超微七味白术散对肠道厌氧微生物代谢多样性的调控作用

探讨超微七味白术散对菌群失调腹泻的肠道微生态调节作用。采用同时灌胃头孢拉定和硫酸庆大霉素进行小鼠菌群失调造模,灌胃给药七味白术散传统汤药和超微七味白术散1/2剂量的汤药进行治疗,正常组和模型组灌胃等量的无菌水,治疗3 d后,提取肠道微生物,在厌氧条件下,运用Biolog微生物自动分析系统研究肠道微生物的代谢情况。培养72 h时,各组的颜色平均变化率(AWCD)趋于稳定,且1/2剂量的超微汤药治疗组正常组传统汤药治疗组模型组;正常组的Shannon指数和Simpson指数为最大,且与其他各组差异极显著(P0.01),1/2剂量超微汤药治疗组的Shannon均匀度和Mclntosh指数最大,Shannon均匀度与正常组差异不显著(P0.05),其余指标与各组都存在显著性差异(P0.01或P0.05)。聚类分析和主成分分析表明抗生素的抑菌作用明显,使小鼠肠道微生物的代谢受到影响,七味白术散传统汤药和1/2剂量超微汤药的调控使小鼠肠道微生物的代谢多样性逐渐恢复平衡,但两种汤药的调控作用不尽相同。七味白术散超微饮片1/2剂量对肠道厌氧微生物代谢多样性的调控作用优于传统饮片。     

复合噬菌体裂解酶对白羽肉鸡肠道菌群结构和肝脏抗氧化酶指标的影响

【背景】噬菌体裂解酶具有良好的安全性与抑菌特性,有望替代抗生素作为一种饲料添加剂应用于改善畜禽肠道菌群和预防动物疾病。【目的】以白羽肉鸡为饲喂对象,分别饲喂复合噬菌体裂解酶与抗生素制剂,评估噬菌体裂解酶对畜禽肠道菌群的影响及其作为替抗饲料添加剂的应用潜能。【方法】以3日龄健康白羽肉鸡为饲喂对象,在基础饲粮上添加由噬菌体裂解酶TSPphg和噬菌体裂解酶MMPphg获得的复合噬菌体裂解酶制剂(200 mg/kg)与50μg/g的金霉素制剂,分别进行比较饲喂管理。利用第三代测序技术对28 d时白羽肉鸡肠道菌群进行高通量测序,借助生物信息学分析肠道菌群多样性和优势菌群(丰度前10)相对丰度,揭示各分组组间与组内差异,并对肝脏主要氧化酶活性进一步比较。【结果】饲喂复合噬菌体裂解酶和金霉素制剂对白羽肉鸡肠道菌群有一定影响,均降低了肠道菌群相对丰度与多样性,而且Shannon指数与空白组相比存在显著差异(P0.05)。优势菌群中,复合噬菌体裂解酶组相较于金霉素组和空白组,拟杆菌门的相对丰度发生了显著上升,而厚壁菌门的相对丰度发生了显著下降(P0.05)。同时,在属水平上,粪杆菌属的相对丰度发生了显著上升,而螺杆菌属的相对丰度发生了显著下降(P0.05),这一趋势与多数替代抗生素产品饲喂家禽后肠道菌群变化趋势类似,更有利于家禽肠道的健康。此外,饲喂复合噬菌体裂解酶组相较于金霉素组和空白组,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)活性均发生了显著上升(P0.05)。【结论】噬菌体裂解酶能够有效改善畜禽肠道菌群,促进畜禽肠道菌群的微生态健康及提高机体免疫力,将噬菌体裂解酶替代抗生素应用于畜禽养殖具有较好的前景,值得进一步研究。     

不同品种酿酒葡萄根围、叶围微生物群落结构特点解析

【目的】了解不同品种酿酒葡萄根围、叶围细菌群落结构。【方法】以不同品种酿酒葡萄根围、叶围样品为分析材料,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究根围、叶围细菌群落结构,并对细菌群落多样性进行分析。【结果】不同品种葡萄根围微生物优势菌群为变形菌门,不同品种葡萄叶围微生物优势菌群为放线菌目。根围Simpson指数大小顺序为白福尔琼瑶浆白诗南赛美蓉白玉霓米勒长相思,Shannon指数与Simpson指数基本保持一致。叶围Simpson指数最大的为白诗南,最小的为米勒,与Shannon指数基本吻合。【结论】葡萄细菌群落结构综合多样性指数和品种以及定殖部位密切相关。     

