1995—2018年石羊河流域下游荒漠化动态变化

以石羊河流域下游甘肃省民勤县为研究区,选取1995、2000、2005、2010、2015、2018年6期遥感影像作为数据源,利用RS和GIS理论和方法,基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表反照率(Albedo)建立Albedo-NDVI特征空间,构建荒漠化差值指数,对民勤县荒漠化动态变化进行分析。结果表明: 石羊河流域下游地区荒漠化面积占民勤县总面积的90%以上,绿洲零星分布在大面积荒漠化土地中,以中度荒漠化为主,占全县总面积的70%以上;1995—2018年间,民勤县荒漠化面积整体呈减少趋势,年均减少面积为22.06 km²,年均减少0.1%。研究期间,该县各类荒漠化面积减少与扩张并存,重度、中度、轻度、微度荒漠化面积的动态度分别为-1.5%、0.2%、-0.9%、3.8%,说明荒漠化严重程度降低;研究区荒漠化总体处于稳定状态,未发生大面积并且趋势较为明显的荒漠化过程,荒漠化治理工作取得了阶段性的成果;研究区荒漠化波动下降的面积占15.2%,而波动上升的面积只占3.9%,无规律波动变化区主要分布在荒漠绿洲过渡区和绿洲边缘地区,面积达到总面积的17.7%,说明在绿洲和荒漠区交错地带,荒漠化反复变化较为活跃,是将来重点治理和修复地区之一。     

农牧交错带土壤及表生植被某些特性变异与荒漠化的相关性 --以冀北康保县为例

1　引　　言荒漠化问题一向是困扰生境脆弱区经济发展与社会进步的关键 ,它不仅表现人为无序性开发导致土地荒漠化[2 ] ,而且已荒漠化的土地又以生物地球化学循环形式反作用于荒漠化发展过程中 ,继续加速荒漠化进程 .这一“人为”与“自然”的叠加反促作用 ,必致生境进一步变劣、荒漠化加重 .本文以康保县为例进行荒漠化成因分析 ,为荒漠化治理提出相应对策 .2　研究地区与研究方法2 1　研究区概况该区地处内蒙高原 燕山山脉 华北平原过渡带 ,亦是季风气候与大陆气候、干旱与半干旱、农区与牧区的交错带 .特有的熔岩台地与剥蚀高原格架 ,…     

沙质荒漠化土地景观分类与制图—以毛乌素沙地为例

对景观分类理论和方法进行了探索,并以毛乌素沙地为研究对象,提出了一套适用于农牧交错区沙质荒漠化土地景观分类与制图的方法。由于沙丘分布广泛,与地带性植被和土壤的分布相迭加,增加了地表景观的破碎程度,使农牧交错区沙地的主要景观要素类型在结构上具有复合性。为了更好地描述沙地景观的复合性特征,作者提出景观基本结构组分的概念。首先确定景观基本结构组分,根据景观基本结构组分的不同组合确定景观要素类型;然后在野外调查的基础上,通过对遥感数据的解译和判读进行景观要素类型的划分;最后在GIS支持下成图。该方法对我国北方农牧交错区沙质荒漠化土地具有普遍意义。     

基于NDVI的塔里木盆地北缘绿洲-荒漠过渡带时空演变分析

基于2001、2007、2013和2017年的ETM/OLI遥感影像,使用复合植被指数构建的植被覆盖度模型与目视解译相结合提取塔里木盆地北缘绿洲-荒漠过渡带,并对其时空演变过程进行分析,为推动干旱区绿洲经济的可持续发展,土地荒漠化防治以及区域生态环境改善提供依据。结果表明:(1)2001—2017年间研究区绿洲面积呈扩增趋势,荒漠面积呈下降趋势;过渡带面积先减少后趋于稳定,年均扩增速率为-0.264%。(2)近16年来绿洲面积沿其边缘向外有不同程度的扩增,过渡带扩张面积主要由荒漠变化而来,缩小面积主要变化为绿洲,未变化面积趋于稳定,年均变化面积为-0.058×10^4 hm^2;(3)研究时段内受人为因素影响,绿洲面积迅速扩张,过渡带内侧的荒漠植被被开垦为耕地;位于区域东部和南部的地带,由于受地形和水文等自然因素的影响,过渡带面积扩增,荒漠面积缩减。近16年来塔里木盆地北缘加快了绿洲化进程,较为有效的控制了荒漠化;但过渡带空间变动较大,绿洲扩张过快且普遍存在环境恶化现象,该区域的生态环境还需进一步改善。     

