斑玉蕈重组异核体菌株节孢子遗传转化效率差异性分析

在斑玉蕈Hypsizygusmarmoreus双核体菌株原生质体单核化过程中会存在大量出现的单核体和极少出现的单核体。为方便研究,将大量出现的单核体定义为强势核,极少出现的单核体定义为弱势核。为了研究这些不同类型的细胞核对斑玉蕈节孢子遗传转化效率的影响,将本研究室前期原生质体单核化工作中分离的10株强势核单核体和弱势核单核体菌株分别进行两两配对杂交,获得5株强势核重组异核体构成供试菌株Q组,以及5株弱势核重组异核体构成供试菌株R组,利用这些新的重组异核体菌株展开节孢子遗传转化实验。实验统计结果显示,Q组中5株强势核重组异核体Q1A、Q1B、Q2A、Q3A和Q3B的转化效率分别为81%、59%、57%、56%和53%,R组中的5株弱势核重组异核体R1A、R2A、R2B、R3B和R4B的转化效率分别为45%、45%、44%、46%和41%,Q组5株强势核重组异核体的转化效率均高于R组5株弱势核重组异核体,且Q组菌株的平均转化效率为61%,显著高于R组的平均转化效率44%。这种单核菌株间遗传转化效率存在明显差异的机制还需要进一步研究。     

大球盖菇原生质体再生及单核化特性的研究*

大球盖菇原生质体再生条件及单核化特性结果。原生质体再生速度极快,涂布平板３ｄ后肉眼即可见明显的再生菌落形成,在ＰＧＰＭ再生培养基上再生率为０．９７～２．０％,渗稳剂种类对再生率无明显影响,但可影响再生菌落形态,液体预培养１～２ｄ,再生率明显下降;大球盖菇原生质体单核化率高达７７．６％,且再生双核体和再生单核体在形成再生菌落时无时间差,其生长速度亦无快慢之分,液体预培养可显著减少单核化率,再生单核体中存在亲本两种交配型,但二者的比率不为１。     

大球盖菇原生质体再生及单核化特性的研究

大球盖菇原生质体再生条件及单核化特性结果。原生质体再生程度极快,涂布平板3d后肉眼即可见明显的再生菌落形成,在PGPM再生培养基上再生率为0．97－2．0％,渗稳剂种类对再生率无明显影响,但可影响再生菌落形态,液体预培养1－2d,再生率明显下降;大球盖菇原生质体单核化率高达77．6％,且再生双核体和再生单核体在形成再生菌落时无时间差,其生长速度亦无快慢之分,液体预培养可显著减少单核化率,再生单核体中存在亲本两种交配型,但二者的比率不为1。     

金针菇褐化病毒(FvBV)脱毒方法

【目的】评价5种不同脱毒方法对金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)菌株的脱毒效果,筛选出脱毒率高和脱毒后金针菇菌株菌丝生长速度、生物量、漆酶活力等性状改善明显的脱毒方法。【方法】以栽培金针菇菌株F-4889为研究材料,从菌丝体中提取大小约2.0 kb的病毒dsRNA,经RT-PCR鉴定该病毒为金针菇褐化病毒(FvBV)。采用菌丝尖端分离、原基组织分离、原生质体单核化、有性生殖和核迁移5种脱毒方法对金针菇菌株进行脱毒处理,利用dsRNA技术和RT-PCR检测脱毒效果。【结果】菌丝尖端分离脱毒后得到1株脱毒菌株;原基组织分离法未能脱毒;原生质体单核化脱毒法得到3株脱毒单核菌株和2株原单杂交脱毒菌株;有性生殖脱毒法获得脱毒孢子单核菌株23株和单孢杂交脱毒菌株8株;核迁移脱毒后得到5株核迁移脱毒菌株。脱毒率依次为25.0%、0、7.5%、57.5%和100%。脱毒菌株的菌丝生长速度、生物量、漆酶活力等均优于出发菌株、菌丝尖端和原基组织分离菌株。【结论】这5种方法中原生质体单核化、有性生殖和核迁移脱毒法脱毒效果较佳,均能有效脱除FvBV,脱毒率高,脱毒后菌株菌丝生长速度、生物量、漆酶活力等均明显提高。     

香菇135菌株特异SCAR标记在其原生质体单核中的分布

以香菇保藏菌种庆元135以及庆元出菇的135新鲜子实体组织分离得到的菌丝为材料制备原生质体,分别获得58和83个原生质体单核体;经交配型鉴定后,用已获得的135特异SCAR引物对单核进行PCR扩增,统计SCAR条带的分布。结果显示：原生质体单核体分为A1B1和A2B2两种交配型,而特异条带仅存在于后者中,证明135特异SCAR标记是稳定遗传的,也为鉴定以带标记核为亲本之一的杂交后代提供了依据,这就进一步拓宽了分子标记应用于菌株鉴定的适用范围。     

