试论“三北”生态经济型防护林体系

本文介绍了“三北”防护林体系工程的概要、建设指导思想和技术路线,从理论上较深入地探讨了林业观念更新的意义及其基础。从而,提出“生态经济型防护林体系”的学术概念,以及它同建立区域性人工生态系统的相互关系,并结合“三北”黄土高原昕水河流域生态经济型防护林体系示范区的特点进行分析,探讨丘陵山地条件下,生态经济型防护林体系的技术内涵、组成及其生态经济特点。最后,作者提出了由“三北”防护林工程的实践对我国如何建设好其它防护林工程的几点启示。     

关于"三北防护林"一词的英文表达

三北防护林体系建设工程(三北防护林)是迄今世界上最大的生态/造林工程,经过30年的建设已取得了世界瞩目的成就.随着三北防护林建设的发展,其影响在国际社会越来越大,然而,关于"三北防护林"的英文表达却一直没有统一、规范,这使三北防护林在国际社会的交流带来了诸多不便.为此,本文在查阅大量国内外关于三北防护林研究文献的基础上,提出关于"三北防护林"的英文表达形式与同行商榷,以期规范、统一"三北防护林"的英文表达.     

近20年我国森林碳汇政策演变和评价

巩固提升生态系统碳汇能力是碳达峰十大行动计划之一，是助力碳中和目标实现、应对气候变化的重要举措。森林作为陆地生态系统中最大的碳库，是我国当前碳汇政策的主体。研究梳理了2000年以来我国森林碳汇有关政策的发展演变历程，并从生态政策、经济政策和保障体系建设三个维度分析和评价了政策成效与存在问题，以期为构建适应“双碳”目标的碳汇政策体系提供决策依据。研究结果表明：(1)从生态政策看：天然林保护、退耕还林还草和“三北”防护林三大林业工程增加了我国森林面积和蓄积量，显著提升了森林碳汇增量，但森林可持续经营管理体系尚未健全，需进一步精准提升森林质量，健全成果长效巩固机制，增强森林固碳能力；(2)就经济政策而言：我国已形成多层级林业碳汇交易市场，有效推动林业碳汇项目建设，同时各类金融产品的开发和补贴政策的实施为碳汇项目提供了多元化资金支持体系，但整体融资规模和补贴范围有限，需拓宽融资渠道，强化资金支持；(3)在保障体系建设方面：我国森林碳汇保障体系处于重点建设阶段，需完善森林碳汇有关法律法规、加快各类森林技术研发与标准制定，保障我国森林碳汇政策平稳运行。     

三北防护林体系建设面临的机遇和挑战

在总结三北防护林工程(三北工程)30年建设成就和经验的基础上,立足国内外相关领域发展趋势,全面分析了三北工程在应对气候变化、增加农民收入、拉动内需等方面显现的机遇,剖析了立地条件、发展动力、投资水平和改革创新等带来的严峻挑战,总结提出了三北工程未来发展应坚持以建设完备的区域性防护林体系为目标,以防沙治沙、保持水土为主要任务,以服务新农村建设、发展特色产业、推进林权改革为重点的发展思路和具体措施.     

关于三北防护林体系建设的思考与展望——基于40年建设综合评估结果

三北防护林体系建设工程(简称:三北工程)是同我国改革开放同步实施的世界最大生态工程,是生态文明建设的重要标志。三北工程规划建设期限历时73年,现已经过40年建设,为科学、准确把握三北工程40年建设来的成效、经验、问题等综合状况,国家林业和草原局(原国家林业局)于2017年委托中国科学院作为第三方评估机构,对三北工程建设40年进行了全面、系统评价与分析。本文在简要介绍三北工程建设40年的历程、取得的成效、积累的经验和存在问题的基础上,对三北工程未来建设与发展进行了思考与展望;提出了重大生态工程未来研究方向,以期为推动三北工程未来高质量发展,为美丽中国-生态文明建设提供重要证据和为全球生态安全建设提供经验与范式等提供参考。     

基于多元遥感影像的三北地区片状防护林面积估算

三北防护林体系工程是我国重点林业生态工程,其数量与空间分布格局影响着整个三北地区的生态环境.为科学、客观、完整地评价三北防护林体系工程建设30年来(1978-2008)片状防护林的数量与空间分布格局,本文采用多元遥感影像对三北地区片状林面积估算方法进行了研究.首先,利用TM影像(分辨率30 m)监测2008年三北地区片状防护林面积;再基于随机取样原理,建立不同降水气候区的高分辨率影像(SPOT5,分辨率2.5m)与TM影像在片状防护林面积监测的校正关系;最后利用前两部分结果估算出2008年三北地区片状防护林面积.结果表明:截至2008年,三北地区片状防护林(乔木林郁闭度＞0.3,灌木林覆盖度＞40％,精确度约85％)总面积328360.03 km2.其中,东北区116244.55 km2,华北区42981.32 km2,黄土高原区76767.05 km2,蒙新区92367.11 km2.按照防护林树种统计,针叶林62614.74 km2,阔叶林121628.51 km2,针阔混交林22144.09 km2,灌丛121972.69 km2.     

