四种金花茶的核型比较

<正> 金花茶是山茶属的珍稀植物,目前在我国广西南部已发现20个种和变种,但做过染色体核型研究的仅有5个种。本文首次报道凹脉金花茶(Comellia impressinervis)的核型,并结合显脉金花茶(C. euphlebia),金花茶(C. chrysantha),小金花茶(C. microcarpa)的核型作了分析比较,意在为研究金花茶的来源、分类和杂交育种提供     

仓鼠属三个种的核型分析

本文分析了仓鼠属三个种的常规核型及G带核型,即大搬仓鼠(Cricetulus triton)2n=28,长尾仓鼠(C.longicaudatus)2n=24,花背仓鼠(C.barabensis)2n=22。讨论时结合文献报道的短尾仓鼠(C.eversmanni),无斑短尾仓鼠(C.curtatus),灰仓鼠(C.migratorius)的有关核型资料作了比较,结果证明:(1)染色体是鉴别这6个种类的有效方法之一。(2)大搬仓鼠具有较原始的核型,可能是祖先进化中的一个早期分枝。(3)这6个种类的染色体进化机制主要是罗伯逊融合,但也有染色体的断裂、易位和倒转。     

三种山茶属金花茶组植物花朵类黄酮成分研究

该研究以山茶属金花茶组的金花茶、凹脉金花茶和崇左金花茶为材料,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱联用技术定性定量分析其花朵中类黄酮成分与含量。结果表明:三种植物中检测到15种类黄酮,其中天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷为金花茶组首次发现;槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山萘酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷为凹脉金花茶和崇左金花茶中首次发现。儿茶素、表儿茶素、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山萘酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷为三个物种主体成分;天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷为金花茶特有,槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷为崇左金花茶特有;木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷主要存在于金花茶和崇左金花茶;木犀草素主要存在于凹脉金花茶和崇左金花茶。类黄酮类型主要为儿茶素类、槲皮素类、木犀草素类和山萘酚类;崇左金花茶中槲皮素类、木犀草素类及类黄酮总量远高于金花茶和凹脉金花茶,凹脉金花茶和崇左金花茶儿茶素类高于金花茶,金花茶和崇左金花茶山萘酚类高于凹脉金花茶。     

三种金花茶花粉形态的扫描电镜研究

金花茶分类系统尚未完善,金花茶又极具观赏价值,潜在价值极高,该研究应用扫描电镜观察三种金花茶花粉形态,即平果金花茶、直脉金花茶、金花茶,并运用数理统计和图片分析的方法对其花粉形态进行了探讨.结果表明:三种金花茶花粉均属于大花粉粒,花粉平均极轴在50μm以上,花粉极面观为钝凹三角形,萌发孔为三孔沟,即N3P4C5类型.平果金花茶与直脉金花茶花粉外壁纹饰为拟网状纹饰,平果金花茶网眼较密,网脊稍不平,直脉金花茶网脊稍隆起;金花茶为蠕虫状纹饰,短条状突起.花粉形态对其分类有重要意义,通过花粉外壁纹饰的类型可知金花茶与其二者亲缘关系较远,花粉形态各指标具有种间变异性,种内具有保守性,而平果金花茶和直脉金花茶花粉外壁纹饰相同但具体分类还需进一步研究.该研究结果为金花茶种质资源分类和利用提供了参考,在一定程度上促进了金花茶资源的开发和利用.     

大仓鼠一新亚种——宁陕亚种

我国学者汪松等(1973)在“中国仓鼠科小志”一文中,将我国大仓鼠(Cricetulus triton)分为5个亚种,即指名亚种(C.t.triton),山西亚种(C.t.incanus),东北亚种(C.t.fuscipes),太白亚种(C.t.collinus),甘肃亚种(C.t.canus)。     

安徽省苔草属（灰帽苔草组）新分类群

本文发表了安徽省苔草属(Carex)灰帽苔草组(Sect.Praecoces Christ)6新种,1新变型,即:截喙苔草Carex truncatirostris及其变型无喙苔草f.erostris,安徽苔草C.anhuiensis,宣城苔草C.xuanchengensis,祁门苔草C.qimenensis,齐云苔草C.qiyunensis和太湖苔草C.taihuensis。     