香菇135菌株特异SCAR标记在其原生质体单核中的分布

以香菇保藏菌种庆元135以及庆元出菇的135新鲜子实体组织分离得到的菌丝为材料制备原生质体,分别获得58和83个原生质体单核体;经交配型鉴定后,用已获得的135特异SCAR引物对单核进行PCR扩增,统计SCAR条带的分布。结果显示:原生质体单核体分为A1B1和A2B2两种交配型,而特异条带仅存在于后者中,证明135特异SCAR标记是稳定遗传的,也为鉴定以带标记核为亲本之一的杂交后代提供了依据,这就进一步拓宽了分子标记应用于菌株鉴定的适用范围。     

香菇135菌株特异SCAR标记在其原生质体单核中的分布

以香菇保藏菌种庆元135以及庆元出菇的135新鲜子实体组织分离得到的菌丝为材料制备原生质体,分别获得58和83个原生质体单核体;经交配型鉴定后,用已获得的135特异SCAR引物对单核进行PCR扩增,统计SCAR条带的分布。结果显示：原生质体单核体分为A1B1和A2B2两种交配型,而特异条带仅存在于后者中,证明135特异SCAR标记是稳定遗传的,也为鉴定以带标记核为亲本之一的杂交后代提供了依据,这就进一步拓宽了分子标记应用于菌株鉴定的适用范围。     

利用SSR标记鉴定香菇单核体及杂交后代

【目的】研究简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)分子标记方法用于香菇原生质体单核体、孢子单核体及其杂交后代的分离和鉴定。【方法】利用基于香菇全基因组序列信息开发的SSR标记,分析由香菇品种"L808"双核菌丝制备的原生质体单核体、孢子单核体及其杂交后代的SSR指纹。【结果】对制备的原生质体单核体的鉴定中,在不经过杂交配对的情况下,鉴定出"L808"的两种不同极性的原生质体单核体,其分离比例为191:1,该鉴定结果得到SSR标记、随机扩增多态性DNA(Random amplified polymorphismic DNA,RAPD)标记及传统方法的验证。另外,开发的香菇SSR标记还能以多位点组合的方式,用于对孢子单核体及其杂交后代的鉴定。【结论】应用SSR标记可加快香菇单核体的制备进程,并提高鉴定单核体及相关杂交菌株的准确性,促进香菇遗传育种研究。     

杨柳田头菇交配型因子与菌丝生长速度关系

以杨柳田头菇（Agrocybe salicacola）菌株711子实体为材料,经担孢子弹射,用稀释分离法获得224个单孢菌株,其中单核菌株210个,交配试验及单孢出菇证明其性遗传模式为四极异宗结合,4种交配型的比例为AxBx∶AxBy∶AyBx∶AyBy为47∶59∶53∶51。研究结果还表明,杨柳田头菇4种交配型的数量、比例与单孢萌发速度、生长速度相关,生长速度较慢的菌株基本上属于一种交配型,只有少数生长慢的菌株属于另外两种交配型。值得注意的是,尽管快（F）-慢（S）配对的异核体与快（F）-快（F）配对的异核体在YPD平板上生长速度无明显差别,但在聚丙烯栽培袋上F-S异核体的生长速度明显快于F-F异核体,这说明交配因子A和B与生长速度基因可能连锁,且存在重组现象,F-S交配的异核体在生长上有优势,可能是人工选择后交配因子亚基减少导致偏分离发生的原因。     

基于SRAP、ISSR和RAPD分析灵芝G0130菌株单核体多态性

旨在探讨灵芝原生质体单核体间遗传多态性,为育种材料的筛选提供分子水平依据。采用原生质体单核化获得灵芝Ganoderma lucidum 36株单核体,从筛选出的12组SRAP引物,13条ISSR引物和13条RAPD引物对供试菌株的多态性综合分析结果显示,共扩增出320个条带,其中265条表现出多态性,多态位点百分率为82.81%;根据扩增结果采用软件NTsys2.10e计算菌株间的遗传相似系数(GS值)并进行聚类分析,37个菌株间GS值的变化范围为0.3741~0.9852;130-29、130-33和130-53等7株相同交配型单核体聚为一类,其余29株单核体与出发菌株C0130聚为一类,但并非严格按照交配型聚类,且单核体表现出发菌株全部或部分带型,同时也表现其所不具有的带型。研究表明,SRAP、ISSR和RAPD标记可以用于灵芝单核体多态性研究,并可为交配型鉴定提供参考,这将为育种材料的筛选提供帮助,减少育种工作量和风险。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.