灌丛在“三北”防护林体系中的效益评价

一、前言绵亘于我国北疆的“三北”地区,包括西北、华北北部、东北西部12个省(市、自治区),总面积约为3.85×10~6km~2。这一辽阔地域的绝大部分处在干旱和半干旱的气候条件控制之下,风沙干旱、水土流失等自然灾害严重地威胁着区内2.2×10~7ha农田和4.0×10~7ha草牧场。为了改变“三北”地区的自然面貌,1978年国家批准了“三北防护林建设”,从此,三北防护林作为一项伟大的工程为国内外所瞩目。建设一个什么样的防护林体系,怎样建立这个体系是工程所要解决的重要问题。在近八九年的探索与实践中,这样的认识逐渐为人们所接受。即,“三北防护林体系建设”是广义     

日本的防护林

随着世界人口不断增长、自然资源的不断减少 ,人类所面临的环境挑战正日趋严峻。防护林以其防护性、资源性和可再生性等强大的森林功能作为迎接这一挑战的工具 ,在环境保护与资源管理中正在发挥着愈来愈大的作用 ,世界各国对此都给予了极为广泛的重视。中国的防护林建设经营历史悠久 ,尤其是自1978年启动了三北防护林体系工程以来 ,以防护林为主体的林业生态工程已在中华大地蓬勃发展起来 ,其数量之多、规模之大已为全球所瞩目 ;防护林的生态、经济和社会效益与日俱增 ,为保障西部开发 ,控制三北地区的风沙干旱、水土流失等自然灾害 ,提高农…     

简讯

<正> 三北防护林害虫防治学术讨论暨工作会议 由国务院三北防护林建设领导小组、林业部三北防护林建设局、中国昆虫学会主持,于1987年12月21～27日在西安召开。有14个农林高等院校、19个研究所等单位的125位代表参加。收到论文120多篇,14位专家作学术报告。会议讨论了三北局关于“加强林木害虫防治,巩固三北防护林体系建设成果”的报告和“三北防护林害虫综合防治方案”。另外也提出了三北防护林害虫防治的有效措施。(埃狄)     

长江经济带林地和其他生物质碳储量及碳汇量研究

以全国林业应对气候变化碳汇计量监测体系建设结果数据为基础，应用森林碳库专项调查建立的碳计量模型和参数，结合历次森林资源清查成果等数据，估算了2020年长江经济带林地和其他生物质碳储量和碳汇量。研究表明：（1）2020年长江经济带林地碳储量24543.58 Tg C （其中森林植被碳储量为4372.85Tg C），散生木和四旁树等其他生物质碳储量329.59 Tg C。2020年长江经济带林地碳汇量81.81 Tg C/a （300.26Tg CO₂/a）、散生木和四旁树等其他生物质碳汇量6.60 Tg C/a （24.21 Tg CO₂/a）。无论是林地和其他生物质碳储量、碳汇量、还是森林植被碳储量，乔木林地所占比例最大（69%-85%）；长江经济带11个省市中，云南省最大，上海市最小；林地碳储量中土壤有机质碳库贡献最大（81.46%），林地碳汇量中生物量碳库贡献最大（90.99%）；林地碳汇量中"一直为林地的土地"产生碳汇量贡献最大（71.74%），其中一直为乔木林的土地产生的碳汇量占69.89%；（2）阐述了长江防护林工程、天然林资源保护工程、珠江防护林工程和沿海防护林工程4大重点生态工程对长江经济带碳储量和碳汇量的贡献，长江防护林工程贡献率最大（81%-83%），其次是天然林资源保护工程（32%-38%），珠江防护林工程和沿海防护林工程影响较小。分析了人工造林、中幼林抚育、次生林和低效林改造、退化林修复等生态保护修复措施对长江经济带碳储量和碳汇量的贡献，并提出了碳中和愿景下森林固碳增汇的有效途径。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor