新疆厚皮甜瓜裂果抗性及其生理特征分析

以种植于新疆农业科学院哈密瓜研究中心吐鲁番亚尔乡基地的20份新疆厚皮甜瓜品种为研究对象,在果实成熟期测定各品种裂果指数,裂果率、果皮及果肉矿物质元素含量、纤维素含量、半纤维素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性等,以筛选评价厚皮甜瓜抗裂果品种,明确影响厚皮甜瓜裂果的主要内在因子,为甜瓜的栽培生产与新品种选育提供理论支持。结果表明:(1)依据裂果指数将20份新疆厚皮甜瓜品种裂果抗性划分为5个等级,其中极抗裂等级3份,抗裂等级5份,较易裂等级5份,易裂等级4份,极易裂等级3份;(2)极易裂型中果皮含水量显著高于极抗裂和较易裂型,而其心糖含量显著低于极抗裂和较易裂型;果皮中Ca、Na、Mg、Fe元素含量显著高于果肉含量;极易裂型中PPO活性显著低于较易裂型,其POD活性显著高于极抗裂和较易裂型,其纤维素含量、半纤维素含量显著低于极抗裂型。(3)裂果抗性与果实心糖含量、纤维素含量、半纤维素含量存在显著正相关,与果皮含水量、果肉含水量、POD活性、K元素含量存在显著负相关。(4)甜瓜裂果性的主要影响因子有果皮含水量、果肉含水量、心糖含量、边糖含量、纤维素含量,果皮中的K、Ca、Mg、Na含量以及果肉的Na、Cu含量。研究发现,甜瓜‘黄梦脆’、‘K1028’、‘西州密17’为极抗裂品种,裂果率、裂果指数、心糖含量、果皮含水量、果肉含水量、纤维素含量、K含量可作为甜瓜裂果研究中的重要指标。     

新疆6个大果红枣裂果性差异及其内在原因分析

该研究以新疆栽培的6个大果型红枣品种(‘骏枣’、‘赞新大枣’、‘金谷大枣’、‘蛤蟆枣’、‘晋赞大枣’、‘新郑大马牙’)全红期果实为对象,通过考察裂果性差异,观察果皮组织结构,测定细胞壁成分及代谢相关酶活性,分析扩展蛋白基因表达的变化,探讨造成枣品种裂果差异的内在规律,为栽培引种及抗裂品种选育提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)‘骏枣’、‘赞新大枣’、‘金谷大枣’属于易裂果品种,而‘蛤蟆枣’、‘晋赞大枣’、‘新郑大马牙’的抗裂果能力较强。(2)6个品种之间的果实角质层厚度差异显著,并以‘晋赞大枣’、‘蛤蟆枣’和‘新郑大马牙’较大;表皮层厚度在品种之间无显著差异;品种间的果肉空腔与果肉面积比例差异显著,由低到高依次为‘蛤蟆枣’‘新郑大马牙’‘晋赞大枣’‘骏枣’‘金谷大枣’‘赞新大枣’。(3)6个品种间果皮的纤维素含量、纤维素酶活性以及原果胶含量、可溶性果胶含量、果胶酶活性等指标均存在显著差异,且原果胶含量与裂果率具有相关性,抗裂品种‘晋赞大枣’和‘蛤蟆枣’的原果胶含量明显低于其他品种;其他指标与它们各自的裂果率未发现相关性。(4)扩展蛋白基因ZjEXP11和ZjEXP12在6个品种果皮中的表达水平差异显著,且与裂果率具有相关关系,并以抗裂果能力较强品种的表达量显著较低。研究发现,新疆大果型红枣的裂果性在品种间存在显著差异,抗裂果品种比易裂果品种具有更厚的角质层和表皮层,以及更小的果肉空腔面积、更低的原果胶含量和更低的扩展蛋白基因ZjEXP11、ZjEXP12表达水平。     

枣果吸水动力学特征和果皮显微结构对裂果的影响

裂果是对枣产量和品质影响最大、最难防治的生理性病害,本研究旨在揭示抗裂果枣品种的抗性机制,为有效防治枣裂果和选育抗裂果枣品种提供依据。选择不同抗裂等级的枣品种为试材,通过室内浸水试验研究枣果水势、持水率、吸水率、吸水速率等吸水动力学指标与裂果率和裂果指数等抗裂等级指标之间的相关性,同时利用组织切片技术观测果皮显微结构与抗裂等级的关系。结果表明,枣果水势高低不能反映枣果固有的抗裂等级;枣果的持水率与裂果率、裂果指数之间均没有显著相关性;脆熟期枣果的吸水率与裂果率和裂果指数呈极显著正相关;吸水率阈值时的吸水速率随枣果抗裂等级的升高逐渐降低,极抗裂品种长红枣和极易裂品种骏枣吸水率阈值时的吸水速率分别为0.20%/h和0.52%/h;极抗裂品种长红枣的果皮蜡被厚度极显著高于其他品种,而且果皮细胞排列规则紧密;枣果抗裂性与果皮厚度相关性不显著;果实中上部(近果柄端)为开裂的敏感部位。     

枣果吸水动力学和果皮特征对裂果的影响

裂果是对枣产量和品质影响最大、最难防治的生理性病害,本研究旨在揭示抗裂果枣品种的抗性机制,为有效防治枣裂果和选育抗裂果枣品种提供依据。选择不同抗裂等级的枣品种为试材,通过室内浸水试验研究枣果水势、持水率、吸水率、吸水速率等吸水动力学指标与裂果率和裂果指数等抗裂等级指标之间的相关性,同时利用组织切片技术观测果皮显微结构与抗裂等级的关系。结果表明,枣果水势高低不能反映枣果固有的抗裂等级;枣果的持水率与裂果率、裂果指数之间均没有显著相关性;脆熟期枣果的吸水率与裂果率和裂果指数呈极显著正相关;吸水率阈值时的吸水速率随枣果抗裂等级的升高逐渐降低,极抗裂品种长红枣和极易裂品种骏枣吸水率阈值时的吸水速率分别为0.20%/h和0.52%/h;极抗裂品种长红枣的果皮蜡被厚度极显著高于其他品种,而且果皮细胞排列规则紧密;枣果抗裂性与果皮厚度相关性不显著;果实中上部(近果柄端)为开裂的敏感部位。     

外源L-谷氨酸对荔枝果实生长与着色以及营养品质的调控作用

以8年生‘妃子笑’荔枝为试验材料,于盛花后45d果面喷施0、1.10、1.30、1.50、1.70和1.90g/L的L-谷氨酸,研究各浓度L-谷氨酸处理对‘妃子笑’荔枝果实生长、果皮着色和果肉营养品质的影响。结果显示:(1)各浓度L-谷氨酸处理对采收期(处理后20d)荔枝果皮中的叶绿素含量无显著影响,但1.30~1.90g/L L-谷氨酸处理采收期荔枝果皮中花青苷含量比对照显著增加92%以上;在采收期,1.10~1.30g/L L-谷氨酸处理的果面色泽参数a*值显著高于对照,色度角h°值、亮度L*、色彩饱和度C值均显著低于对照。(2)与对照相比,1.10g/L L-谷氨酸处理使采收期荔枝果实单果重、纵径和横径分别显著增加30%、4%和6%,而1.90g/L L-谷氨酸处理的单果重、纵径和横径分别比对照降低了1%~2%。(3)L-谷氨酸(1.10、1.30和1.70g/L)处理使荔枝果肉可溶性固形物含量峰值的出现时间比对照延迟5d,缩短了果皮与果肉的发育间隔时期;各浓度L-谷氨酸处理对果肉可滴定酸含量无显著影响,但1.30g/L L-谷氨酸处理使荔枝果肉中维生素C含量比对照提高15%。研究表明,适宜浓度的外源L-谷氨酸处理可显著促进‘妃子笑’荔枝果实生长和果皮着色,并有效改善果肉营养品质,其中以1.30g/L L-谷氨酸处理的综合效果最好,过高浓度L-谷氨酸(1.90g/L)则抑制荔枝生长。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B53产聚γ-谷氨酸的絮凝特性

枯草芽孢杆菌B53产聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对高岭土、Ca(OH)2、Mg(OH)2表现出较强的絮凝活性,采用0.6 g/L的γ-PGA溶液对高岭土的絮凝活性可达到90%以上。K 、Fe2 、Mg2 及Ca2 具有明显的促絮凝作用,而Al3 、Fe3 则起削弱作用。CaCl2浓度超过2 g/L及介质溶液维持pH值中性都有利于γ-PGA提高絮凝活性。     