《新疆荒漠昆虫区系及其形成与演变》

荒漠化被称为“地球的癌症”。目前,全球荒漠化土地面积有3600km2,占全球陆地面积的14。中国荒漠化土地有267.4km2,占国土总面积的27.9%,涉及18个省区,每年因荒漠化造成的直接经济损失高达540多亿元。新疆是中国荒漠化面积最大、分布最广、危害最严重的省区,荒漠化土地占土地总面积的47.7%。严重的荒漠化导致土地资源锐减,土地生产力下降,沙尘暴等自然灾害频繁发生,严重威胁着新疆各族民众的生产与生存条件。荒漠昆虫是陆生景观的重要成分,在沙漠的形成、演变及荒漠化治理方面起着重要的作用。我国学者对荒漠昆虫的研究起步较晚。新疆大学生…     

北方农牧交错带鼠害生态治理对策——以长爪沙鼠为例

中国北方农牧交错带是典型的生态脆弱区,但也是我国遏制土地荒漠化、沙化东移和南下的重要生态安全屏障带。鼠害一直是困扰该地带农牧业生产发展的重要生态问题之一。就鼠害防治而言,随着人们生态与环境安全意识的提高,研究和制定以生态系统为中心,注重自然调控作用,突出控害和经济双重持续增益的生态治理方法越来越为人们所关注。本文以内蒙古农牧交错区主要鼠类——长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)为例,在概述该鼠集群—贮食—空间行为及其对食物丰度的生态适应特征基础上,针对农牧交错区鼠类行为适应特征提出结合当地农事活动进程—栖息地管理的协同控害原理及实施要点。为运用行为生态学原理,探索可同步整合无公害持续控制和整体效益目标的生态治理途径及其应用提供启示。     

基于GIS的典型农牧交错区土地利用生态安全评价

以内蒙古自治区翁牛特旗为对象,基于GIS技术对典型农牧交错区进行了土地利用生态安全评价.结果表明:研究区1985-2000年有50%以上的总土地面积受到沙化和土壤侵蚀的危害,中西部地区的土壤侵蚀和东部地区的土地沙化依然严重;研究区1985年和2000年平均生态安全指数分别为2.70和2.66,整体生态安全状况处在不安全等级;1985年和2000年各生态安全等级分布面积由大到小排序依次为欠安全＞极不安全＞较安全＞不安全＞安全.     

基于RS和GIS的塔里木盆地荒漠化动态监测

基于RS和GIS技术,利用MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,计算植被覆盖度作为评价指标,对塔里木盆地2000—2014年的荒漠化空间格局进行了分析,并从气候变化和人类活动的影响探讨了荒漠化的原因。结果表明:(1)塔里木盆地重度荒漠化占比最大(64.63%),中度荒漠化(17.70%)、轻度荒漠化(9.95%)、非荒漠化较少(4.18%),其中重度荒漠化15年间向东北方向迁移21.08 km;(2)不同程度荒漠化土地面积变化不一,重度荒漠化面积近十余年平均变化速率约为-0.0076 km~2·a~(-1),略有减少,而中度荒漠化面积增加迅速,以0.0169 km~2·a~(-1)速率增加,轻度荒漠化面积有小幅上升趋势,非荒漠化面积则有显著上升,分别以0.0093和0.0289 km~2·a~(-1)的速率增加;(3)塔里木盆地荒漠化是由气候和土地利用变化共同作用的结果。年降水量与年均植被覆盖度关系密切,相关系数为0.45;人类活动导致耕地面积不断扩张,近15年耕地面积增加了13.18×103km2,强烈挤占了生态用水,加速了绿洲外围荒漠化过程的发展。     

