Human kidney anion exchanger 1 interacts with adaptor-related protein complex 1 μ1A (AP-1 mu1A)

Kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) mediates chloride (Cl⁻) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) exchange at the basolateral membrane of kidney α-intercalated cells. Impaired trafficking of kAE1 leads to defect of the Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchange at the basolateral membrane and failure of proton (H⁺) secretion at the apical membrane, causing a kidney disease - distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). To gain a better insight into kAE1 trafficking, we searched for proteins physically interacting with the C-terminal region of kAE1 (Ct-kAE1), which contains motifs crucial for intracellular trafficking, by a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system. An adaptor-related protein complex 1 μ1A (AP-1 mu1A) subunit was found to interact with Ct-kAE1. The interaction between either Ct-kAE1 or full-length kAE1 and AP-1 mu1A were confirmed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T by co-immunoprecipitation, affinity co-purification, co-localization, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-based protein fragment complementation assay (PCA) and GST pull-down assay. The interacting site for AP-1 mu1A on Ct-kAE1 was found to be Y904DEV907, a subset of YXXØ motif. Interestingly, suppression of endogenous AP-1 mu1A in HEK 293T by small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased membrane localization of kAE1 and increased its intracellular accumulation, suggesting for the first time that AP-1 mu1A is involved in the kAE1 trafficking of kidney α-intercalated cells.     

Induction of CYP1A by benzo[k]fluoranthene in human hepatocytes: CYP1A1 or CYP1A2?

While fresh human hepatocyte cultures are widely used to model hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) regulation and activity, their CYP1A subfamily composition induced by, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is ambiguous. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, or both have been reported to be expressed, and their varied roles in chemical carcinogenesis makes resolution of which CYPs are expressed essential. We have used an immunoblot system with Bis-Tris-HCl-buffered polyacrylamide gel, which clearly resolves human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, and polyclonal goat anti-human CYP1A1/CYP1A2 and rabbit anti-human CYP1A2 antibodies to probe the expressed CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 composition of seven individual human hepatocyte cultures induced with 5 microM benzo[k]fluoranthene (BKF) for 24 h. In six of the cultures only CYP1A1 was detected, and in the seventh both CYPs were detected. In most vehicle-treated hepatocyte cultures, neither CYP1A1 nor CYP1A2 was detected. In three additional hepatocyte cultures treated individually with BKF and 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the resultant induced CYP1A1/1A2 profiles were essentially not influenced by the nature of the inducing agents. To develop an activity-based assay to differentiate between CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression in human hepatocytes, our previously published R warfarin assay (Drug Metab. Disp. (1995) 23, 1339-1345) was applied to TCDD (10 nM)-treated hepatocyte culture. The low concentration of TCDD did not produce inhibition of the warfarin metabolism-such inhibition could confound the results. Based on the ratios of 6- to 8-hydroxywarfarin formed in two cultures, the ratios of CYP1A1/CYP1A2 expressed in these cultures were determined and they agreed with the ratios determined by immunoblot analysis. Thus each individual human hepatocyte culture must be characterized for induced CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression in studies of CYP1A activity. The warfarin assay provides a means of characterizing the cultures.     

NS1A在A型流感病毒感染中的作用

NS1A是A型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)的重要毒力因子,在IAV感染过程中具有多种调节活性,如促进病毒复制、调节感染细胞凋亡和下调宿主抗病毒免疫.深入理解NSlA在病毒感染中的作用有助于揭示IAV感染的致病机理和发现抗IAV药物的靶标.     

NS1A在A型流感病毒感染中的作用

NS1A是A型流感病毒（influenza A virus,IAV）的重要毒力因子,在IAV感染过程中具有多种调节活性,如促进病毒复制、调节感染细胞凋亡和下调宿主抗病毒免疫。深入理解NS1A在病毒感染中的作用有助于揭示IAV感染的致病机理和发现抗IAV药物的靶标。     

组蛋白去甲基化酶JMJD1A

组蛋白翻译后修饰可影响特定基因的表达,从而在多个生理过程中发挥重要作用,是当前生命科学领域的研究热点之一。组蛋白去甲基化酶JMJD1A可催化一甲基化和二甲基化的H3K9(H3K9me1/2)去甲基化,通过解除组蛋白抑制效应而调节基因表达。JMJD1A拥有广泛的生物学功能,参与多种生物学过程包括核受体激活、精子生成、能量代谢、低氧调节和癌症发生等。本文就JMJD1A的特征及功能作一综述。     

hnRNP A1的功能研究进展

核不均一核糖核蛋白(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein,hnRNP)是一类多功能RNA结合蛋白家族,能与RNA聚合酶Ⅱ合成的新生转录本结合,并以复合体形式参与转录本稳定与成熟调控过程. hnRNP A1是hnRNPs家族重要成员,不仅广泛参与癌症与神经系统疾病相关基因的可变剪接调控,还在病毒侵染、细胞衰老及应激恢复中发挥重要作用.此外,hnRNP A1作为典型的RNA结合蛋白,在转录与可变剪接调控过程中,可通过动态三维结构识别特定序列.本文总结了hnRNP A1的最新研究进展,以期为进一步探究hnRNP A1在疾病发生中的功能研究提供参考.     