微波程序消解-ICP-AES测定栾果与黄山栾果中14种元素

为了探讨栾果与黄山栾果中微量元素含量及其分布特性,充分开发和利用该天然资源,采用微波程序消解-ICP-AES法同时测定栾果与黄山栾果中的14种元素。结果表明:栾果与黄山栾果中的P、Ca和Mg含量较高,不同元素在果中各组织的分布不同,果肉中的P和Mg含量超过果皮的2倍以上,果皮中的Al、Ca、Na、Ti和Zn明显高于果肉,Fe明显低于果肉,Cr、Mn和K在果皮、果肉和全果中的分布较为均匀,而限量元素Cr和Se的含量未超出国家标准。该法快速灵敏、操作简便,用于栾果中14种微量元素的同时测定,结果令人满意。     

不同浓度硝态氮供应下小麦生长、硝态氮累积及根系钙信号特征

以小麦品种‘石麦15’和‘衡观35’为材料进行营养液水培试验,研究不同浓度硝态氮供应对小麦苗期根系形态、钙离子流特征及钙调蛋白(CaM)含量的影响。结果表明,与适宜浓度硝态氮处理(2.5mmol/L)相比,无外源硝态氮供应时小麦地上部鲜重、硝态氮含量均降低,侧根数量显著减少;高浓度硝态氮处理(50mmol/L)下两个小麦品种地上部硝态氮含量升高,根系总长度降低,‘石麦15’侧根数量减少。无硝态氮和高浓度硝态氮处理下,根系中钙调蛋白含量降低,且‘衡观35’的降低幅度大于‘石麦15’。无外源硝态氮供应时小麦根尖表现出较为明显的钙离子外流特征;与适宜浓度硝态氮处理相比,高硝态氮处理下小麦根尖Ca2+的内流速度显著下降。说明硝态氮供应不足和高浓度硝态氮供应会影响小麦根系生长,根系Ca2+外流或Ca2+内流速度下降,CaM含量减少,Ca2+/CaM可能介导硝态氮调控小麦根系生长发育。     

套袋苹果果实质地及其显微结构与果面裂纹的关系北大核心CSCD

以套白色单层纸袋的着色富士系‘天红2号’和短枝富士后代优系4-1-103,以及不着色姊妹系‘冀苹4号’和‘冀苹5号’4个苹果品种(系)为试验材料,利用质构仪整果穿刺和质地多面分析法(texture profile analysis,TPA)测定果实质地,光学显微镜观察果实显微结构,探讨苹果果实质地及其显微结构与果面裂纹的关系,为抗裂纹品种的选育和潜在裂纹机制提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)盛花后132~185 d,‘天红2号’和‘冀苹4号’裂纹率和裂纹指数始终高于4-1-103和‘冀苹5号’,其裂纹主要部位为果肩部。(2)‘天红2号’和‘冀苹4号’的果肉脆裂性、果肉硬度分别显著小于4-1-103和‘冀苹5号’。(3)‘天红2号’和‘冀苹4号’的表皮细胞密度显著小于4-1-103和‘冀苹5号’,其果肉细胞间隙率显著大于4-1-103和‘冀苹5号’,且其角质膜有“V”型凹陷,并发生龟裂,而4-1-103和‘冀苹5号’角质膜完整均一。(4)主成分和灰色关联度分析表明,果肉硬度、果皮果肉硬度比和果肉细胞间隙率是解释裂纹的主要指标。研究发现,果实角质膜完整均一、果肉硬度大、果肉细胞间隙率小的苹果品种不易发生果面裂纹。     

养分供应量对玫瑰香葡萄矿质元素和水分吸收的影响

为了研究葡萄各生长发育阶段的肥水需求规律,该试验以4年生‘玫瑰香’葡萄为材料,设置改良Hoagland营养液0.5倍、1.0倍、1.5倍3个浓度处理,探讨不同养分供应量对‘玫瑰香’葡萄矿质元素和水分吸收规律的影响。结果表明:(1)‘玫瑰香’葡萄对矿质元素的吸收量随着新梢的生长而快速增加,且均呈先升后降的趋势,各元素吸收量的最大值均出现在果实膨大期至转色期,整个生长期Ca是葡萄吸收量最大的元素,分别约为P、Mg、K和N的1.38倍、4.55倍、1.24倍和1.13倍,其次是N和K,Mg和P的吸收量较小,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收比例为1.1∶0.9∶1∶1.25∶0.26,而微量元素以Fe和B的吸收量较大。(2)各元素吸收量随处理浓度的增加而提高,表现为0.5倍浓度1.0倍浓度1.5倍浓度,且1.0倍浓度处理的果实品质最佳。(3)在适宜营养液浓度下(1.0倍浓度处理),单株葡萄对各种元素的年吸收量分别为N 44.294g、P 34.58g、K 37.743g、Ca 47.728g、Mg 10.801g、Fe 210mg、Mn 46.11mg、B 79.13mg、Zn 23.56mg、Cu 17.104mg和水631.5L。研究认为,生产中‘玫瑰香’葡萄在营养生长期以施氮肥、钙肥为主,配合施用适量镁肥,而在生殖生长期宜增施钾肥,并适量补充施用微量元素,从而达到提高水肥利用率和果实品质的目的。     

