电磁辐射对大鼠海马Raf／MEK／ERK信号通路的影响

目的：研究电磁辐射后大鼠海马Raf／MEK／ERK通路相关信号分子的表达变化规律。探讨辐射损伤机制。方法：分别采用X波段高功率微波（X-HPM）、S波段高功率微波（S-HPM）及电磁脉冲（EMP）模拟源辐射大鼠,建立电磁辐射动物模型。通过Western blot检测海马Raf-1、磷酸化Raf-1和磷酸化ERK的表达。结果：三种电磁辐射后6h-14d,Raf-1表达均下调,以7d最为显著,至28d基本恢复,辐射组间未见明显差异。辐射后6h和7d,磷酸化Raf-1和磷酸化ERK表达均上调,6h较为明显,磷酸化ERK的变化以两微波组更为显著。S-HPM辐射后6h～14d,磷酸化Raf-1表达持续上调,磷酸化ERK的变化呈波浪状,以6h和3d为高峰。结论：Raf／MEK／ERK信号通路参与了电磁辐射所致海马损伤;ERK通路过度活化导致神经元凋亡与坏死可能是电磁辐射致认知功能障碍的重要机制。     

热损伤对大鼠纹状体神经元凋亡的影响

目的:探讨热损伤对原代培养的大鼠纹状体神经元凋亡的影响.方法:对原代培养的大鼠纹状体神经元进行43℃热损伤40 min后,用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(LSCM)观察神经元细胞内Ca2 浓度的变化、神经元线粒体膜电位的变化,TUNEL法检测热损伤前后纹状体神经元凋亡的变化.结果:热损伤使纹状体神经元内Ca2 浓度明显升高,线粒体膜电位明显降低(P＜0.01);热损伤后纹状体神经元凋亡增多.结论:热损伤可能通过增加细胞内钙离子浓度、降低细胞线粒体膜电位而诱发大鼠纹状体原代培养神经元凋亡.     

丙二醛破坏大鼠海马神经元胞质钙离子稳态的信号机制

目的研究丙二醛（MDA）对原代培养的海马神经元胞质中钙离子稳态的破坏作用及可能的信号机制。方法以Fur2／AM为荧光指示剂,采用荧光分光光度法定量测定原代培养海马神经元胞质游离钙浓度变化。结果随着MDA浓度的升高和作用时间的延长,导致胞质中游离钙水平显著升高,破坏其钙稳态。MDA所导致的海马神经元胞质游离钙水平升高包括两个过程：100μmol／L的MDA可使胞质[Ca2＋]i水平在0—10min内的早期渐进升高过程,经历中间大约5min的平台期后,接下来15—30min的晚期显著升高。以细胞膜电压依赖的Ca2＋通道抑制剂nimodipine抑制外钙内流后,可显著抑制晚期胞质[Ca2＋]i水平的升高,以PLC的抑制剂U73122作用后,则可抑制早期胞质[Ca2＋]i水平的升高。结论100μmol／L的MDA作用下,海马神经元胞质中早期钙离子水平的升高和晚期钙离子水平的升高可能分别由不同的信号机制所介导。     

电磁脉冲辐照大鼠海马区细胞凋亡与形态学变化

以体外原代培养的大鼠海马神经元和Wistar大鼠为研究对象,探讨电磁脉冲(场强为6× 104 V/m)辐照后早期海马区细胞凋亡和病理形态学的变化.在照射后1h、6h、12h、24h和48h分别采用MTT法和流式细胞仪测定死亡细胞和凋亡细胞的比例,用光镜和电镜分别进行形态学观察.结果显示在电磁脉冲辐照后,海马神经细胞不仅发生快速的坏死,而且还发生凋亡,同时在早期即可见到血管、胶质细胞和神经元等组织的形态学异常.表明大鼠大脑受电磁脉冲辐照后早期海马区可发生神经细胞坏死和凋亡,以及各组织成分的病理形态学改变,上述变化可能与电磁脉冲致细胞DNA损伤有关.     

