狗小肠部分切除对移行性综合肌电的影响

将9只狗的小肠总长度的30％,50％及75％的上端分别切除,观察其对移行性综合肌电(MMC)发生规律和红霉素诱发MMCⅢ相的影响。结果发现,所有小肠部分切除的狗,残余小肠的慢波节律均较小肠完整时相应部位明显减慢;75％上端小肠切除的狗,MMC活动消失。小肠完整的狗,静脉注射红霉素均能使MMCⅢ相提前发生;30％上端小肠切除的狗,红霉素仅在一半的实验中可诱发MMCⅢ相,50％及75％上端切除后,红霉素不能诱发MMCⅢ相。但静脉注射吗啡后在所有动物模型上均能诱发MMCⅢ相。提示小肠MMC的周期活动需要空肠以上小肠的存在,红霉素仅在小肠上端能诱发MMCⅢ相。     

急性力竭运动对大鼠胃肠传输速率及回肠肌间神经丛氮能神经的影响

目的：研究力竭运动对大鼠胃肠动力的影响及其肠神经机制。方法：24只大鼠随机分成对照组和急性力竭运动组,建立力竭运动大鼠模型,测定胃肠传输速率,用酶组织化学方法和计算机图像分析技术对两组大鼠回肠肌间神经丛内氮能神经元的数目和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的表达进行测定。结果：急性力竭运动组大鼠胃肠传输速率明显延迟,回肠肌间神经丛内氮能神经元的数目明显增多和NOS的表达显著增强（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。结论：大鼠力竭运动后小肠肌问神经丛内氮能神经元的数目增多和NOS的表达增强可能是导致胃肠传输速率延迟的重要原因之一。     

VIP和SP在自发性高血压大鼠耳蜗中的表达与意义

目的通过研究两种神经肽VIP(血管活性肠肽)、SP(P物质)在自发性高血压大鼠耳蜗中的表达,探讨VIP、SP在高血压性内耳疾病中的作用.方法采用免疫组织化学SABC法,观察VIP、SP在自发性高血压大鼠耳蜗中的表达,并利用图象分析系统测量阳性表达区域平均光密度值,进行定量分析.结果基底转螺旋神经节细胞数目高血压组明显少于正常组(P<0.01).螺旋神经节细胞胞浆中和血管纹处均有VIP和SP表达.在螺旋神经节细胞胞浆中,VIP和SP的含量两组间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);在血管纹中,VIP的表达高血压组高于正常组(P<0.05),而SP的含量差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论VIP和SP都是听觉传导通路的神经递质,而且VIP还参与耳蜗微循环的神经体液调节.     

P物质对5—HT引起的大鼠回肠纵行肌收缩效应的影响及其机制分析

本文采用离体大鼠回肠纵行肌-肌间神经丛(LM-MP)标本,观察SP对5-HT引起的LMMP标本收缩效应的影响,并对其作用机制进行了分析。实验结果:(1) 阈下剂量的SP(5nmol/L)可明显加强5-HT(100nmol/L)引起的LM-MP收缩效应;(2) SP受体拮抗剂[D-Pro~2、DTrp~(7,9)]SP、M受体阻断剂阿托品可抑制或阻断SP对5-HT的加强效应。表明这种效应是通过SP受体中介的;(3) M受体阻断剂阿托品也可阻断SP的加强效应,而平滑肌5-HT受体阻断剂BOL对SP的加强效应似无阻断作用。这些结果提示,阈下剂量的SP对5-HT具有调制作用,并与胆碱能机制有关。     

红霉素对狗胃肠道电活动的影响

以移行性综合肌电(MMC)作指标,研究红霉素(EM)消化道副作用与平滑肌电活动的关系。结果发现,在狗消化间期,静脉注射EM50～400μg/kg,在3～7min内即诱发剂量依赖性早发MMCⅢ相。此早发Ⅲ相起于胃、十二指肠,向小肠尾端移行,其锋电发生率、Ⅲ相持续时间和移行速度等均与自发Ⅲ相类似。胃、十二指肠内分别注射EM500μg/kg,经24.5±7.5min和23.7±2.2min才诱发移行性Ⅲ相。双侧膈上迷走神经切除后,EM仍诱发早发Ⅲ相,但其移行速度减慢(p<0.01),阿托品能阻断EM诱发Ⅲ相的发生。EM在Ⅲ相诱发后的70～250min甚至更长时间内仍使MMC周期和Ⅲ相起始紊乱,甚至完全破坏MMG,代之以超速扩布锋电簇活动。EM不影响进食后狗的胃肠电活动。因此,EM消化道反应的发生可能与其被吸收进血液后通过内在胆碱能神经启动早发Ⅲ相及其后较长后效应有关。     

