线距项目上 ,男性测量值大于女性。 2 华北头骨的中面宽、上面高及其指数、颧上颌高和内侧两眶宽指数大于云南头骨 ,中面部的扁平度小于云南头骨 ,颧骨额蝶突的前外侧面比云南头骨的要朝向前方。 3 中国云南、华北现代人头骨上面部的宽度小于欧洲现代人头骨 ,上面部扁平程度大于欧洲现代人头骨; 颧骨额蝶突的前外侧面比欧洲头骨更朝向前方。华北头骨上面部高度及其指数大于欧洲头骨; 云南头骨上面高及男性的上面高指数与欧洲头骨无差异 ,云南女性上面高指数大于欧洲头骨。我们认为投影栅相位法可作为传统测量方法的有益补充。     

A study of sutural bones in different morphological forms of skulls

117 adult human skulls were classified for three morphological forms, i.e. dolichocephalic, mesocephalic and brachycephalic, and were examined for the presence of sutural bones in each form. Sutural bones occur in each forms of the skulls with no statistically significant differences. This finding is interpreted as indicating that sutural bones are not formed secondary to stress, otherwise the incidence of the sutural bones would have been differed in different morphological forms of skulls.