可降解吡啶的全食副球菌B21-3的筛选鉴定及降解特性

【背景】吡啶作为一种难降解的有机污染物普遍存在于焦化、炼油、皮革和制药等行业的废水中,并对环境造成危害。【目的】治理废水中残留的有机污染物吡啶,筛选高效降解菌。【方法】采用富集培养和选择培养,以石家庄某污水处理厂的活性污泥为材料进行吡啶降解菌的筛选,通过形态特征、生理生化特性、(G+C)mol%测定及16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析对筛选到的降解菌进行鉴定,并分析其对吡啶的降解特性。【结果】分离筛选到一株能以吡啶为唯一碳源和氮源生长代谢的降解菌B21-3,经鉴定该菌株为全食副球菌(Paracoccuspantotrophus)。菌株B21-3对吡啶的最适降解温度为32°C,最适降解pH为7.0,吡啶浓度为100mg/L时降解率为48.50%±0.02%;通过逐步提高吡啶初始浓度对菌株进行驯化,驯化后菌株可耐受较高浓度吡啶且吡啶降解率显著增加,吡啶浓度为100 mg/L时驯化后菌株B21-3对吡啶的降解率为90.26%±1.70%。驯化后菌株在含吡啶的无机盐平板上传代培养15代后,对吡啶的降解率为89.39%±2.03%。【结论】菌株B21-3具有较强的吡啶降解能力及降解稳定性,该菌株可作为吡啶污染水体生物修复的潜在资源。     

两株假单胞菌对吡啶和喹啉的生物降解

【目的】探究2株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)对吡啶和喹啉的降解。【方法】基于16S rRNA序列同源性和基因间区分析,对分离菌株进行分类鉴定。通过分光光度法和电喷雾电离质谱法(Electrospray Ionisation/Mass Spectrometry,ESI/MS)确定分离菌株对吡啶和喹啉的降解性能。通过质粒消除验证降解质粒的存在,同时克隆了可能的降解基因。【结果】鉴定结果表明,两株分离细菌隶属于Pseudomonas,并将其命名为XJUHX-1和XJUHX-12。降解数据表明,2株菌株分别耐受吡啶和喹啉,同时分别检测到4种和2种吡啶和喹啉的可能降解产物。结果还表明,消除质粒后的菌株对吡啶和喹啉的降解能力降低。扩增的编码NADH还原酶部分的降解喹啉oxoR基因和编码硝酸还原酶的降解吡啶的nifH基因,同时在E.coli中表达了43kDa和16kDa的蛋白。【结论】2株Pseudomonas具有降解吡啶和喹啉的能力。     

降解吡啶复合菌系MD1的筛选、降解特性及代谢途径

【目的】为筛选吡啶高效降解复合菌系，促进高浓度吡啶废水的降解。本研究围绕吡啶降解复合菌系的筛选、降解特性及代谢途径，旨在获得吡啶高效降解复合菌系，为高浓度吡啶废水微生物降解及完全矿化提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以吡啶为唯一碳氮源从某农药废水处理系统好氧活性污泥中筛选得到一个吡啶高效降解复合菌系MD1。采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术探究了MD1的群落结构及多样性，通过单因素实验考察了MD1的降解特性，利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对MD1降解吡啶的代谢产物进行了初步检测与鉴定，推测吡啶可能的降解途径。【结果】结果显示，在温度30 ℃、pH 8.0、NaCl浓度0.1%的最佳条件下培养72 h，MD1对初始浓度1 400 mg/L的吡啶降解率为98.44%±0.27%。在属水平上，MD1主要由副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)、布鲁氏菌属(unclassified_Brucellaceae)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)等组成。由代谢产物检测结果初步推测MD1对吡啶的代谢途径为吡啶→烟酸→6-羟基烟酸→2,5-二羟基吡啶→N-甲酰基马来酰胺酸→马来酰胺酸→马来酸→CO₂+H₂O。【结论】研究筛选得到一个可高效降解吡啶、降解性能稳定的复合菌系MD1。解析了MD1的微生物组成多样性和群落结构，推测了MD1可能的代谢途径，研究结果丰富了吡啶降解微生物资源。     