11种金花茶植物的RAPD分析及其系统学意义

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分析了11种金花茶植物,即:龙州金花茶Camellia longzhouensis J.Y．Luo,弄岗金花茶C．longgangensis C.F.Liang et S．L. Mo,大样金花茶 C．grandis(C. F. Liang et S．L．Mo)H．T,Chang et S．Y.Liang,扶绥金花茶 C.fusuiensis S．Y. Liang et X．J.Dong,中东金花茶C．achrysantha H．T．Chang et S．Y．Liang,小花金花茶C. micrantha S．Y. Liang et Y．C．Zhong,薄叶金花茶C．chrysanthoides H．T．Chang,毛籽金花茶C．ptilosperma S．Y．Liang et Q．D．Chen,陇瑞金花茶C．longruiensis S．Y．Liang et X．J．Dong,凹脉金花茶C．impressinervis H．T．Chang et S．Y．Liang和夏石金花茶C．xiashiensis S. Y．Liang et C．Z. Deng。选用14个引物(10 bp)扩增出201个DNA片段,用于种间遗传相似性分析,构建系统发育树图。分析结果表明:(1)小花金花茶、扶绥金花茶与中东金花茶之间的关系较近;(2)大样金花茶、薄叶金花茶和夏石金花茶之间的关系较近;(3)龙州金花茶、毛籽金花茶、陇瑞金花茶和弄岗金花茶之间的关系较近;(4)凹脉金花茶与其他各种关系相对较远。     

几种金花茶花粉的扫描电镜观察

在扫描电镜下观察了我国广西原产的10种和3变种金花茶的花粉形态。其花粉外壁纹饰可分为三个类型。一、拟网纹饰:东兴金花茶、武鸣金花茶、(坛洛)金花茶、小果金花茶和陇瑞(玫瑰)金花茶。二、穴状纹饰:毛籽金花荼、(防城)金花茶和毛瓣金花茶。三、突起纹饰:小花金花茶、显脉金花茶,大样(?)岗金花茶、平果金花茶和山墟金花茶。在各个种及变种之间,花粉形态也存在一定的差异。     

两种金花茶组植物的果实、种子形态特征

对普通金花茶Camellia nitidissima、显脉金花茶C.euphlebia的果实、种子进行研究。结果表明:(1)两种金花茶果实均重分别为32.50 g和25.79 g,果实整体形态值(FT/FD)分别为0.73和0.61,果实均为扁圆形,种子均重分别为2.87 g和2.62 g,种子整体形态值(SL/SD)分别为0.76和0.75,种子亦偏扁;(2)每颗金花茶果实的种子数一般为2~8粒,最多为11粒;(3)经统计分析,两种金花茶的每果种子数与种子均重、种子发芽率呈负相关关系,种子均重和种子发芽率呈正相关关系。     

五种金花茶组植物的耐寒性比较研究

金花茶组植物是世界珍稀、濒危的观赏植物,具有极高的观赏价值和药用价值.为了比较金花茶组植物的耐寒性,以五种金花茶组植物为材料,采用人工模拟低温环境的方法对其2年生叶片进行低温胁迫处理,应用电导法研究五种金花茶种质在20℃(常温对照)、8℃、-2℃、-7℃、-12℃、-17℃、-22℃和-27℃低温下相对电导率的变化,配合Logistic方程,测定其低温半致死温度(LT50),以及叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量.结果表明:五种金花茶的低温半致死温度(LT50)范围为-14.58~-12.74℃,其中金花茶为-14.58℃、龙州金花茶为-14.27℃、柠檬黄金花茶为-13.44℃、直脉金花茶为-13.09℃、东兴金花茶-12.74℃.低温半致死温度能反映金花茶种质的耐寒性,金花茶和龙州金花茶耐寒性强,其次为柠檬黄金花茶和直脉金花茶,东兴金花茶耐寒性较弱.在降温过程中,五种金花茶叶片相对电导率随温度降低呈S型上升,与温度呈负相关;脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势.同一低温条件下,半致死温度低的金花茶脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量更高,而丙二醛含量更低.该研究结果为金花茶组植物耐寒种质选育提供了科学依据,为人工种植金花茶提供了技术支持.     