A Neutron Scattering Study of the Ternary Complex EF-Tu•GTP-valy1-tRNAVal 1A

Abstract

The complex formation between elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), GTP, and valyl-tRNA^Val _1A has been investigated in a hepes buffer of “pH” 7.4 and 0.2 M ionic strength using the small-angle neutron scattering method at concentrations of D₂O where EF-Tu (42% D₂O) and tRNA (71% D₂O) are successively matched by the solvents. The results indicate that EF-Tu undergoes a conformational change and contracts as a result of the complex formation, since the radius of gyration decreases by 15% from 2.82 to 2.39 nm. tRNA^Val _1A, on the other hand, seems to mainly retain its conformation within the complex, since the radii of gyration for the free (after correction for interparticular scattering) and complexed form are essentially the same. 2.38 and 2.47 nm, respectively.     

膜联蛋白A1生理功能的研究进展

膜联蛋白（Annexins）是一类结构相关钙依赖的磷脂结合蛋白超家族,在结构上均具有保守中心结构域和承担独特功能的N端结构域,中心结构域延伸为C-末端结构,由4组（在Annexin A6为8组）、每组70个氨基酸残基组成的重复序列,每个重复序列均含有钙离子和磷脂结合位点[1]。Annexins按在生物界的分布分为5组,脊椎动物为A组,     

The Microtubule-Associated Protein 1A (MAP1A) is an Early Molecular Target of Soluble Aβ-Peptide

A progressive accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is widely recognized as a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the neurodegenerative cascade initiated by small soluble species of Aβ and recent evidence supports the notion that microtubule rearrangements may be proximate to neuritic degeneration and deficits in episodic declarative memory. Here, we examined primary cortical neurons for changes in markers associated with synaptic function following exposure to sublethal concentrations of non-aggregated Aβ-peptide. This data show that soluble Aβ species at a sublethal concentration induce degradation of the microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP1A) without concurrently affecting dendritic marker MAP2 and/or the pre-synaptic marker synaptophysin. In addition, MAP1A was found to highly co-localize with the postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) protein, proposing that microtubule perturbations might be central for the Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunctions as PSD-95 plays a key role in synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, this study suggests that disruption of MAP1A could be a very early manifestation of Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunction—one that presages the clinical onset of AD by years. Moreover, our data support the notion of microtubule-stabilizing agents as effective AD drugs.     

A1 toxicity in yeast. A role for Mg?

We have established conditions in which soluble Al is toxic to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The major modifications to a standard synthetic medium were lowering the pH and the concentration of Mg ions. Alterations to the PO4, Ca, or K concentration had little effect on toxicity. Organic acids known to chelate Al reduced its toxicity, suggesting that Al3+ is the toxic Al species. The unique ability of Mg ions to ameliorate Al toxicity led us to investigate the hypothesis that Al inhibits Mg uptake by yeast. Yeast cells accumulate Mg, Co, Zn, Ni, and Mn ions via the same transport system (G.F. Fuhrmann, A. Rothstein [1968] Biochim Biophys Acta 163: 325-330). Al3+ inhibited the accumulation of 57Co2+ by yeast cells more effectively than Ga, La, or Mg. In addition, a mutant yeast strain with a defect in divalent cation uptake proved to be more sensitive to Al than a wild-type strain. Taken together, these results suggest that Al may cause Mg deficiency in yeast by blocking Mg transport. We discuss the relevance of yeast as a model for the study of Al toxicity in plant systems.     