缺糖缺氧对体外培养海马神经元的影响

目的：观察缺糖缺氧诱导的培养海马神经元损伤。方法：取培养12d的海马神经元,在缺糖缺氧条件下分别培养0．5～4h后取出,换原神经元培养液在常氧条件下继续培养24h。用0．4％台盼蓝染色,检测神经元坏死,并用TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡,计算存活、坏死和凋亡神经元所占百分率。同时用图像分析仪测定存活、坏死和凋亡神经元的胞体面积、周长和等园直径。结果：培养的海马神经元急性缺糖缺氧后0．5～4h,随缺糖缺氧时间的延长,坏死神经元逐渐增多,缺糖缺氧后0．5～2h再恢复糖和氧供应后24h,凋亡神经元明显增多。图像分析的结果表明,坏死神经元的胞体面积、周长和等园直径均明显大于凋亡神经元。结论：缺糖缺氧可引起海马神经元严重损伤,在急性缺糖缺氧后0．5～4h引起的神经元死亡以坏死为多见,但在缺糖缺氧后0．5～2h再恢复糖和氧供应后24,神经元死亡则以凋亡为多见。     

灯盏花素含药血清对谷氨酸致原代海马神经元损伤的影响

目的:从细胞水平研究注射用灯盏花素对谷氨酸致大鼠原代海马神经元损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法:采用中药血清药理学方法,制备含药血清;原代培养大鼠乳鼠大脑海马神经元并经鉴定后,以谷氨酸复制损伤模型,以5%含药血清干预,在透射电镜下及经碘化丙啶和Hoechst33342双染后荧光显微镜下观察海马凋亡神经元的形态学变化,并进行检测:MTT法测定细胞存活率,生化法检测LDH漏出率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞释放的NO量、细胞内tNOS活性和iNOS活性。结果:灯盏花素高、低剂量组均能明显增加海马神经元存活率,而LDH漏出率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、一氧化氮释放、总一氧化氮合酶活性和诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性(p<0.05,p<0.01)明显降低。结论:灯盏花素对谷氨酸致原代培养大鼠海马神经元损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与其能改善能量代谢、稳定细胞膜、抗脂质过氧化、降低一氧化氮合酶的活性、减少一氧化氮释放有关。     

丙二醛对大鼠海马神经元结构的破坏和钙离子稳态的影响

脂质过氧化中间产物丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)在生物体内表现了广泛的生物毒性,MDA也是机体过度训练和运动性疲劳的重要生理指标.采用光学显微镜和透射式电子显微镜观察不同浓度MDA作用后海马神经元形态和超微结构的变化,并采用荧光分光光度法测定原代培养的海马神经元中Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化和胞质游离钙离子水平的变化,探讨MDA对海马神经元形态和结构上的破坏及神经元钙离子稳态的影响.在光镜下可观察到MDA作用下神经元突触变短,胞体肿胀,出现细胞死亡或凋亡的形态特征;在电镜下可观察到线粒体结构的明显破坏,内膜上的嵴颗粒减少或消失;同时MDA还通过抑制质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性和其它的途径,破坏神经元胞质游离Ca2+稳态.结果表明,MDA可通过破坏海马神经元的结构和影响胞质中钙离子稳态,破坏神经元的生理功能,在机体运动性中枢疲劳形成中可能发挥重要作用.     

芋螺毒素SO3对大鼠海马神经元缺氧后胞内游离钙离子浓度的影响

目的:研究芋螺毒素SO3对培养大鼠海马神经元缺氧后胞内游离钙离子浓度的影响.方法:运用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)测定缺氧后大鼠海马神经元胞内游离钙离子浓度的变化.结果与结论:芋螺毒素SO3可以明显抑制因缺氧所致原代培养大鼠海马神经元胞内游离钙离子浓度的上升.     