链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠模型肠道菌群变化

目的观察链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型肠道菌群结构和丰度的变化。方法雄性SD大鼠25只,随机分为对照组(C)10只、模型组(M)15只。模型组腹腔注射3%的STZ,剂量30 mg/(kg·bw),连续5 d。成模后每月测量体重、血糖等指标。模型成立4周和12周时,分别在同一时间取各组大鼠的新鲜直肠粪便。在Illumina高通量测序平台上对粪便样本中细菌16S r DNA-V3区进行测序,对肠道菌群结构、丰度进行定量分析。结果模型组和对照组获得的优化序列数差异无显著性(P0.05)。模型组动物肠道菌群的相对丰度指数(Chao1)、多样性指数Shannon与对照组比较降低(P0.05),Simpson指数与对照组比较升高(P0.05)。在门水平,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)、TM7、放线菌门(Actinobacter)相对丰度降低(P0.05)。在属水平,造模4周,模型组乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度降低(P0.05);拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)相对丰度升高(P0.05)。造模12周,模型组乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)相对丰度升高(P0.05);双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)相对丰度降低(P0.05)。结论 STZ诱导的SD大鼠糖尿病动物肠道菌群的丰度和多样性降低,为糖尿病与肠道菌群关系研究提供参考。     

香菇多糖对微生态失调小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能的调节作用

目的 探讨香菇多糖对微生态失调小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能的调节作用.方法 经盐酸林可霉素灌胃建立肠道微生态失调小鼠模型,香菇多糖灌胃治疗,同时设正常对照组、自然恢复组和丽珠肠乐组.7d后处死各组小鼠,进行肠道菌群定量、免疫器官体重及其淋巴细胞转化率检测.结果 用香菇多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠进行治疗后,小鼠肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量显著增加,而肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量显著降低;脾脏指数明显增加,对胸腺指数无影响;显著增强了淋巴细胞转化率.结论 盐酸林克霉素灌胃能诱导微生态失调小鼠模型的有效建立.香菇多糖能调整小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能.     

应用PCR-DGGE和Real-Time PCR分析健康与腹泻獭兔盲肠菌群

【目的】研究獭兔腹泻发生后盲肠菌群结构的变化情况,为微生态防治断奶兔腹泻提供理论基础。【方法】分别提取5只健康和腹泻獭兔盲肠内容物总DNA,应用PCR-DGGE及Real-Time PCR技术比较分析獭兔盲肠中菌群结构的差异。【结果】腹泻獭兔PCR-DGGE图谱条带丰富度、均匀度、多样性指数与健康獭兔相比差异均不显著,但聚类分析和主成分分析(PCA)能够将腹泻组和健康组区分开。Real-Time PCR检测显示,腹泻獭兔盲肠正常菌群普雷沃氏菌、梭菌类群Ⅰ数量与健康獭兔相比没有变化(P0.05);链球菌属、梭菌类群Ⅳ和ⅩⅣa、白色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、普拉梭杆菌等有益微生物数量显著降低(P0.01),而埃希氏大肠杆菌数量却显著升高(P0.05)。【结论】獭兔腹泻发生后盲肠有益微生物数量降低,有害微生物数量升高;菌群结构有差异但不显著(P0.05),腹泻獭兔盲肠菌群结构有复杂化的趋势。     

首发抑郁症患者肠道菌群多样性与抑郁症状的相关性分析

【背景】脑-肠轴理论提示着肠道菌群和抑郁症之间存在着潜在的联系,但目前的研究争议较多,具体联系尚无定论。【目的】研究首发抑郁症患者肠道菌群多样性与抑郁症状的相关性,分析肠道菌群多样性及脱硫弧菌等菌群与抑郁症之间的潜在关系,为后续的纵向研究提供一定的理论支持。【方法】对抑郁组(n=23)和对照组(n=31)粪便中16S rRNA基因V4-V5区域片段进行测序,使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表对两组研究对象进行评估。使用α多样性检验、β多样性检验、t检验、皮尔逊相关性检验及斯皮尔曼相关性检验进行统计分析。【结果】抑郁组与对照组的肠道菌群多样性无明显差异(P>0.05)。两组肠道菌群在结构组成上有差异,属水平和种水平上,分别有28个菌属和40个菌种的相对丰度呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。抑郁组肠道菌群多样性(Shannon、Chao1指数)与抑郁症状间存在显著的正相关(P<0.05)。属水平和种水平上菌群相对丰度和抑郁症状的相关性检验中,脱硫弧菌等与抑郁症状存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。【结论】首发抑郁症患者与健康人群肠道菌群在菌群结构组成上存在差异。抑郁组肠道菌群多样性与抑郁...     