蜂蜜对洛哌丁胺诱导的 便秘小鼠肠道微生态的影响

目的观察蜂蜜对洛哌丁胺诱导的便秘小鼠肠道微生态的影响。方法雄性Balb/c小鼠30只,随机分成两组:正常对照组(10只)、模型组(20只),同时模型组再分为自然恢复组(10只)、蜂蜜组(10只)。应用洛哌丁胺制备便秘小鼠模型,分别于造模后、给蜂蜜后第5天对每只小鼠进行称重、采便;之后于第12天称重、采便,处死小鼠,进行小肠推进率、结肠组织血管活性肠肽(VIP)、P物质(SP)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)测定和肠道菌群检测。结果洛哌丁胺造模后的第5天,模型组小鼠粪便含水量及体质量下降;蜂蜜组小鼠体质量下降,但粪便含水量无明显变化。蜂蜜治疗至第12天时,蜂蜜组小鼠与模型组比SP增加,粪便含水量及小肠推进率增加,蜂蜜组小鼠与模型组比VIP、5-HT变化不明显。此外蜂蜜干预后便秘小鼠肠道中拟杆菌属和厚壁菌属的细菌丰度有所降低,Alistipes obesi的含量增加。结论蜂蜜对小鼠5-HT分泌水平无明显影响;可以提高便秘小鼠结肠组织中SP含量、增加粪便含水量、加快小肠推进率;调节肠道微生态失衡,对便秘发挥一定的治疗作用。     

猕猴发育过程中肠肝组织血管活性肠肽及其受体的变化

本文旨在探讨猕猴发育过程中血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)及其受体在肠肝组织的变化。通过手术途径获得胚胎6月、新生2 d、新生45 d和成年猕猴的回肠、肝脏、门静脉和外周血等标本,应用放射免疫分析法测定各标本中的VIP含量;通过免疫组化方法观察VIP在肠、肝组织内的分布;利用原位杂交法检测VIP受体1(VIP receptor 1,VIPR1)的表达。结果显示:(1)胚胎6月的猕猴小肠VIP含量为(20．7±14．3)ng／mg蛋白;小肠绒毛根部及黏膜下层可见少量的VIP阳性染色颗粒;在发育过程中,小肠VIP含量逐渐增加,成年期时达(514．8±49．2)ng／mg蛋白,较胚胎6月显著增加(P<0．01)。(2)成年猕猴小肠VIP主要分布于绒毛隐窝部、黏膜下层神经及环、纵行肌间神经丛及环行肌,在发育过程中相应部位的VIPR1表达逐渐上调。(3)肝脏在发育过程中VIP及VIPR1含量逐渐降低。(4)发育的各个时期,小肠组织的VIP含量均明显高于肝脏组织,门静脉VIP水平也始终高于外周血。结果提示,小肠绒毛隐窝部、黏膜下层神经及环、纵行肌间神经内VIP及VIPR1含量足在出生以后才迅速增加的;不论是在胚胎还是成年期,VIP均不在肝中代谢和分解,VIPR1仅见于胚胎肝脏血管。     

绒毛膜促性腺激素及孕酮对大鼠小肠移行性综合肌电的影响

于去卵巢大鼠小肠的不同部位植入铂金丝单极电极,观察了绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)及孕酮对其移行性综合肌电(MMC)的影响。结果为:(1) 静注HCG后,十二指肠及空肠上段出现典型的与妊娠有关的MMC改变,即MMC的周期被间断出现且不规则延长的Ⅱ相所打乱。(2) 肌注孕酮后,十二指肠MMC的Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相时程均显著延长,但MMC的周期性无明显紊乱。(3) 在肌注孕酮的基础上加注HCG后,MMC的变化在特征上与单独注射HCG时相同,在范围上扩大到整个小肠。上述结果提示,在大鼠,HCG可引起典型的与妊娠有关的MMC活动紊乱;当有孕酮存在时,HCG的这一效应进一步增强。     