科尔沁沙地及其周围地区土地利用的时空动态变化研究

科尔沁沙地及其周围地区是我国北方生存环境演变的敏感地区,也是我国荒漠化防治的重点地区之一,根据1985年和2000年2期土地利用空间图形数据,运用GIS技术和数理统计方法,通过建立土地利用变化转移矩阵和构建土地利用动态变化模型,对该地区近15年土地利用的时空动态变化进行了研究,结果发现,1985～2000年间,科尔沁沙地及其周围地区各土地利用类型总变化的面积大小依次是草地>耕地>林地>未利用地>水域>城乡工矿居民用地,其中,草地向耕地的转化和草地向林地的转化是该地区土地利用变化的主要特征,并且各土地利用及变化类型具有明显的空间变异。     

藏北那曲地区草地退化动态评价

利用1982—2000年NOAA/AVHRR 第1通道、第2通道和NDVI的旬资料反演得到的藏北那曲地区历年植被覆盖度、年最大牧草鲜质量和6—9月平均改进型土壤调节植被指数,分析了近20年来那曲地区草地荒漠化的动态变化规律.结果表明：以草地荒漠化评价“基准”和5年滑动平均的方法,得到那曲地区近20年平均草地退化面积占土地总面积的43.1%,草地退化面积总体呈减少趋势,其中前10年呈减少趋势,后10年呈增加趋势,西部地区的退化面积大于其它地区.在气温、降水、潜在蒸散、水汽压、风速、日照时数、降水蒸散比和温度降水比8个气候因子中,潜在蒸散量对草地退化面积的影响最显著.     

毛乌素沙地县域典型农、牧户单元生态经济系统能值分析

农、牧户单元生态经济系统作为最基层的生产单位,关系着国家大政方针政策的落实和实施.运用能值理论及其分析方法,选择毛乌素沙地偏牧区的内蒙古自治区乌审旗苏力德苏木典型牧户生态经济系统和偏农区的陕西省榆阳区牛家梁镇典型农户生态经济系统作为研究对象,对两种不同产业偏重区产业模式的能值投入、产出结构状况进行对比分析,结合净能值产出率、能值投资率、环境负荷力、能值功率密度、单位面积生产力、人均能值用量、人均能值占有量、系统生产优势度、系统稳定性指数和系统可持续性指数共10项能值分析综合指标体系,全面系统地对农、牧户单元生态经济系统进行比较研究,定量描述典型农、牧户单元生态经济系统格局及其发展的总体特征.旨在为毛乌素沙地偏牧区和偏农区农、牧户经营层面的产业模式优化及发展提供策略选择.     

Role of non-timber forest products in the economy of peripheral communities of knuckles national wilderness area of Sri Lanka: A farming systems approach

The Knuckles range of forests has been identified as a unique biological resource in Sri Lanka with much biodiversity. It is also important as a watershed which feeds the Mahaweli reservoir system. Having considered the present hazardous land-use practices such as cardamum production and shifting cultivation, the Knuckles range has been declared a national wilderness area. The Forest Department is in the process of preparing the management plan for the area. There are about 48 villages in the vicinity of the forest. This study attempts to estimate the composition of income in the peripheral communities, ticularly the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) from this range of forests. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 60 households in three villages in the vicinity of the forest. The rural economy is described using a farming systems approach and the net income contributed by each activity in the farming system was estimated. Results show that nine components of the farming system use resources from the village and the forest, with at least 47 plant species used by the villagers for different purposes. Cardamum production and shifting cultivation contribute significantly to the total income of the household, but the majority of households in the study depend upon forest resources to supply some portion of their income. Nevertheless, the monetary value of the annual income generated by NTFP is much lower than income from either cardamum production or shifting cultivation. If cardamum production and shifting cultivation are to be restricted under the conservation program, there could be additional pressure put on NTFP. Therefore, we suggest a study of the natural regen-eration capacity of selected NTFP; such information should be used in finalizing the management plan in the Knuckles range of forests.     