HIF-1α/ERK通路活化调控微波长期辐射致大鼠海马神经元线粒体损伤

本文旨在探讨微波辐射致大鼠海马神经元线粒体损伤中HIF-1α和ERK通路分子表达的改变及意义,为深入研究微波辐射损伤机制和防治提供新靶标.2.5,5和10mW/cm2的微波辐射100只雄性Wistar大鼠,辐射时间为6min/次,5次/周,连续辐射1月,于辐射后6h,7d,14d,1周和2月,采用Real-timePCR,Westernblot和免疫组织化学检测海马中hif-1αmRNA,HIF-1α,ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2表达.结果发现,大鼠海马hif-1αmRNA和HIF-1α蛋白分别在2.5和5mW/cm2组于辐射后14d和1月明显增加,10mW/cm2组辐射后14d～2月降低.但海马ERK1/2未见明显改变.假辐射组p-ERK1/2于海马神经元胞浆中呈弱阳性,2.5mW/cm2组p-ERK1/2表达无明显变化,5和10mW/cm2辐射后7d～1月,p-ERK1/2于海马神经元胞浆和胞核中呈阳性或强阳性.2.5,5和10mW/cm2微波长期辐射后大鼠海马HIF-1α和p-ERK1/2表达的改变,表明HIF-1α和ERK通路活化参与微波辐射致海马线粒体损伤的过程,并可能发挥修复线粒体损伤的作用.     

血管紧张素1-7对氧糖剥夺/复氧海马神经元的保护作用

血管紧张素1-7（angiotensin 1-7, Ang1-7）在神经系统中发挥重要作用。已有研究发现,Ang1-7在脑缺血动物模型中发挥保护作用,但至今未见有关Ang1-7对氧糖剥夺/复氧（oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation, OGD/R）损伤神经元的保护作用及其机制的研究报道。本研究以厌氧培养及不含葡萄糖的EBSS培养基培养、建立新生大白鼠原代培养的海马神经元OGD/R模型模拟脑缺血环境,实验分为3组：正常对照组、实验对照组和Ang1-7处理组。倒置显微镜观察神经元形态显示,Ang1-7处理组的神经元形态明显改善|CCK8试剂盒检测发现,Ang1-7处理组的细胞活性提高|流式细胞术研究发现,Ang1-7处理组的神经元凋亡和坏死率降低、神经元内Ca2+及NO水平降低|Western印迹结果发现,Ang1-7处理组Bax表达降低,Bcl-2表达增加。以上结果说明,Ang1-7可降低OGD/R神经元中NO和Ca2+水平,降低Bax蛋白、增加Bcl-2蛋白的表达,减少OGD/R神经元凋亡和坏死率,对OGD/R神经元发挥了保护作用。本研究为进一步在神经元水平上研究Ang-1-7的保护机制奠定基础,对中风等脑缺血疾病的防治具有重要意义。     

Microwave enhancement of membrane conductance: calmodulin hypothesis

It has been found that 2450 MHz microwave radiation increases membrane conductance in molluscan neurons. Analysis of this effect points to the important role of Ca++ in the mechanism of neuron microwave response. However, regulation of many intracellular processes is not a direct Ca++ effect, but is mediated through calmodulin, a Ca++-binding multifunctional protein. Furthermore, there is some evidence showing that Ca++ regulation of a Ca pump, endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ buffering, and Ca++-activated K+ conductance are mediated via calmodulin. Based on that, calmodulin is hypothesized to be a microwave susceptible protein, and a qualitative model of microwave enhancement of membrane conductance is suggested.     