Curvibacter sp. HJ-1菌株诱导碳钙镁石的形成

【背景】无论是在自然界还是在模拟实验产物中,碳钙镁石均是比较罕见的碳酸盐矿物类型。【目的】探究在实验过程中意外发现的碳钙镁石的成因,在对包括本文在内的所有有关碳钙镁石的实验条件进行综合分析的基础上,进一步探究此类矿物的形成机理。【方法】在Mg/Ca为5.0条件下对Curvibacter sp. HJ-1菌株进行了为期30 d的培养,定期测定细菌数量、pH值、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度,利用扫描电子显微镜对沉淀物形态进行观察,利用X-射线衍射仪对矿物成分进行测定。【结果】随着培养时间的延长,细菌培养液的pH值总体上呈现逐渐升高的趋势,而Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度呈现逐渐降低的趋势。对于无菌对照实验(CK),上述3项指标均保持稳定。在HJ-1菌株实验体系中,第8天开始形成碳钙镁石,至实验结束(第30天)一直以该矿物为主。在CK体系中自始至终未形成任何矿物。随着培养时间的延长,X-射线衍射图谱上显示的碳钙镁石晶面数有逐渐增多的趋势,这意味着其结晶程度趋于变好。【结论】Mg/Ca≥2.0、钙和镁离子浓度之和介于0.03-0.07 mol/L、饱和指数1.95并存在微生物的溶液环境比较有利于碳钙镁石的形成。     

蛭弧菌BDE-1的生物特性及促进其蛭质体形成的研究

【背景】蛭弧菌是众多海洋益生菌中的一类较新成员,应用前景十分广阔。但由于蛭弧菌特殊的繁殖方式和周期,它的应用效果受寄生宿主特性和生物活性的影响,因而优选寄生宿主,维持或者提高蛭弧菌微生态制剂的应用活性是关键。【目的】筛选出能够裂解枯草芽孢杆菌的蛭弧菌,以增进其益生性能;研究提高蛭弧菌的蛭质体密度,以利于保存。【方法】从海南取回海泥样后,以枯草芽孢杆菌作为宿主菌,通过稀营养肉汤(Dilute nutrient broth,DNB)双层平板法分离获得蛭弧菌,并对目标菌株进行透射电镜形态鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析;然后进行生物学特性研究,同时开展氨苄青霉素、吲哚、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)影响蛭质体形成的研究。【结果】分离出一株以枯草芽孢杆菌作为宿主的蛭弧菌并命名为BDE-1,其最适温度、盐度和pH分别为25℃、2.0%和7.0;BDE-1可裂解24株试验菌,占总试验菌株数(28株)的85.7%,其中对试验弧菌(13株)的裂解率达92.3%;吲哚、氨苄青霉素、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)4种因子对BDE-1蛭质体的形成均有促进作用,其中吲哚和Ca~(2+)的促进作用显著。【结论】研究结果不仅为蛭弧菌寄生宿主的优化选择提供了可行性解决思路,而且为维持或提高蛭弧菌微生态制剂的应用活性提供了理论依据。     

黄河鲤水产细菌的分离及其毒力因子和群体感应信号分子的检测

【背景】水产细菌病害制约水产养殖业健康发展,群体感应与细菌毒力因子的产生密切相关,群体感应调控细菌的毒力因子特性值得进一步研究。【目的】探究群体感应与黄河鲤细菌病害的关系,明确群体感应对细菌毒力因子特性的影响。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因测序并构建系统进化树确定筛选菌株的进化地位,通过脱脂牛奶平板法和偶氮酪蛋白法检测菌株胞外蛋白酶活力,采用结晶紫染色法对菌株的生物膜形成能力进行测定,通过报告菌株BB170和CV026分别测定菌株产信号分子AI-2和高丝氨酸内酯的能力,外源添加高丝氨酸内酯检测信号分子对菌株胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力的影响。【结果】哈夫尼亚菌(Hafnia sp.) Z11和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.) Z12具有高水平的胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力,能够分泌AHLs信号分子且具有菌体密度依赖性。外源添加HSL对菌株毒力因子特性有不同程度的影响,外源添加高浓度的N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C4-HSL)和N-己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)能够分别提高菌株Z11和Z12的胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力。【结论】高浓度群体感应信号分子AHLs对哈夫尼亚菌和气单胞菌胞外蛋白酶活性有促进作用,说明该2种菌的群体感应现象可能会影响其毒力。     