健脾安肠汤联合匹维溴胺治疗肠易激综合征的临床疗效及对血清5-HT、CGRP、SP、VIP水平的影响

目的:探讨健脾安肠汤联合匹维溴胺治疗肠易激综合征的临床疗效及对血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、结肠黏膜P物质(SP)、血管活性肠态(VIP)水平的影响。方法:选择2017年1月至2017年12月本院接诊的98例肠易激综合征患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=53),对照组单纯采用匹维溴胺进行治疗,观察组在此基础上联合健脾安肠汤进行治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效及治疗前后胃肠症状改善情况、血清5-HT、CGRP、SP、VIP水平、炎性因子水平、焦虑(SAS)、抑郁(SDS)评分的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率(93.33%)心脏高于对照组(71.70%,P0.05);观察组患者恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻、排便次数及大便性质症状评分,血清5-HT、CGRP、SP、VIP、IL-8、IL-6水平、焦虑及抑郁评分均明显低于对照组(均P0.05),而血清IL-10水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:健脾安肠汤联合匹维溴胺治疗肠易激综合征的临床效果显著优于单纯采用匹维溴胺治疗,可有效调节机体胃肠激素分泌和临床症状,提高患者患者生活质量。     

肠易激综合征大鼠模型的复制与评价

目的建立肠易激综合征(IBS)大鼠模型,为实验药理学提供方法。方法采用复合因素诱导大鼠建立IBS模型,测定模型大鼠体重、摄食量、排便情况、自主运动量、胃排空率和肠推进率,分析血清5-HT、血浆SP、VIP含量以及结肠匀浆5-HT、SP、VIP含量变化,测定血液生化指标,显微观察胃窦黏膜和横结肠黏膜组织形态改变。结果造模后各大鼠体重减轻、摄食量减少,排便量增多、出现稀便和无定形软便,自主运动量减少,胃排空率减小、肠推进率加快,血清5-HT含量升高、血浆SP和VIP含量均降低,结肠匀浆5-HT和SP、VIP含量升高(P0.05,P0.01),血液生化指标未见异常,胃窦黏膜和横结肠黏膜无明显形态改变;匹维溴铵15.0 mg/kg治疗30 d后,大鼠体重、摄食量增加,排便量减少、稀便减少,自主运动量接近正常,血清5-HT含量下降、血浆SP和VIP含量升高,结肠匀浆5-HT和SP、VIP含量下降。结论复合因素随机刺激能成功复制IBS大鼠模型,其病理生理特征与临床研究结果基本吻合。     

Long-term follow-up study on SIV intestinal proviral load in rhesus macaques

After experimental infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), intestinal endoscopy proved to be an easily tolerated, minimal invasive procedure to obtain biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques during all stages of disease. As the GI tract is affected by many opportunistic infections and immunological impairment after SIV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, knowledge on the proviral load is an important parameter for a better understanding of disease pathogenesis. In this paper, we describe the set-up and evaluation of a quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the quantification of SIV intestinal proviral load in a long-term follow-up study of eight rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) after two different routes of virus inoculation. A SIV-specific signal could be detected as early as day 3 after infection. Of 143 biopsies from the follow-up study, 85.3% showed a positive PCR. DNA copy numbers ranged from 300 to 15,000 molecules per 100,000 cells. No significant influence of the inoculation route could be shown on either proviral load or survival time, but higher SIV proviral load was associated with a more rapid progression to disease. Therefore, the amount of proviral load in intestinal biopsies may be an important prognostic value for the further course of the disease.     