Strategies for improving water use efficiency of livestock production in rain-fed systems

Livestock production is a major consumer of fresh water, and the influence of livestock production on global fresh water resources is increasing because of the growing demand for livestock products. Increasing water use efficiency of livestock production, therefore, can contribute to the overall water use efficiency of agriculture. Previous studies have reported significant variation in livestock water productivity (LWP) within and among farming systems. Underlying causes of this variation in LWP require further investigation. The objective of this paper was to identify the factors that explain the variation in LWP within and among farming systems in Ethiopia. We quantified LWP for various farms in mixed-crop livestock systems and explored the effect of household demographic characteristics and farm assets on LWP using ANOVA and multilevel mixed-effect linear regression. We focused on water used to cultivate feeds on privately owned agricultural lands. There was a difference in LWP among farming systems and wealth categories. Better-off households followed by medium households had the highest LWP, whereas poor households had the lowest LWP. The variation in LWP among wealth categories could be explained by the differences in the ownership of livestock and availability of family labor. Regression results showed that the age of the household head, the size of the livestock holding and availability of family labor affected LWP positively. The results suggest that water use efficiency could be improved by alleviating resource constraints such as access to farm labor and livestock assets, oxen in particular.     

基于参与式方法的农牧户生计现状评估——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例

运用参与式方法调查了内蒙古农牧交错区太仆寺旗不同类型农牧户的生计现状,分析了不同类型农牧户的生计策略、制约因素和提高途径.结果表明:纯农型家庭规模小,年龄结构偏大,整体文化水平低,生计策略单一,脆弱性和风险较大,引入非农生产活动是降低生计风险和提高生活水平的重要途径;纯牧型家庭以放牧为主要谋生方式,草场脆弱性对其生产活动影响很大,发展环境友好型高产农牧业是解决生计问题和环境问题的有效途径;农业兼业型和牧业兼业型家庭规模大,年龄结构轻,劳动力分工多样化,从事非农活动的比例较大,生活水平较好,尤以牧业兼业型家庭收入更高.     

Moment Equations and Dynamics of a Household SIS Epidemiological Model

An SIS epidemiological model of individuals partitioned into households is studied, where infections take place either within or between households, the latter generally happening much less frequently. The model is explored using stochastic spatial simulations, as well as mathematical models which consist of an infinite system of ordinary differential equations for the moments of the distribution describing the proportions of individuals who are infectious among households. Various moment-closure approximations are used to truncate the system of ODEs to finite systems of equations. These approximations can sometimes lead to a system of ill-behaved ODEs which predict moments which become negative or unbounded. A reparametrization of the ODEs is then developed, which forces all moments to satisfy necessary constraints.Changing the proportion of contacts within and between households does not change the endemic equilibrium, but does affect the amount of time it takes to approach the fixed point; increasing the proportion of contacts within households slows the spread of the infection toward endemic equilibrium. The system of moment equations does describe this phenomenon, although less accurately in the limit as the proportion of between-household contacts approaches zero. The results indicate that although controlling the movement of individuals does not affect the long-term frequency of an infection with SIS dynamics, it can have a large effect on the time-scale of the dynamics, which may provide an opportunity for other controls such as immunizations to be applied.     

