诱导抗性在果蔬采后病害防治中的应用

就果蔬采后诱导抗性因子——生物型和非生物型因子（如微生物、物理因子、化学物质、天然物质等）在果蔬采后病害防治中的应用及可能的诱导机制作了介绍。     

果蔬采后诱导抗病性

诱导抗病性是生物防治的途径之一 ,本文综述了诱导抗病性在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究进展 ,包括多种物理性、化学性和生物性激发子对许多采后果蔬抗病性的诱导以及诱导抗病性产生的机制 ,并分析它在果蔬防腐保鲜上的应用前景。     

果蔬采后诱导抗病性

诱导抗病性是生物防治的途径之一,本文综述了诱导抗病性在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究进展,包括多种物理性、化学性和生物性激发子对许多采后果蔬抗病性的诱导以及诱导抗病性产生的机制,并分析它在果蔬防腐保鲜上的应用前景。     

果蔬采后病害的生物防治(综述)

采用生物防治措施控制采后病害是当前果蔬采后保鲜的重要研究方向。概述了生物防治果蔬采后病害的方法,包括利用拮抗菌、诱导抗病性、天然植物产物以及抗病基因工程技术在果蔬病害防治上的研究与应用。     

生防解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）最新研究进展

解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)是与枯草芽胞杆菌相似,可产芽胞、革兰阳性(G+)、具有生防活性的益生细菌。其代谢过程中产生的抗菌物质种类多、抗菌谱广,其抗菌制剂或抗菌提取物具有无毒、无害、无残留、抑菌时效长等优点,可广泛应用于果蔬保鲜、果蔬生长期及采后微生物病害的生物防治,是极具开发价值的生防菌。本文从抗菌机理、抗性基因组成、基因工程菌构建、抗性产品开发及对微生物病害防治等几个方面,对解淀粉芽胞杆菌的研究及应用现状进行了归纳和总结,为其在农业生物工程中的规模化安全应用提供参考。     

高氧对果蔬采后生理影响研究进展

高氧（21%-100%O2）贮藏是近几年发展起来的果蔬采后处理技术之一.概述了高氧对果蔬采后生理如呼吸作用、乙烯合成、组织褐变、活性氧代谢及抗氧化能力、风味等方面的影响,还介绍了高氧对病原微生物生长和采后果蔬腐烂控制的作用.     

采后果蔬软化机制及调控方法研究进展

果蔬软化是限制其采后贮藏品质和商品价值的重要因素,涉及种类和品种、呼吸作用、乙烯产生、细胞壁物质降解、微生物侵染等方面。本文综述了近年来国内外调控果蔬软化的方法,包括物理调控、化学调控、生物调控方面的研究进展,以期为改善果蔬采后品质提供一定的理论参考。     

荧光假单胞菌防治果蔬病害的研究进展

病原微生物侵染引起的果蔬病害日趋严重,现阶段果蔬病害的防治措施主要依赖化学防治,但长期大量施用合成农药的弊端如化学残留、环境污染、抗药性病原菌株出现等日益凸显。近年来,生物防治由于其安全性及高效、经济、环保等优点,成为研究热点。荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)分布广泛,施用方便,许多菌株能有效抑制多种病原微生物,成为最具应用价值的一类生防菌和根际促生菌。本文综述了荧光假单胞菌控制果蔬病害的生防效果、主要作用机制(直接寄生作用、营养物质和空间位点竞争、次生抗性代谢物、诱导宿主系统抗性)以及菌剂混配、物理方法、化学处理、分子技术在提高荧光假单胞菌生防效力等方面的研究进展,为荧光假单胞菌在生物防治领域的进一步开发利用提供一定的基础资料。     

柑橘溃疡病及其微生物防治研究进展

柑橘是我国第一大水果,柑橘溃疡病是导致柑橘产量和品质下降的最具破坏性细菌性病害之一,给柑橘产业造成了巨大的经济损失,严重阻碍了柑橘产业的可持续发展。微生物防治柑橘溃疡病具有安全、环保、高效等优点,是当前研究的热点。本文主要概述了柑橘溃疡病特征及其病原菌分类、分布,全面分析了柑橘溃疡病病原菌主要致病机理和协助致病机理;系统梳理了柑橘溃疡病生防微生物的多样性;重点总结了微生物通过产生活性物质、诱导激活植物免疫防御系统等防治柑橘溃疡病的作用机制;最后,我们提出了柑橘溃疡病微生物防治面临的挑战以及未来可能的解决途径,以期为柑橘产业的健康发展提供参考。     