一成骨不全家系的COL1A1基因突变检测

成骨不全(Osteogenesisimperfecta,OI)是一种由于Ⅰ型胶原形成障碍,导致骨脆性增强为主要症状的 常染色体显性遗传性疾病。临床上主要表现为骨质脆弱、蓝巩膜、耳聋和中等程度的关节畸形等症状。成骨不全 基因分别定位于17q21.31 q22和7q22.1,其致病基因分别为COL1A1和COL1A2。对一常染色体显性遗传的 成骨不全家系进行连锁分析,在COL1A1遗传位点发现紧密连锁(LOD=9.31;θ=.00)。突变检测发现在 COL1A1基因第26内含子5′端剪接位点处存在一由GT转换为AT的致病突变,该突变引起的异常剪接是导致成 骨不全的致病原因之一。     

回转对COL1A1-EGFP基因表达的影响

研究微重力对COL1A1(Ⅰ型胶原α1链基因)启动子活性的影响,探讨微重力对成骨细胞相关基因表达影响的作用机制.将长为3.6 kb COL1A1启动子双酶切,获得不同长度的启动子片段,并与报告基因EGFP(增强型绿色荧光蛋白)连接,转染ROS17/2.8细胞,用G418筛选,得到稳定转染COL1A1-EGFP基因的ROS17/2.8细胞株.利用回转器模拟微重力效应,体外培养条件下,观察各细胞株报告基因的表达情况.结果显示细胞在模拟微重力下培养24,48 h后,报告基因EGFP和Ⅰ型胶原的表达升高,表明COL1A1启动子活性增强.说明短期模拟微重力条件下,成骨细胞能通过增强COL1A1启动子活性,代偿性提高Ⅰ型胶原的表达.     

膜联蛋白A1与恶性肿瘤侵袭转移

膜联蛋白A1(Annexin A1,ANXA1,lipocortin I)是膜联蛋白超家族中的一员,它参与细胞信号转导、分化及凋亡等多种重要的生命过程.近年来的研究表明其表达水平在不同肿瘤组织中有差异,在同一肿瘤的不同类型中有显著变化,可能与肿瘤的侵袭转移相关,如乳腺癌、胃肠癌、肝癌、头颈部肿瘤、前列腺癌等.本文结合ANXA1的基本结构及生物学特性对以上研究的进展作一综述.     

膜联蛋白A1在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

膜联蛋Al(Annexin Al,Anx Al)是一类细胞中广泛存在的钙磷脂结合蛋白,具有高度保守的C端中心结构域和独特的N末端,参与多种重要的细胞生理过程.其作为蛋白激酶C及酪氨酸蛋白激酶的底物参与MAPK/ERK信号传导通路,并作为PLA2的抑制剂调节细胞活动.近来多项研究表明膜联蛋白Al通过调节MAPK/ERK信号传导通路参与多种肿瘤的发生,并且参与肿瘤的分化与转移等.本文就膜联蛋白Al与恶性肿瘤发生、发展与转移之间的关系做一综述.     

蛋白磷酸酶PPM1A的研究进展

PPM1A,又称PP2Cα,即镁离子依赖的蛋白磷酸酶1A,是丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶家族一员,该家族被认为是真核细胞压力应答通路中必需的负向调控因子。近年来的研究结果表明,PPM1A可与多种蛋白结合使其去磷酸化,广泛调控如细胞生长、细胞应激、免疫反应和肿瘤形成等众多生命活动。本文对PPM1A的结构、活性调控和作用底物做一个简要的综述,以期对PPM1A有一个全面的了解进而有助于后期的进一步研究。     

分子马达KIF1A的研究进展

驱动蛋白家族成员1A(kinesin family member 1A,KIF1A)属于向微管正向端移动的驱动蛋白第三家族,它能够利用三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)水解释放的能量实现沿微管定向运动。KIF1A是轴突末端的突触囊泡体沿微管输运的重要载体,其马达结构域的突变将导致多种与神经有关的疾病和缺陷。文中主要综述了近年来KIF1A有关的生命过程和疾病的研究进展,介绍了KIF1A催化ATP水解反应的各中间态结构,同时基于这些结构信息,阐述了KIF1A的运动形式、核苷酸轮换机制和运动机理,并对今后的研究前景进行了展望,旨为KIF1A相关研究提供思路。     

拟南芥CK1A基因功能初步研究

利用RT-PCR方法从拟南芥中分离了1个CK基因家族成员CK1A, 该基因的ORF全长2 112 bp, 编码一条703个氨基酸残基的多肽。构建了CK1A基因的植物表达载体35S: GFP: CK1A, 采用基因枪法进行的洋葱表皮细胞GFP瞬时表达实验表明, 荧光信号主要分布在细胞核上, 显示CK1A基因的产物可能在细胞核上发挥作用。半定量RT-PCR分析表明: CK1A基因在花中表达量最大, 其次是茎和根, 在叶和叶柄中表达量较弱。蓝光使CK1A基因的表达升高, 12 h时表达量明显增加, 24 h时表达量下降。酵母双杂交结果显示CK1A蛋白在蓝光下能与CRY2蛋白发生相互作用, 暗示CK1A基因可能参与拟南芥的蓝光信号传导途径。