2001: A Household Analysis of Huastec Maya Agriculture and Land Use at the Height of the Coffee Crisis

Over the last decade, historically low market prices for Coffea arabica have affected smallholder shade coffee-growing households throughout northern Latin America. In an effort to better understand household response to the coffee crisis and associated landscape changes, this paper examines agricultural production choices and land use patterns among Huastec Maya coffee-growing households. Using data compiled from 47 household interviews, I describe the cultural-geographical landscape in which the Huastec Maya land use system is embedded. In addition, I examine the economics of household production through a financial cost-benefit analysis and through an exploration of the relationship between land availability and land use patterns. Results show that economic inputs and returns from agriculture are highly variable, and that, in 2001, coffee cultivation was not a viable cash-generating strategy for most households. Land availability was found to have a significant effect on land use decisions, especially the proportion of land area devoted to fallow. Most importantly, however, the case study suggests that a purely economic approach does not suffice in explaining why the Huastec Maya continued to grow coffee in 2001, after years of low prices. Household production choices and livelihood strategies must also be viewed within a cultural context.     

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of residential battery storage systems: A German case study

Battery storage systems (BSSs) are popular as a means to increase the self-consumption rates of residential photovoltaics. However, their environmental impact is under discussion, given the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production and the efficiency losses during operation. Against this background, we carry out a holistic environmental assessment of residential BSSs by combining a partial life cycle assessment for the production phase with a detailed simulation of 162 individual German households for the operational phase. As regards the production phase, we only find small differences between the carbon footprints of different cell chemistries. Moreover, we can show that the balance of plant components have a comparable impact on the global warming potential as the cell modules. In terms of the operational phase, our simulations show that BSSs can compensate at least parts of their efficiency losses by shifting electricity demand from high-emission to low-emission periods. Under certain conditions, the operational phase of the BSSs can even overcompensate the emissions from the production phase and lead to a positive environmental impact over the lifetime of the systems. As the most relevant drivers, we find the exact emissions at the production stage, the individual household load patterns, the system efficiency, and the applied operational strategy.     

不同草地所有权下家庭牧场生产效率比较分析

选取了甘肃祁连山区肃南县春夏秋冬四季草场均已分配到户的15个牧户和天祝县夏秋草场或四季草场均为公共草场的15个农牧户,从草地生态系统生产功能的角度,通过野外调查、DEA模型(数据包络分析模型)分析,比较两地牧民草场面积,冷季补饲,牧工费,家庭劳动力等投入,出售活畜、毛、奶等畜产品的产出等项目,探讨不同的草地所有权下牧民生产效率平均值、效率分布的差异性以及影响生产效率的因素。结果显示:天祝县农牧民生产效率的平均值大于肃南县(P0.05),且天祝县牧户生产效率的分布优于肃南县。进一步分析得出造成牧业生产效率低的原因从大到小顺序为:补饲投入、能繁母畜、草场面积和劳动力投入。验证了草地所有权会影响家庭牧场生产效率的假设,并且就生产效率角度来说,不完全承包到户的草地所有权优于完全承包到户的。     

The Importance of Bushmeat in the Livelihoods of West African Cash-Crop Farmers Living in a Faunally-Depleted Landscape

Bushmeat is an important resource in the livelihoods of many rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa and may be a crucial safety-net for the most vulnerable households, especially during times of economic hardship. However, little is known about the impacts of wildlife depletion on these functions. This study quantifies the role of bushmeat in diversified rural household economies in a wildlife depleted forest-farm landscape in Ghana, assessing its importance overall, as well as differentiated by the relative vulnerability of households. Using repeat socioeconomic questionnaires (N=787) among 63 households over a one-year period, the following hypotheses were tested: (a) vulnerable households harvest more bushmeat; (b) bushmeat contributes a greater proportion of household production in vulnerable households; (c) bushmeat is more important for cash income than consumption in vulnerable households; and (d) bushmeat sales are more important for vulnerable households. The bushmeat harvest value averaged less than US$1.0 per day for 89% of households and comprised less than 7% of household production value. Household wealth and gender of the household head had little effect on the importance of bushmeat. However, bushmeat harvest and sales were highest during the agricultural lean season. Overall, most harvested bushmeat (64%) was consumed, enabling households to spend 30% less on meat/fish purchases. These findings suggest that, despite heavily depleted wildlife and diversified livelihoods, bushmeat continues to have an important role in rural livelihoods by acting as a safety net for income smoothing and reducing household expenditure during times of economic hardship.