三联益生菌对便秘小鼠肠道推进功能改善及其对 小鼠肠道菌群调节作用的研究

目的研究新型嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM-乳双歧杆菌Bi-07-鼠李糖乳杆菌NH001三联益生菌制剂对便秘小鼠小肠蠕动的促进作用,以及其对小鼠肠道菌群构成比例的调节作用。方法小肠推进率实验:将50只KM小鼠适应性饲养后随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组和低中高三个剂量组。空白对照组和模型对照组给予蒸馏水,低中高剂量组每天分别给予0.165、0.330、0.990g/(kg·bw)益生菌制剂,灌胃14d后使用复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型观察小肠墨汁推进率;肠道菌群调节作用实验:将42只BALB/c小鼠中随机抽取10只作为自身对比空白组,适应性饲养后将所有小鼠随机分为空白对照组和低中高三个剂量组,空白对照组给予蒸馏水,各剂量组以相同剂量给予益生菌制剂灌胃。自身对比空白组于灌胃前无菌采集小鼠直肠粪便,所有小鼠灌胃30d后无菌采集直肠粪便,使用16SrDNA基因测序对粪便中菌群DNA进行多样性及各水平菌群物种测定。结果高剂量组便秘小鼠小肠推进率显著高于模型对照组(P0.05);各剂量组肠道菌群多样性、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属数量较灌胃前显著增加(P0.05),大肠埃希菌属、梭菌属、肠球菌属较灌胃前显著降低(P0.05)。结论三联益生菌能够有效促进便秘小鼠肠道蠕动能力,改善便秘症状;同时对小鼠肠道菌群结构有调节作用。     

铁皮石斛和百令胶囊对老年SD大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨铁皮石斛和百令胶囊对自然衰老SD大鼠肠道菌群组成和多样性的影响。方法选取自然衰老SD雄性大鼠30只随机分为5组,分别为铁皮石斛高(400 mg/kg)、中(200 mg/kg)、低(100 mg/kg)剂量组及百令胶囊组(40 mg/kg)、空白对照组,每组6只,对各组大鼠连续灌胃8周。在灌胃结束后,取各组大鼠的新鲜粪便,通过16S rRNA测序技术分析粪便菌群,采用生物信息学方法对大鼠肠道菌群结构和多样性进行分析。结果与空白对照组相比,PCoA和韦恩图分析结果显示铁皮石斛和百令胶囊使大鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著变化;铁皮石斛高剂量组放线菌门(Actinobacteria)菌群数量增多,Patescibacteria和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)菌群数量减少,并且铁皮石斛高剂量组增加了肠道菌群种类的丰富度,如新增疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia);百令胶囊组肠道菌群组成差异不显著,在原菌群的基础上调整其组成比例,表现为厚壁菌门数量增多,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)数量减少。结论铁皮石斛和百令胶囊对自然衰老大鼠肠道菌群具有调节作用,不同剂量的铁皮石斛对肠道菌群有不同的调节作用。铁皮石斛高剂量组对肠道菌群的调节具有重要意义,可增加有益菌的丰度,降低有害菌的丰度。     

食积大鼠肠道菌群结构与胃肠动力的关系

目的探讨高热量饮食对食积大鼠胃肠动力和肠道菌群的影响。方法 SPF级KM小鼠和SD大鼠各20只(雌雄各半),KM小鼠和SD大鼠均随机分为正常组和食积组(每组10只)。每天固定时间称量小鼠体质量,处死后进行胃排空、肠推进和D-木糖试验;大鼠胃窦和十二指肠进行病理学检查;大鼠盲肠菌群进行高通量测序。结果与正常小鼠相比,食积大鼠体质量增长缓慢,胃肠动力显著下降;高热量饮食并未造成大鼠病理性改变;但食积大鼠Observed-species、Chao1、Simpson和Shannon指数显著下降(均P0.05),PCoA和LEfSe分析结果显示食积大鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著变化;食积组布劳特菌属、脱硫弧菌属、真杆菌属、红蝽菌属和梭菌属相对丰度显著降低(均P0.05),Akkermansia和醋弧菌属相对丰度显著上升(均P0.05)。结论高热量饮食诱导食积大鼠胃肠动力下降和肠道菌群失衡,为胃肠动力和肠道菌群关系研究提供参考。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.