江豚的染色体核型研究

江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)是鲸目(Cetacea)鼠海豚科(Phocaenidae)的一种小型齿鲸,在淡水和海洋中均有分布。关于江豚染色体的研究,国外文献中尚未见记载,国内亦无报道。Pilleri和Gihr(1972,1975)根据江豚的形态解剖学的研究,认为我国产的江豚和印度洋的及日本海的江豚不属同一个种,但国际上对此尚有不同意见。因此,搞清江豚染色体的核型,将可有助于澄清江豚属的的分类问题。本文就我国长江产江豚的染色体核型作初步探讨。     

A yeast clade near Candida kruisii uncovered: nine novel Candida species associated with basidioma-feeding beetles

Yeasts similar to Candida kruisii were isolated repeatedly from the digestive tracts of basidioma-feeding beetles, especially nitidulids inhabiting and feeding on a variety of agarics in the southeastern USA and Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Based on the identical sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA gene (rDNA) and host beetle information, the isolates were grouped into 19 genotypes which varied from C. kruisii by up to 38 nucleotide differences in the D1/D2 region. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences and phenotypic traits placed the isolates in C. kruisii and in nine undescribed taxa. The new species and type strains are designated as Candida pallodes (NRRL Y-27653^T), C. tritomae (NRRL Y-27650^T), C. panamensis (NRRL Y-27657^T), C. lycoperdinae (NRRL Y-27658^T), C. atbi (NRRL Y-27651^T), C. barrocoloradensis (NRRL Y-27934^T), C. aglyptinia (NRRL Y-27935^T), C. stri (NRRL Y-48063^T), and C. gatunensis (NRRL Y-48064^T). A phylogeny based on analysis of a combined database of sequences of SSU and LSU rDNA and the ITS region showed that the nine new species formed a novel sister clade to C. kruisii that was strongly supported by bootstrap analysis. Candida pallodes, C. tritomae, C. panamensis, and C. lycoperdinae formed one subclade, while C. atbi, C. barrocoloradensis, C. aglyptinia, C. stri, and C. gatunensis formed a second distinct subclade within the larger clade. Candida pallodes and C. atbi showed a strong host specificity to beetle species in the genus Pallodes (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) collected from a variety of agarics. On the other hand, C. panamensis, C. tritomae, and C. lycoperdinae were associated with several unrelated beetles in Erotylidae, Scarabaeidae, Tenebrionidae, and Curculionidae as well as Lycoperdina ferruginea (Nitidulidae). Candida pallodes, C. tritomae, C. lycoperdinae, and C. atbi have been isolated repeatedly in the USA, while the other five new species have been found only at Barro Colorado Island, Panama.     

Cryptococcus zeae, a new yeast species associated with Zea mays

A new yeast, Cryptococcus zeae (type strain HB 1207^T) is described. Six strains were isolated from corn and pests of corn in Austria. Microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MSP-PCR) fingerprints showed that the strains are members of the same species. Phylogenetical analyses of domains D1/D2 26S rDNA and ITS 1-5,8S–ITS 2 sequences showed C. zeae to have the closest relationship to C. luteolus. The D1/D2 sequences of C. zeae fit with three Korean Cryptococcus sp. strains (AF459690, AF459691, AF459692). The new species is separable from the closest relative C. luteolus using only two physiological tests.     

Combining population genomics and ecological niche modeling to assess taxon limits between Carex jemtlandica and C. lepidocarpa