Regioselective synthesis of 1I,1II,5I,5II,6I,6I,6II,6II-2H8-cellobiose

Partially deuteriated 1,5,6,6-(2)H(4)-d-glucose and 1(I),1(II),5(I),5(II),6(I),6(I),6(II),6(II)-(2)H(8)-d-cellobiose were synthesized in high yields and on a large scale from d-glucose. (2)H enrichment at C-5 and C-6 of each glucopyranosyl unit in excess of 85% and 90%, respectively, was realized by (1)H-(2)H exchange in (2)H(2)O containing deuteriated Raney Ni. Nucleophilic addition of LiAlD(4) to 5,6,6-(2)H(3)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-gluconolactone led to a 98% (2)H enrichment at C-1. Deuteriated cellobiose is of interest as building block for the synthesis of a model compound of cellulose I.     

Phosphorylation of the Na,K-ATPase and the H,K-ATPase

Phosphorylation is a widely used, reversible means of regulating enzymatic activity. Among the important phosphorylation targets are the Na⁺,K⁺- and H⁺,K⁺-ATPases that pump ions against their chemical gradients to uphold ionic concentration differences over the plasma membrane. The two pumps are very homologous, and at least one of the phosphorylation sites is conserved, namely a cAMP activated protein kinase (PKA) site, which is important for regulating pumping activity, either by changing the cellular distribution of the ATPases or by directly altering the kinetic properties as supported by electrophysiological results presented here. We further review the other proposed pump phosphorylations.     

香梨的果表突起和落果裂果与果实中内源激素之间的关系（简报）

6月初香梨落果中GA3、IAA含量高于发育正常的果实,ABA含量几无变化。7月底、8月初果实迅速膨大期间,无论裂果与否的果实中均未检出IAA,但裂果中GA3和ABA含量均高于而GA3／ABA则低于发育正常果0实。萼端突起部位的内源激素含量高于梨身。     

白沙枇杷果实发育、果实水势及与裂果关系研究

对生长在山坡地6年生白沙枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)的裂果与果实发育、可溶性糖含量、土壤相对含水量及果实水势关系进行了研究,并探讨了覆盖地膜、断根和果实套袋技术对预防裂果的效果。结果表明,随着白沙枇杷果实的发育,果形指数变小;临近成熟期,果实的可溶性糖含量最高,土壤相对含水量增加,同时果实水势也升高。模拟大雨后,果实水势与裂果率呈正相关,相关系数R=0.941。这说明白沙枇杷临近成熟时,果实内积累了大量的可溶性糖等高渗透物质,从高含水量的土壤中大量吸收水分,使果实水势升高,导致裂果。以覆盖地膜、断根和果实套袋组合的技术预防裂果的效果最好,其中覆盖地膜和断根对预防裂果的贡献较大。     

Plutonium,241Am,90sr,and137cs concentrations in some antarctic matrices

A radioecological survey in Antarctica shows that the^239+240Pu,²³⁸Pu,²⁴¹Am,⁹⁰Sr, and¹³⁷Cs activities were detectable in nearly all the samples. The activity level of^239+240Pu,²⁴¹Am, and¹³⁷Cs in antarctic sediments was about 5–20 times lower than in the northern Adriatic Sea sediments, but the²³⁸Pu activities were relatively high. It was interesting to note that the⁹⁰Sr concentrations in all the sediments tended to be low, which could be the result of the easier exchangeable behavior of⁹⁰Sr in water. High concentrations were detected in mosses and lichens and their activity levels were comparable to those in central Italy. The radionuclide ratio analyses show that the major part of^239+240Pu,²⁴¹Am,⁹⁰Sr, and¹³⁷Cs was a result of nuclear weapon tests. The higher²⁴¹Am/^239+240Pu ratio was observed and it could perhaps be the result of fallout of nuclear weapon tests prior to 1962. The²³⁸Pu/^239+240Pu ratio in the antarctic matrices was about seven times higher than in the Northern hemisphere and it could be inferred that the major part of²³⁸Pu was originating from the SNAP-9A satellite accident.     