间套作控制作物病害的机理研究进展

合理间套作是抑制植物病害流行的天然屏障,利用间套作持续控制作物病害是国内外近年来的研究热点。目前,有关间套作的研究主要集中在田间作物搭配模式、光热和养分资源高效利用、病害控制效果及产量优势等方面。然而,有关间套作控病机理尚缺乏系统总结。本文首先综述了间套作对气传病害和土传病害的控制效果;其次,从寄主作物抗性、病原菌和环境(土壤及田间小气候)三方面阐述间套作控制病害的机理,主要为:(1)合理间套作促进养分吸收利用,改善寄主作物的生理生化特性,进而提高寄主作物的抗病性;(2)间套作一方面增加地上部作物多样性,形成物理屏障阻挡病原菌的传播,另一方面增加地下部根系分泌物的多样性,对病原菌进行化感抑制,降低病原菌的存活与侵染;(3)间套作改变田间小气候(田间湿度、温度和通风等)及土壤微生态环境(微生物区系、群落结构和土壤酶活性)而增强间套作的控病效果。最后,讨论了当前间套作与病害控制研究方法的局限性,并展望了间套作控制病害的未来研究方向。     

Biologically-based alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of postharvest diseases

Recently, biological control has been advanced as an alternative to synthetic fungicides and considerable success in laboratory and pilot scale tests has been realized utilizing antagonistic microorganisms to control postharvest diseases. Several antagonistic yeasts and bacteria have been isolated and shown to have a broad spectrum of activity against a number of postharvest pathogens on a variety of fruit. However, for biological control methods to emerge as an economically viable option, their consistency and efficacy in controlling postharvest decay needs to be enhanced to a level comparable to that of synthetic fungicides. This could be possible through an integrated strategy that exploits the additive and synergistic effects of different biological approaches. Received 06 February 1997/ Accepted in revised form 29 May 1997     

Could Bacillus biofilms enhance the effectivity of biocontrol strategies in the phyllosphere?

Maize (Zea mays L.), a major crop in Argentina and a staple food around the world, is affected by the emergence and re-emergence of foliar diseases. Agrochemicals are the main control strategy nowadays; however, they can cause resistance in insects and microbial pathogens and have negative effects on the environment and human health. An emerging alternative is the use of living organisms, i.e. microbial biocontrol agents, to suppress plant pathogen populations. This is a risk-free approach when the organisms acting as biocontrol agents come from the same ecosystem as the foliar pathogens they are meant to antagonize. Some epiphytic microorganisms may form biofilm by becoming aggregated and attached to a surface, as is the case of spore-forming bacteria from the genus Bacillus. Their ability to sporulate and their tolerance to long storage periods make them a frequently used biocontrol agent. Moreover, the biofilm that they create protects them against different abiotic and biotic factors and helps them to acquire nutrients, which ensures their survival on the plants they protect. This review analyzes the interactions that the phyllosphere-inhabiting Bacillus genus establishes with its environment through biofilm, and how this lifestyle could serve to design effective biological control strategies.     

云南芒果采后炭疽病病原菌的鉴定及室内生防菌的筛选

随着对云南芒果需求量的增加,其种植面积日趋扩大,并不断引入新品种,这也导致云南省芒果炭疽病害发生日趋加重。为了有针对性地开展芒果炭疽病的生物防治,采用组织块分离法分离芒果采后炭疽病病原菌,通过形态学观察初步鉴定,并遵循柯赫氏法则对病原菌进行验证。随后,利用rDNA-ITS序列和系统发育树分析明确病原菌的分类学地位。最后,采用5种生防细菌对病原菌进行拮抗试验。通过对芒果采后炭疽病病原菌进行分离鉴定,确定胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)是引起云南芒果采后炭疽病的病原菌,该菌株内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列长度为536 bp,登录号为MH744668;5株生防细菌对芒果炭疽病病原菌都有一定的抑菌作用,具有较好的生防开发潜能,其中抗生素溶杆菌L-44的抑菌效果最好,抑制率达53.7%。研究结果为云南省芒果采后病害的生物防治提供了新的思路。     

猕猴桃采后真菌病害生物防治研究进展

猕猴桃果实易受多种病原真菌的侵染,采后易发生软腐病、灰霉病、青霉病等严重危害果实品质的真菌性病害。传统的有效防治方法主要为采前使用化学杀菌剂,但其易污染环境并可能危害人类健康。目前,已有一系列生物防治方法被研究并报道,这些方法可有效防控猕猴桃采后真菌病害：第一类为天然抑菌物质,包括植物提取物和其他天然物质;第二类为拮抗微生物,包括生防酵母、生防细菌、生防木霉,生防菌也能与物理及化学方法协同发挥作用。本文概述了各类生物防治方法在猕猴桃采后真菌病害绿色防控方面的研究进展及生防机理,并提出了目前存在的问题,最后展望了这一领域今后的研究方向。     

Influence of phylloplane colonizing biocontrol agents on the black spot of rose caused by Diplocarpon rosae

Abstract

An attempt was made to study the biocontrol efficacy of antagonistic microorganisms in phylloplane of rose cv. Edward to manage the black spot (Diplocarpon rosae) disease. Eight antagonistic microorganisms were tested in vivo against the black spot pathogen. Among these, Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens pf1 reduces the mycelial growth significantly. These two biocontrol agents were evaluated for their ability to induce defense-related enzymes and chemicals in plants. Increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and total phenolics were recorded in all the biocontrol agents treated leaves. P. fluorescens Pf1 recorded early and increased synthesis of the entire defense-related enzymes and total phenol within 6 days. The application of biocontrol agents induced the defense-related enzymes involved in phenyl propanoid pathway in addition to direct antagonism, which collectively contribute for enhanced resistance against invasion of Diplocarpon rosae in rose.     