Blockade of calcium entry accelerates arsenite-mediated apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells

Arsenical exposure can cause defects in the central nervous system, yet the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We have recently demonstrated that sodium arsenite induces apoptosis of cultured cortical and cerebellar neurons, suggesting that arsenite-induced neuronal apoptosis may contribute to at least some of its neurotoxic effects. Here we investigated the effect of Ca2+ on arsenite-mediated cerebellar granule neuron death. Sodium arsenite induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons which were maintained in the presence of serum and depolarizing concentrations of potassium chloride (25 mM KCI). Under these conditions, inhibition of calcium entry by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker DL-aminophosphonovalerate (APV) or calcium channel antagonist nifedipine increased arsenite-induced apoptosis, while APV or nifedipine alone had little effect on cell viability. In cortical neurons or cerebellar neurons maintained at low potassium (5 mM), arsenite also induced apoptosis. However, the addition of APV or nifedipine did not alter levels of arsenite-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that arsenite-mediated apoptosis is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马神经细胞NOS表达与细胞凋亡及复方丹参的保护作用

目的探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后海马神经细胞一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的表达与神经细胞凋亡的关系及中药复方丹参的保护作用。方法采用大脑中动脉内栓线阻断法(MCAO)造成局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。用原位细胞凋亡检测方法观察海马神经细胞凋亡;用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠海马神经细胞(nNOS、iNOS)的表达并做图像分析。结果与假手术对照组比较,脑缺血再灌注2h后缺血侧海马CA1、CA3区神经细胞nNOS、iNOS表达升高,并出现神经细胞凋亡,随着再灌注时间的延长,神经细胞iNOS的表达明显增强,凋亡神经细胞数逐渐增多,至24h达高峰,但神经细胞nNOS的表达并未见明显增强。复方丹参保护组神经细胞nNOS、iNOS的表达和凋亡神经细胞数明显低于缺血再灌组(P<0.01)。结论脑缺血再灌注后缺血侧海马CA1、CA3区神经细胞nNOS的表达增强,iNOS的表达显著升高,使NO的形成增加,这可能是介导脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的机制之一。复方丹参具有下调神经细胞nNOS、iNOS的表达,减少NO的生成,抑制细胞凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注对大鼠海马损伤的作用。     

神经元缺氧复氧损伤时氧自由基的毒性作用及其机制

在原代分离培养Ｗｉｓｔａｒ乳鼠大脑皮质神经元上研究了缺氧复氧损伤（Ｈ／Ｒ）对神经细胞乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）,漏出率,死亡率和脂质过氧化物含量的影响,并选用一氧化氮（ＮＯ）合酶抑制剂Ｌ－ＮＧ－硝基－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）巯基供体Ｎ－乙酰半胱氨酸（ＮＡＣ）和超氧化物歧化酶（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ）三种自由基清除剂进行预保护等方法来探讨机制。结果表明 Ｈ／Ｒ损伤引起ＬＤＨ漏出率,细胞死亡率和脂过氧化物含量极显著     

Fasudil protects hippocampal neurons against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by suppressing microglial inflammatory responses in mice

Rho kinase (ROCK) may play an important role in regulating biological events of cells, including proliferation, differentiation and survival/death. Blockade of ROCK promotes axonal regeneration and neuron survival in vivo and in vitro, thereby exhibiting potential clinical applications in spinal cord damage and stroke. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Fasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, induced neuroprotection in vitro. Here we used an in vivo model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury to examine the neuroprotective effect of Fasudil, and explore its possible mechanism(s) in vivo. H/R resulted in the loss of hippocampal neurons, accompanied by increased apoptosis of neurons in hippocampus. The expression of ROCK II and activity of ROCK in the brain were increased after H/R, and located only in microglia, but not in astrocytes and neurons. The administration of Fasudil inhibited the activity of ROCK in brain tissue and cultured microglia, and protected hippocampal neurons against H/R injury. Further immunohistochemical analysis and cytokine determination revealed that Fasudil inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in microglia and pro-inflammatory factors in brain tissue after H/R, which is consistent with the observation wherein Fasudil reduced the pro-inflammatory factors nitric oxide, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-, and increased anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in cultured microglia under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Our results indicate that inhibition of ROCK by Fasudil may represent a useful therapeutic perspective by inhibiting microglial inflammatory responses in the CNS.     