Difference between the effect of acute and chronic surgical vagotomy on the cytoprotective action of atropine against indomethacin-induced mucosal lesions on the gastrointestinal tract in rats

The cytoprotective effect of a small dose of atropine was proved against the indomethacin (IND)-caused gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal damage. This protective effect of atropine disappeared in the acute phase of surgical vagotomy (ASV) on the vagally-innervated parts of GI tract. The aims of our observations were: 1) to examine the effect of chronic surgical vagotomy (CSV) on the cytoprotective action of atropine in the GI tract; and 2) to compare the effects of ASV and CSV on the GI cytoprotection caused by atropine against IND-induced mucosal damage and vascular permeability in rats. The IND was given s.c. 24 h prior to the killing of the animals in a dose of 20 mg x kg(-1). Bilateral surgical vagotomy or sham operation were carried out 24 h (ASV) or 14 d (CSV) before IND-application. Atropine was given i.p. every 5 h after IND-treatment in a dose of 0.1 mg x kg(-1). The number of macroscopical mucosal ulcerations was noted and its severity was calculated by semiquantitative scale in the stomach, small intestine and three equal parts of colon. Vascular permeability was measured by Evans-blue leakage into the mucosal tissue. It has been found that: 1) Tte small dose of atropine significantly decreased the IND-induced mucosal damage and vascular permeability on the stomach, small intestine and the vascular permeability on the proximal colon; 2) the small dose of atropine did not cause any changes in the appearance of IND-induced mucosal lesions and in Evans blue concentration in the mucosa after ASV, but it significantly decreased the IND-caused mucosal damage and Evans blue concentration in the mucosa of stomach, small intestine and proximal colon after CSV; 3) the IND-induced mucosal damage and vascular permeability treated with atropine (given in cytoprotective dose) were significantly smaller after CSV than that after ASV on the stomach, small intestine and proximal colon. It has been concluded that the intact vagal nerve has an essential role in the appearance of cytoprotective mechanisms of atropine in GI tract.     

手术治疗老年上消化道穿孔的临床效果分析

目的：探讨并分析治疗老年上消化道穿孔的手术方法及其影响因素。方法：收集整理我院2012年1月至2013年1月收治的35例老年上消化道穿孔患者的临床资料,根据患者病情,选择合适的术式对全部患者给予手术治疗,对合并症患者给予积极的对应处理。结果：本组患者术中可见穿孔平均直径（1．7±0．2）cm,腹腔平均积液（2100±200）mL,积液均为混浊或脓性液。术后1例患者死亡,8例患者出现并发症。根据患者的临床因素对术后并发症的发生情况进行比对,我们发现：患者的年龄较大、合并症越复杂、接受手术的时间越迟,那么术后患者发生并发症的机率则越高。结论：采取手术治疗老年上消化道穿孔应充分考虑老年患者特殊的临床因素对其疗效及预后的影响,以安全、简单、有效为基本原则,选择适合病患实际病情的最佳术式,进一步提高手术成功率和临床疗效。     

大黄防治胃肠黏膜屏障损伤的研究进展

临床上许多疾病的发生、发展与预后都与胃肠黏膜屏障损伤有关,机体在应激状态下,胃肠黏膜屏障功能破坏,细菌、内毒素易位入血,形成肠源性感染,引起全身炎症反应(SIRS),最终引发多器官功能障碍综合症(MODS)。肠道黏膜屏障主要由四部分组成:即肠道黏膜的机械屏障、化学屏障、生物屏障和免疫屏障。中药大黄具有通里攻下、清热解毒、活血化瘀的功用,发挥着多环节、多靶点的作用。已有研究表明:大黄对胃肠黏膜屏障各层结构均有明显保护作用,本文现将胃肠黏膜屏障损伤发生机制和大黄防治机理作一综述。     

肠道菌群与大脑相互作用的研究进展

定植于宿主肠道中的微生物参与了宿主多种生理功能以及相关疾病的发生。一个新的医学研究热点在近年内逐渐被关注,肠道菌群可通过主要由神经—内分泌介导的肠—脑轴(gut-brain axis,GBA)与大脑进行双向式交流。GBA不仅实现了肠道菌群对大脑发育和功能的影响,也促使大脑对肠道菌群结构和多样性的改变成为可能。本文旨在对肠道菌群与大脑相互作用的研究进展作一综述,以期为肠道和大脑功能领域的研究以及重要相关疾病的治疗策略提供理论依据。     

120例胶囊内镜检查的结果分析

目的:对胶囊内镜检查的安全性、检查结果及诊断价值进行讨论分析。方法:对2011年1月~2013年4月在我院进行胶囊内镜检查的120例患者及健康体检者的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果:所有受检者均顺利完成检查,不明原因消化道出血、慢性腹痛及健康查体者的检出率分别为82.76%、59.26%及40.90%,结肠镜检查阴性者中检出结肠息肉4例,肠易激综合征患者中检出小肠器质性疾病4例。结论:胶囊内镜检查安全无痛苦,对于不明原因消化道出血及慢性腹痛患者的诊断优于传统检查方法,对于区分功能性胃肠病及器质性疾病以及小肠疾病的筛查有一定的参考价值。     

Distribution of prostaglandin E receptors in the rat gastrointestinal tract

: In order to study the role of prostaglandin in the regulation of the gastrointestinal functions, gene expression of prostaglandin receptors along the rat gastrointestinal tracts were investigated.