腹泻仔猪源致病性大肠杆菌生物膜与耐药性及毒力的相关性

【目的】探讨腹泻仔猪源致病性大肠杆菌生物膜形成能力及其与耐药性、毒力之间的相关性。【方法】收集临床分离鉴定的129株致病性大肠杆菌,采用96孔微量板法、K-B法、微量稀释法、寇氏改良法分别测定体外生物膜形成能力、耐药表型、生物膜菌与浮游菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、对小鼠的半数致死量(LD_(50))。【结果】129株致病性大肠杆菌生物膜阳性率为96.1%,以弱阳性(1+)为主;分离株对四环素、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林的耐药率分别为92.2%、92.2%、93%,对亚胺培南的耐药率最低为1.6%,共呈现94种多重耐药谱,其中以阿莫西林-氨苄青霉素-四环素-强力霉素-复方新诺明-甲氧苄啶构成比最大,为86.0%,且其与环丙沙星、氟苯尼考、左氧氟沙星、诺氧沙星、头孢拉定及头孢哌酮的耐药性有相关性(P0.05),环丙沙星和氟苯尼考对生物膜形成菌的MIC较对应浮游菌分别提高2-16倍和8-16倍;生物膜形成能力3+的菌株LD_(50)最大。【结论】腹泻仔猪源致病性大肠杆菌普遍具有生物膜形成能力,呈现多重耐药,生物膜形成菌对环丙沙星及氟苯尼考的耐药性与生物膜形成能力呈正相关,但随着生物膜形成能力的增强,LD_(50)值则相应增大。     

嗜热菌Anoxybacillus sp.产淀粉酶培养基优化及产酶条件研究

目的:对产淀粉酶嗜热菌Anoxybacillus sp.菌株进行培养基优化及产酶条件研究,以便提高菌株的产酶能力,并为下一步菌株的诱变育种研究提供基础。方法:常规方法液体培养菌株,用平板初筛和DNS法复筛选择产淀粉酶能力较高的菌株;单因素筛选培养基最适的碳源、氮源、Ca~(2+)浓度和Mg~(2+)浓度,对单因素筛选的最佳碳源、氮源、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的三个较佳浓度进行四因素三水平正交试验优化培养基;对培养基不同p H值及不同培养温度进行培养条件研究。结果:产淀粉酶菌株筛选结果显示:六株菌中淀粉酶酶活力值最大的是菌株DL4,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。培养基单因素筛选结果显示:最适碳源为麦芽糖、最适氮源为硝酸铵、最适Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度均为0.02%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。培养基优化结果显示:C源0.1%,N源0.2%,Mg~(2+)0.04%,Ca~(2+)0.04%为最佳的培养基成分组合。产酶条件筛选结果显示:培养基p H值为6、培养温度为55℃时菌株产酶水平最高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:培养基的优化及最适的产酶条件能提高嗜热菌Anoxybacillus sp.DL4产淀粉酶能力,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子对菌株产淀粉酶有促进作用。     

蚯触圈源啶虫脒降解菌D35的分离鉴定及其降解条件优化

【背景】啶虫脒等新烟碱类杀虫剂的残留易对非靶标生物造成伤害,投加高效降解细菌进行生物强化,可促进其快速降解。【目的】从蚯触圈中分离筛选啶虫脒降解菌并优化其降解条件,提高降解效率。【方法】制备蚯触圈基质富集筛选降解菌;通过生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;利用单因素筛选、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验及Box-Behnken design试验优化菌株降解条件。【结果】分离得到1株啶虫脒降解菌D35,可在72 h内降解55.46%初始浓度为50 mg/L的啶虫脒,将其鉴定为一株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。优化得到菌株降解啶虫脒的最佳环境条件为：胰蛋白胨10.19 g/L、温度为30℃、接种量为5.24%,pH 7.0、初始农药浓度50 mg/L,在此条件下72 h内菌株降解率为80.21%,较未优化前提高了24.75%。【结论】本研究对分离筛选新烟碱类杀虫剂降解菌的方法进行了探索,获得的菌株D35可高效降解啶虫脒,为快速消除环境中啶虫脒污染提供了新的微生物资源。     