Role of Intracellular pH in Proliferation, Transformation, and Apoptosis

Both cellular proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death) have been claimed to be modulated, perhaps even triggered by, changes in intracellular pH. In this review, we summarize the evidence that gave rise to these hypotheses. To facilitate a critical appraisal of the existing data, we briefly review the main pathways involved in cytosolic pH homeostasis and their regulation by mitogens and by apoptosis-inducing agents. The information available at present suggests that cytosolic pH plays a permissive role in cellular growth and proliferation, but is neither a trigger nor an essential step in the mitogenic signal transduction cascade. Concerning apoptosis, it is clear that lowering the pH in vitro can activate DNase II. However, the evidence linking cytosolic acidification with DNA degradation in vivois presently not convincing. We conclude that the cytosolic pH, an essential physiological parameter that is tightly controlled by multiple, complementary, or redundant systems, is unlikely to play a role in signalling either cell growth or death.     

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of Fe, Co, Cu and Zn complexes probed by transmission electron microscopy

We synthesized iron(III), cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes [Fe^III(HBPClNOL)Cl₂]·H₂O (1), [Co^II(H₂BPClNOL)Cl₂] (2), [Cu^II(H₂BPClNOL)Cl]Cl·H₂O (3), and [Zn^II(HBPClNOL)Cl] (4), where H₂BPClNOL is the ligand (N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)[(3-chloro)(2-hydroxy)]propylamine). The complexes obtained were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV-visible spectroscopies, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and cyclic voltammetry. X-ray diffraction studies were performed for complexes (3) and (4) revealing the presence of mononuclear and dinuclear structures in solid state for (3). However, the zinc complex is mononuclear in solid state. Biological studies of complexes (1)-(4) were carried out in vitro for antimicrobial activity against nine Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus strains RN 6390B, COL, ATCC 25923, Smith Diffuse, Wood 46, enterotoxigenic S. aureus FRI-100 (SEA+), FRI S-6 (SEB+) and SEC FRI-361) and animal strain S. aureus LSA 88 (SEC/SED/TSST-1+). The following sequence of inhibition promoted by the complexes was observed: (4) > (2) > (3) > (1), showing the effect of the metal on the biological activity. To directly observe the morphological changes of the internal structure of bacterial cells after the treatment, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed. For the most active complex [Zn^II(HBPClNOL)Cl] (4), granulation deposits around the genetic material and internal material leaking were clearly detected.     

Mitochondrial Calcium Transport Systems: Properties, Regulation, and Taxonomic Features

Currently available information on properties and regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ transporting systems in eukaryotic cells is summarized. We describe in detail kinetic properties and effects of inhibitors and modulators on the energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake through the Ca2+ uniporter, as well as on Na+-dependent and Na+-independent pathways for Ca2+ release in mammalian mitochondria. Special emphasis is placed on Ca2+ transport systems (for ion uptake and release) in mitochondria of higher plants, algae, and yeasts. Potential physiological implications of mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes (influx and efflux), e.g., regulation of activity of Ca2+-dependent enzymes of the Krebs cycle, maintaining of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and engagement in pathophysiological processes, are discussed.     

Effect of ethylisopropyl amiloride,a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor,on cardioprotective effect of ischaemic and angiotensin preconditioning

The present study is designed to investigate the role of Na⁺-H⁺ exchanger in the cardioprotective effect of ischaemic and angiotensin (Ang II) preconditioning. Isolated perfused rat heart was subjected to global ischaemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min. Coronary effluent was analysed for LDH and CK release to assess the degree of cardiac injury. Myocardial infarct size was estimated macroscopically using TTC staining. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and dp/dt were recorded to evaluate myocardial contractility. Four episodes of ischaemic or Ang II preconditioning markedly reduced LDH and CK release in coronary effluent and decreased myocardial infarct size. 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), a Na⁺-H⁺ exchange inhibitor, produced no marked effect on ischaemic preconditioning and Ang II preconditioning induced cardioprotection. On the other hand, EIPA administration prior to global ischaemia produced a similar reduction in myocardial injury as was noted with ischaemic preconditioning or Ang II preconditioning. On the basis of these results, it may be concluded that inhibition of Na⁺-H⁺ exchanger protects against ischaemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injury whereas activation of Na⁺-H⁺ exchanger may not mediate the cardioprotective effect of ischaemic and Ang II preconditioning.