Carex section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae) is a group of recently evolved plant species, in which hybridization is frequent, introgression is documented, taxonomy is complex, and morphological boundaries are vague. Within this section, a unified taxonomic treatment of the Carex jemtlandica–Carex lepidocarpa species complex does not exist, and Norway may currently be the sole country accepting species rank for both. Carex jemtlandica is mainly confined to Fennoscandia and is thus a Fennoscandian conservation responsibility. This motivated us to test the principal hypothesis that both C. jemtlandica and C. lepidocarpa represent evolutionary significant units, and that both deserve their current recognition at species level. We investigated their evolutionary distinctiveness in Norway,using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and ecological niche modeling. Our genomic results reveal two genetic clusters, largely corresponding to C. jemtlandica and C. lepidocarpa that also remain distinct in sympatry, despite clear indications of ongoing hybridization and introgression. The ecological niche modeling suggests that they occupy different environmental niches. Jointly, our results clearly show that C. jemtlandica and C. lepidocarpa represent separately evolving entities that should qualify recognition as evolutionary significant units. Given the high level of introgression compared to other hybridizing species pairs in Carex we recommend treating C. jemtlandica as a subspecies of C. lepidocarpa.     

金花茶组培苗的核型分析

本文对金花茶(Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama)组培苗的染色体核型进行了研究。结果表明:金花茶组培苗不仅染色体数目与其野生种相同,2n=30,而且核型也基本一致,核型公式均为2n=2x=30=22m+8sm(2SAT)。这些数据为利用组织培养方法保存和繁殖金花茶的可行性提供了细胞学方面的依据。     

深澳湾太平洋牡蛎养殖容量研究

文章采用方建光模型,通过对广东省南澳县深澳湾养殖环境的水温、叶绿素a、初级生产力和非养殖滤食性动物生物量的调查,结合室内测定的不同规格壳长的太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的滤水率,并参照非养殖滤食性动物相应的滤水率,对深澳湾各月份不同规格太平洋牡蛎养殖容量进行估算。研究发现,深澳湾各规格的太平洋牡蛎最大养殖容量出现在1月份和2月份,最小养殖容量出现在5月份。各规格的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量分别为:壳长3.5～5.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为27 ind/m²,壳长5.5～7.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为16 ind/m²,壳长7.5～9.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为17 ind/m²,壳长9.5～11.0 cm的太平洋牡蛎年平均养殖容量为16 ind/m²。     

Chromosomes of Blastocystis hominis

Three stocks of Blastocystis hominis were adapted to monophasic culture in minimal essential medium (MEM) and the chromosomes of these stocks separated by field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE). Ten-twelve chromosomes were distinguished in the electrophoretic karyotype of these three stocks over the range 200 kilobase pairs to> 1 megabase pairs. The karyotype of each stock was different. Three DNA probes, B10, B30 and B31, derived from the Netsky stock isolated in America were used as chromosome markers. Probe B10 hybridized to chromosomes of the same size in two of the stocks, one of which was isolated in the U.S.A. and the other in Queensland. B30 and B31 hybridized to a similar number of chromosomes of different sizes in these two stocks. The third stock, from Australia, did not hybridize at all with probes B10 and B30 and only weakly with probe B31.     

Chromosomes of caryophyllidean cestodes: Diploidy, triploidy, and parthenogenesis in Glaridacris catostomi

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes were studied in Giemsa post-stained Feulgen squashes of testicular, ovarian, and vitelline cells. G. catostomi is 2n = 20 with eight pairs of metacentrics and two pairs of submetacentrics in its karyotype. The fundamental number of chromosome arms is FN = 40. At mitotic metaphase the mean total chromosome length (TCL) of the complement was 111·4 μm; the largest chromosomes were 8 μm (7% TCL) and the smallest 3 μm (3% TCL). Karyotype variation was not found among five diploid populations from New York State and Canada. Meiotic activity was abundant in spermatogenesis which proceeds as usual with sperm developing after two meiotic divisions. Chiasma frequency at diakinesis was 37/cell; as many as five chiasmata were observed in a single bivalent. A triploid ‘race’ (3n = 30) of G. catostomi was discovered in Bozenkill Creek near Albany, New York. Karyotype analysis confirms the triploid nature of these variants. Spermatogenesis in triploids is abnormal to the point of complete failure. The presence of an extra set of chromosomes has resulted in a breakdown of meiosis with subsequent sterility of the male system. Eggs remain unfertilized and parthenogenetic reproduction is presumed to occur. The possible origins of this unusual condition and its evolutionary implications are discussed. Seventeen figures, two tables of measurements, and a system of chromosome nomenclature supplement the paper.