一株邻苯二甲酸二丁酯降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

【目的】从自然环境中筛选邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)降解能力较强的微生物,并研究其降解特性和代谢途径。【方法】从杭州市河道污水出口的淤泥中筛选到DBP降解菌ZJUTW,对其进行形态、生理生化特征、16SrRNA基因序列分析,考察该菌株对DBP的降解特性,并用GC-MS分析降解中间产物。【结果】该菌株经鉴定为Arthrobacter sp.,降解DBP的最适温度和最适pH值分别为30°C和7.0-8.0,可降解多种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物;当DBP浓度为800 mg/L时,半衰期为10.47 h;菌株的休止细胞(OD_(600)=1.2)可在20 h内将1 200 mg/L的DBP完全降解。利用GC-MS进行中间产物分析,该菌株可通过酯交换方式起始DBP的降解。【结论】Arthrobacter sp.ZJUTW对DBP有较强的降解能力和较高的耐受性,具有潜在的应用前景。     

Enhanced biofilm formation and 3-chlorobenzoate degrading activity by the bacterial consortium of Burkholderia sp. NK8 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

Aims:  To characterize biofilm formation of a chlorobenzoates (CBs) degrading bacterium, Burkholderia sp. NK8, with another bacterial species, and the biodegradation activity against CBs in the mixed-species biofilm.
Methods and Results:  Burkholderia sp. NK8 was solely or co-cultured with each of five other representative bacteria in microtitre dishes. Biofilm formation involving the strain NK8 was synergistically promoted by co-culturing with only Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Epifluorescent microscopy revealed that cells of the bacterial strain NK8 were viable and distributed randomly in the mixed-species biofilms. Enumeration of the attached cells on the surface of wells revealed that cells of the strain NK8 increased approx. 10-fold by the co-culture with the strain PAO1 compared to those by monoculture of the strain NK8, and the degradation activity of 3-chlorobenzoate by the dual-species biofilms was more promoted than that by the strain NK8-monocultured biofilms.
Conclusions:  Enhanced biofilm formation of Burkholderia sp. NK8 by the bacterial consortium occurred, but is determined by the partner bacterial species. The mixed-species biofilms have the advantage to degrade CBs on a solid surface.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study provides a significance of bacterial consortia on the biofilm formation and the degradation activity of Burkholderia sp. NK8, which contribute for complete degradation of chlorinated aromatics.     

Combination of microscopic techniques reveals a comprehensive visual impression of biofilm structure and composition

Bacterial biofilms are imaged by various kinds of microscopy including confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One limitation of CLSM is its restricted magnification, which is resolved by the use of SEM that provides high-magnification spatial images of how the single bacteria are located and interact within the biofilm. However, conventional SEM is limited by the requirement of dehydration of the samples during preparation. As biofilms consist mainly of water, the specimen dehydration might alter its morphology. High magnification yet authentic images are important to understand the physiology of biofilms. We compared conventional SEM, Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-SEM and CLSM with SEM techniques [cryo-SEM and environmental-SEM (ESEM)] that do not require dehydration. In the case of cryo-SEM, the biofilm is not dehydrated but kept frozen to obtain high-magnification images closer to the native state of the sample. Using the ESEM technique, no preparation is needed. Applying these methods to biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed us that the dehydration of biofilms substantially influences its appearance and that a more authentic biofilm image emerges when combining all methods.     

用气溶胶法和摇床法建立铜绿假单胞菌生物膜体外模型

目的模拟体内环境,体外建立细菌生物膜模型,为进一步深入研究细菌生物膜生物学特点提供基础。方法将粘附载体置于气溶胶法和摇床法模拟体内细菌生物膜形成的微环境中,将铜绿假单胞菌株培养3d后,取出标本分别进行通过FITC—ConA染色及SYT09／PI染色,然后分别进行荧光显微镜检测及激光共聚焦检测,观察细菌生物膜的形成情况;进行电子显微镜扫描观察形成的细菌生物膜的形态特点。结果在气溶胶的微环境下,FITC—ConA染色后在荧光显微镜观察到明亮成片状的细菌生物膜;SYT09／PI染色后在激光共聚焦检测,观察到片状,层叠如积云状,棉絮样的细菌生物膜;在电子显微镜扫描观察到大量细菌成团聚集,团状丛生突出表面,具有立体结构的细菌生物膜。在摇床法的微环境下,用3种检测方法都观察到成流线状的细菌生物膜。结论运用气溶胶法、摇床法可成功建立分别模拟体内呼吸系统及循环、泌尿系统的微环境下生物膜形成模型。     