Marine microorganisms as biocontrol agents against fungal phytopathogens and mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are a serious food safety concern for human and animal health. Much attention should be paid to the dietary exposure to mycotoxins in order to minimise the risk of mycotoxin contamination in the food chain. Among the reported strategies to manage the mycotoxin contamination into food and feed, biological control seems a promising approach, depending on their biological origins, and on the use of living organisms or their derivatives. Marine microorganisms have developed unique metabolic and physiological capabilities to thrive in extreme habitats and produce novel metabolites which are not often present in microbes of terrestrial origin. Some marine bacteria and fungi have a good potential for the control of fungal phytopathogens and mycotoxins. Biologists and chemists are needed to work together to explore the storehouse of marine microorganisms and marine active metabolites, because marine bacteria and fungi have a huge potential for practical application in biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens and preventing mycotoxin contamination.     

Can synthetic pesticides be replaced with biologically-based alternatives?—an industry perspective

Agricultural chemical companies have invested in the discovery and development of biological pesticides to complement synthetic pesticides for the control of insects, diseases, and weeds on agronomic and horticultural crops. For plant disease control, companies envisage biological fungicides entering markets where they have the best chance of performing and which are most receptive to using biological control methods. Fewer regulatory requirements can mean faster registration for a biological than a synthetic pesticide. However, industry’s requirements for competitive performance, effective formulations, and economic production can mean significant investments in time and money for a biological pesticide, although total investment may be less than for a synthetic pesticide. One biocontrol project in which industry has invested is baculoviruses for insect control. Insect baculoviruses, genetically modified to kill insects faster than wild-type viruses, are attractive biocontrol agents because their selectivity to insect pests and safety to beneficial insects and mammals enable them to compete with synthetic insecticides. Industry is looking for similar biocontrol opportunities in disease control. Biocontrol agents for seedling disease, root rot, and postharvest disease control have been registered by the EPA and are trying to compete with synthetic fungicides for market share. To date, effective biocontrol agents have not been identified for the control of serious foliar diseases, such as grape downy mildew, potato late blight, wheat powdery mildew, and apple scab. Farmers must rely on synthetic fungicides and agronomic methods to control these diseases for the foreseeable future. Received 06 February 1997/ Accepted in revised form 01 June 1997     

Antimicrobial volatile organic compounds affect morphogenesis-related enzymes in Guignardia citricarpa,causal agent of citrus black spot

Although non-volatile substances toxic to plant pathogenic microorganisms have been extensively studied over the years, few studies have focused on microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CR-1, used in fermentative processes for fuel ethanol production, are able to inhibit the vegetative development of the fungus Guignardia citricarpa, causal agent of the disease citrus black spot. How microbial VOCs affect the development of fungi is not known. Thus, the objective of the present work was to study the effect of the artificial mixture of VOCs identified from S. cerevisiae on intracellular enzymes involved in the mycelial morphogenesis in G. citricarpa. The phytopathogenic fungus was exposed to artificial mixture of VOCs constituted by alcohols (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and phenylethyl alcohol) and esters (ethyl acetate and ethyl octanoate) in the proportions naturally found in the atmosphere produced by the yeast. The VOCs inhibited considerably the mycelial development and interfered negatively with the production of the morphogenesis-related enzymes. After 72 h of exposure to the VOCs the laccase and tyrosinase activities decreased 46 and 32%, respectively, however, the effect on the chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities was lower, 17 and 13% of inhibition, respectively. Therefore, the exposure of the fungus to the antimicrobial volatiles can influence both fungal mycelial growth rate and activity of enzymes implicated in morphogenesis. This knowledge is important to understand the microbial interactions mediated by VOCs in nature and to develop new strategies to control plant pathogens as G. citricarpa in postharvest.     

荧光假单胞菌生防机理的研究进展

荧光假单胞菌是植物根际促生细菌(Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria,PGPR)具有分布广、数量多、营养需要简单、繁殖快、竞争定殖力强的特点。它们能通过产生多种次生代谢物及有效的根际定殖防治植物病害,成为植物生防控制的重要研究对象。主要论述了荧光假单胞菌对植物病害生物防治机理的研究进展。