The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Mediates Neuronal Apoptosis and Is Essential for Naturally Occurring Sympathetic Neuron Death

Abstract. To determine whether the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) plays a role in naturally occurring neuronal death, we examined neonatal sympathetic neurons that express both the TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor and p75NTR. When sympathetic neuron survival is maintained with low quantities of NGF or KCl, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which does not activate Trk receptors on sympathetic neurons, causes neuronal apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of c-jun. Function-blocking antibody studies indicate that this apoptosis is due to BDNF-mediated activation of p75NTR. To determine the physiological relevance of these culture findings, we examined sympathetic neurons in BDNF−/− and p75NTR−/− mice. In BDNF−/− mice, sympathetic neuron number is increased relative to BDNF+/+ littermates, and in p75NTR−/− mice, the normal period of sympathetic neuron death does not occur, with neuronal attrition occurring later in life. This deficit in apoptosis is intrinsic to sympathetic neurons, since cultured p75NTR−/− neurons die more slowly than do their wild-type counterparts. Together, these data indicate that p75NTR can signal to mediate apoptosis, and that this mechanism is essential for naturally occurring sympathetic neuron death.     

Disruption of microRNA‐214 during general anaesthesia prevents brain injury and maintains mitochondrial fusion by promoting Mfn2 interaction with Pkm2

Duration of surgical general anaesthesia is associated with severe brain injury and neurological deficits. The specific mechanisms underlying post‐general anaesthesia brain injury, however, still remain to be elucidated. Herein, we explore the role of microRNA‐214 (miR‐214) in the occurrence of brain injury after general anaesthesia and its underlying mechanism. Hippocampal tissues and neurons were isolated from rats exposed to 2% sevoflurane. TUNEL stains reflect hippocampal neuron apoptosis. Cultured hippocampal neurons stained with JC‐1 and MitoTracker dyes were imaged by fluorescence microscope to visualize changes of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial fusion. Mitochondrial function was evaluated. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) binding to miR‐214 or pyruvate kinase M2 (Pkm2) was confirmed by co‐immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, dual luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. After exposure to 2% sevoflurane, up‐regulated miR‐214 expression and impaired interaction between Mfn2 and Pkm2 were found in rat hippocampal tissues. Rats exposed to 2% sevoflurane also experienced neuronal injury, mitochondrial defects and deficits in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) signalling. miR‐214 was shown to target Mfn2 by impairing its binding with Pkm2. Inhibiting miR‐214 expression using its specific inhibitor improved mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced mitochondrial fusion, maintained mitochondrial function, restored interaction between Mfn2 and Pkm2, and activated the Bdnf signalling in cultured hippocampal neurons. Adenovirus infection of miR‐214 inhibitor reduced neuron apoptosis and maintained mitochondrial function in the hippocampus of rats exposed to 2% sevoflurane. Taken together, the study demonstrates inhibition of miR‐214 is cerebral protective against brain injury following general anaesthesia.     

Mitochondrial Function in Apoptotic Neuronal Cell Death

Apoptosis can be defined as the regulated death of a cell and is conducted by conserved pathways. Apoptosis of neurons after injury or disease differs from programed cell death, in the sense that neurons in an adult brain are not "meant" to die and results in a loss of function. Thus apoptosis is an honorable process by a neuron, a cell with limited potential to replace itself, choosing instead to commit suicide to save neighboring cells from release of cellular components that cause injury directly or trigger secondary injury resulting from inflammatory reactions. The excess of apoptosis of neuronal cells underlies the progressive loss of neuronal populations in neurodegenerative disorders and thus is harmful. Mitochondria are the primary source for energy in neurons but are also poised, through the "mitochondrial apoptosis pathway," to signal the demise of cells. This duplicity of mitochondria is discussed, with particular attention given to the specialized case of pathological neuronal cell death.