微生物电解池阳极生物膜功能菌群构建及群落特征分析

【目的】微生物电解电池(MEC)是近几年快速发展的利用电极呼吸微生物快速降解有机质,通过较小的辅助外加电压直接生成氢气的新工艺。MEC能够有效地富集高效率电子传递功能菌群,是未来工艺放大和快速启动的关键。【方法】采用不同驯化方法构建MEC电极微生物菌群,通过单链构象多肽性技术(Single-strand conformation poly-morphism,SSCP)快速检测分析启动后电子传递功能菌群特征。【结果】阳极生物膜接种MEC可以实现2 d的快速启动,库仑效率达到20%以上,7 d获得稳定产氢,氢气转化率达到30%,能量回收效率达到90%以上。通过SSCP群落分析发现,采用微生物燃料电池阳极生物膜构建的MEC主要电子传递功能相关的菌群包括Pseudomonas sp.、Flavobacterium sp.、Ochrobactrum sp.,而直接由产氢MEC阳极生物膜新启动的MEC功能菌群组成丰度更大,包括电子传递效能更高的Desulfovibrio、Pseudomonas和Shewanella成为主要优势电子传递菌群。通过稳定产氢运行,MEC阳极生物膜优势菌群中存在的较大比例的厌氧菌与电子传递辅助菌对体系的快速稳定运行十分重要。【结论】与MFC阳极生物膜相比,MEC生物膜作为启动菌源能够获得多样性更丰富的电极功能菌群,其库仑效率和产氢效率更具优势。     

荧光假单胞菌ZX对采后锦橙绿霉病的防治及其抑菌机制

【目的】采后柑橘极易受指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)侵染而发生严重的绿霉病腐烂,生物防治因具有安全、有效、环保等特点近年来备受关注。论文旨在研究荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)ZX对采后柑橘绿霉病的防治效果,揭示P.fluorescensZX对P.digitatum可能存在的作用机制。【方法】以"北碚447"锦橙果实为试材,先分别接种20μL拮抗菌培养液、滤液(培养液离心后,上清经0.22μm滤膜过滤)、菌悬液(培养液离心后,菌体用无菌水反复洗涤并用无菌水重悬)和热杀死液(培养液高温高压灭菌),2 h后接种20μL P. digitatum孢子悬浮液(1×10~4spores/m L),所有果实于20oC、90%相对湿度环境下恒温恒湿培养8 d后,测定果实的发病率和病斑直径;制备柑橘皮培养基,进行平板抑菌试验,探索P. fluorescens ZX对P. digitatum孢子发芽情况的影响;采用两板对扣法和生物熏蒸法研究P.fluorescensZX挥发性次级代谢产物的抑菌作用;利用插入式细胞培养皿等分析P.fluorescensZX和P.digitatum之间竞争的营养物质;同时,测定P.fluorescensZX的生长曲线,利用结晶紫染色法评估P. fluorescens ZX的生物膜形成能力。【结果】P. fluorescens ZX不同处理液之间对采后锦橙绿霉病的作用效果差异显著,菌悬液抑菌效果最好,经菌悬液处理的果实,发病率和病斑直径分别仅为40.83%和1.78 cm;不论是在柑橘皮固体培养基上对峙培养还是在液体培养基中混合培养,菌悬液和原液的作用效果较好,固体平板上,相对抑制率达到了35%–45%,液体培养基中,P. digitatum孢子12 h后的发芽率不超过27%;P. fluorescens ZX产生的挥发性物质具有抑菌作用,经P. fluorescensZX熏蒸处理的锦橙果实,发病率和病斑直径都显著降低;营养竞争试验结果表明,P. fluorescens ZX能更快速有效地消耗柑橘皮培养基中的营养,并和P. digitatum竞争葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸等营养物质;同时,P. fluorescens ZX生命力强,培养4 h后即进入对数生长期,约24 h后形成成熟的生物膜。【结论】P. fluorescens ZX可能通过抑制P. digitatum孢子发芽、营养与空间竞争、形成生物膜、产生抑菌物质等方式抑制P.digitatum的生长繁殖,有效防治采后锦橙绿霉病。     

Biofilm interactions between distinct bacterial genera isolated from drinking water

In the environment, multiple microorganisms coexist as communities, competing for resources and often associated as biofilms. In this study, single- and dual-species biofilm formation by, and specific activities of, six heterotrophic intergeneric bacteria were determined using 96-well polystyrene plates over a 72-h period. These bacteria were isolated from drinking water and identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A series of planktonic studies was also performed, assessing the bacterial growth rate, motility, and production of quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSI). This constituted an attempt to identify key attributes allowing bacteria to effectively interact and coexist in a drinking-water environment. We observed that in both pure and dual cultures, all of the isolates formed stable biofilms within 72 h, with specific metabolic activity decreasing, in most cases, with an increase in biofilm mass. The largest single- and dual-biofilm amounts were found for Methylobacterium sp. and the combination of Methylobacterium sp. and Mycobacterium mucogenicum, respectively. Evidences of microbial interactions in dual-biofilm formation, associated with appreciable biomass variation in comparison with single biofilms, were found for the following cases: synergy/cooperation between Sphingomonas capsulata and Burkholderia cepacia, S. capsulata and Staphylococcus sp., and B. cepacia and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and antagonism between S. capsulata and M. mucogenicum, S. capsulata and A. calcoaceticus, and M. mucogenicum and Staphylococcus sp. A neutral interaction was found for Methylobacterium sp.-M. mucogenicum, S. capsulata-Staphylococcus sp., M. mucogenicum-A. calcoaceticus, and Methylobacterium sp.-A. calcoaceticus biofilms, since the resultant dual biofilms had a mass and specific metabolic activity similar to the average for each single biofilm. B. cepacia had the highest growth rate and motility and produced QSI. Other bacteria producing QSI were Methylobacterium sp., S. capsulata, and Staphylococcus sp. However, only for S. capsulata-M. mucogenicum, S. capsulata-A. calcoaceticus, and M. mucogenicum-Staphylococcus sp., dual-biofilm formation seems to be regulated by the QSI produced by S. capsulata and Staphylococcus sp. and by the increased growth rate of S. capsulata. The parameters assessed by planktonic studies did not allow prediction and generalization of the exact mechanism regulating dual-species biofilm formation between the drinking-water bacteria.     

环境因子对鳗弧菌生物膜形成的影响

【背景】鳗弧菌是海产动物弧菌病的主要病原,在海水水域中广泛存在。鳗弧菌为了适应环境变化会生成生物膜,形成自我保护,对其防治是水产养殖行业的一大难题。【目的】探讨致病性鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)BYK0638生物膜的形成特性,为进一步研究鳗弧菌生物膜形成机制和致病机理提供参考。【方法】采用改良的微孔板法研究静置培养条件下鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)BYK0638在96孔酶标板上的成膜情况,CCK-8法(Cell counting kit-8)定量检测生物膜中鳗弧菌的活力。【结果】鳗弧菌BYK0638能够在聚苯乙烯酶标板上形成稳定而明显的生物膜,其生物膜的OD450值在24 h达到峰值,60 h后趋于稳定;在107-108 CFU/m L范围内,鳗弧菌生物膜的OD450值显著高于其他试验组(P0.05);25°C时的生物膜OD450值显著高于其他温度生物膜的形成量;在p H 4.0-11.0范围内,当p H值为7.0时鳗弧菌形成的生物膜量最高,在p H值为3.0和12.0时鳗弧菌几乎不形成生物膜;在TSB培养基中加入0.03-2.00 mmol/L Ca Cl2,鳗弧菌生物膜形成量与未添加Ca Cl2对照组无显著性差异;在TSB培养基中加入0.03 mmol/L Mg Cl2,可促进鳗弧菌生物膜形成;Na Cl浓度为5%时,形成的生物膜OD450值最高;鳗弧菌在大黄鱼表皮黏液、肝脏、前肠、后肠组织提取液包被的96孔酶标板上形成的生物膜显著高于其他黏液和组织提取液包被组(P0.05)。【结论】致病性鳗弧菌BYK0638能形成稳定而明显的生物膜,其生物膜形成与外界环境因子变化有密切的关系,培养时间、初始菌浓度、温度、p H、Mg2+、盐度及不同组织和黏液等各种环境因子均能显著影响鳗弧菌生物膜的形成。     

活性污泥中群体感应淬灭菌的分离纯化及功能验证

【背景】近年来,群体感应淬灭(Quorum Quenching,QQ)技术在膜生物污堵防控中的应用研究受到了广泛关注。然而,目前已成功分离纯化的高效QQ菌有限,更多高效QQ菌资源亟待挖掘。【目的】从实际运行的膜生物反应器(MembraneBioreactor,MBR)活性污泥中采样,分离并富集高效QQ菌。【方法】以根瘤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) A136为报告菌株,使用指示琼脂平板法测定各菌株的N-辛酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-Octanoyl-DL-Homoserine Lactone,C8-HSL)降解能力。以紫色色杆菌(Chromobacterium violaceum) VIR24为报告菌株,定量测定所得QQ菌降解N-己酰高丝氨酸内酯(N-Hexanoyl-DL-Homoserine Lactone,C6-HSL)信号分子的能力。通过微生物形态、生理生化及16SrRNA基因序列测定、构建系统发育树、扫描电子显微镜形态观测等方法对菌株进行分类学鉴定。用共培养法分析QQ菌对生物膜形成的抑制能力,通过聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠包埋固定化QQ菌。【结果】筛选出了6株高效QQ菌,其中对C8-HSL分解能力最强的为杆状、革兰氏阴性戴尔福特菌属(Delftia sp.) JL5。定量分析结果表明菌株JL5能在10 h内完全降解C6-HSL。菌株JL5显著抑制铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) PAO1和菠萝泛菌(Pantoea ananatis) SK-1生物膜的形成。固定化后的JL5微球仍具有高效的C6-HSL和C8-HSL信号分子分解能力,而且分解速度较被广泛报道的红球菌(Rhodococcussp.)BH4更快。【结论】研究分离得到了高效的QQ菌,能够有效抑制N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-Acyl-HomoserineLactones,AHL)型群体感应菌生物膜的形成,固定化后仍然具有强QQ活性,具备广泛的应用前景,为后续QQ膜生物污堵防控技术的实践应用奠定了基础。     

Study of the formation of a biofilm by clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus

A study on biofilm formation was carried out using five methicillin-sensitive [MSSA] and five methicillin-resistant [MRSA] strains of S. aureus. In each group, there were four strains isolated from patients from Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC) and one reference strain. All of the strains were hydrophobic. The adherence of the bacteria to an abiotic surface was studied with the Biofilm Ring Test (BFRT?) and the crystal violet staining method (CVSM). Both techniques showed that eight of the strains formed biofilms within 2-3 h. The extent of the biofilm formed by one strain could only be observed with the CVSM. Periodate prevented the formation of biofilms and, in separate experiments, destroyed the biofilm pre-formed by the MSSA reference, but not those pre-formed by the clinical strains. Proteinase K destroyed all pre-formed biofilms. Six of the strains were icaA+; the clinical MSSA strains were not. The results also indicated different mechanisms of biofilm development between MSSA and MRSA clinical strains. The BFRT? and the CVSM are complementary techniques to study the adhesion of bacteria and the development of biofilms.     

The influence of the chemical composition of drinking water on cuprosolvency by biofilm bacteria

AIMS: This study investigated the influence of water chemistry on copper solvation (cuprosolvency) by pure culture biofilms of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from copper plumbing. METHODS AND RESULTS: Heterotrophic bacteria isolated from copper plumbing biofilms including Acidovorax delafieldii, Flavobacterium sp., Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were used in laboratory coupon experiments to assess their potential for cuprosolvency. Sterile copper coupons were exposed to pure cultures of bacteria to allow biofilm formation and suspended in drinking waters with different chemical compositions. Sterile coupons not exposed to bacteria were used as controls. After 5 days of incubation, copper release and biofilm accumulation was quantified. The results demonstrated that cuprosolvency in the control experiments was influenced by water pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and conductivity. Cuprosolvency in the presence of biofilms correlated with the chemical composition of the water supplies particularly pH, Langeliers Index, chloride, alkalinity, TOC and soluble phosphate concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest water quality may influence cuprosolvency by biofilms present within copper plumbing pipes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The potential for water chemistry to influence cuprosolvency by biofilms may contribute to the sporadic nature of copper corrosion problems in distribution systems.