: Rats were used for the study. The combination of counterflow elutriation separation of mucosal cells and Northern blot analysis was used to detect the gene expression of prostaglandin receptors in gastrointestinal tracts.

: In small intestine and colon, prostaglandin E2 EP1 and EP3 receptor mRNAs were mainly localized in the deeper intestinal wall containing muscle layers. EP4 receptor gene expression, on the other hand, was detected in the intestinal mucosal layer.

In the stomach, EP1 mRNA was detected in gastric muscle layers, whereas EP3 and EN receptor gene expression was mainly present in the gastric mucosal layer containing epithelial cells. In gastric epithelial cells, parietal cells were found to have both EP3 and EP4 receptors. At lower concentrations, prostaglandin E2 inhibited gastric acid secretion by parietal cells probably through EP4 receptors. At higher concentrations, however, it stimulated it. On the other hand, mucous cells possessed only EP4 receptor mRNA.

: Thus, it is suggested that prostaglandin E2 modulates gastrointestinal functions through at least three different prostaglandin receptors (EP1, EP3, and EP4), each of which has a distinct distribution in the gastrointestinal tract.     

A human case of Echinostoma hortense (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) infection diagnosed by gastroduodenal endoscopy in Korea

A human Echinostoma hortense infection was diagnosed by gastroduodenoscopy. An 81-year-old Korean male, living in Yeongcheon-shi, Gyeongsangbuk-do and with epigastric discomfort of several days duration, was subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. He was in the habit of eating fresh water fish. Two live worms were found in the duodenal bulb area and were removed using an endoscopic forceps. Based on their morphological characteristics, the worms were identified as E. hortense. The patient was treated with praziquantel 10 mg/kg as a single dose. The source of the infection in this case remains unclear, but the fresh water fish consumed, including the loach, may have been the source. This is the second case of E. hortense infection diagnosed by endoscopy in Korea.     

Action of neurotensin on size, composition, and growth of pancreas and stomach in the rat

Since the gastrointestinal peptide neurotensin has a stimulatory effect on the secretion of the exocrine pancreas and an inhibitory effect on secretion and motility of the stomach, we investigated whether chronic parenteral administration of neurotensin would affect pancreatic and gastric growth. We therefore infused synthetic neurotensin subcutaneously (dose, 43 and 282 pmol X kg-1 X min-1) in 20 Wistar rats for 2 weeks using Alzet osmotic minipumps and compared pancreatic weight, DNA, RNA, protein, lipase, amylase, pancreatic polypeptide and insulin with these parameters in 10 control rats from the same litter with subcutaneously implanted plastic cylinders approximately the size of the minipumps. In another experiment, synthetic neurotensin (836 pmol X kg-1) was injected intraperitoneally three times a day for 3 days in 12 rats. Thereafter, we measured pancreatic DNA and in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine into pancreatic DNA. These effects were compared with the actions of caerulein and normal saline. Long term infusion of the high neurotensin dose induced an increase of pancreatic weight (control: 0.87 g, neurotensin: 1.02 g) and of DNA (control: 2.5 micrograms; neurotensin: 3.5 micrograms) and pancreatic polypeptide (control: 2.4 ng; neurotensin: 7.4 ng) contents, whereas pancreatic protein, RNA, amylase and lipase contents were not stimulated. In relation to DNA, these parameters even were significantly depressed. Insulin remained unchanged. Intraperitoneal injection of neurotensin induced an increase of pancreatic DNA content and stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (control: 11 000 dpm/g; neurotensin: 15 800 dpm/g pancreas). Moreover, long-term neurotensin infusion with the high dose led to a rise in protein concentration and an increase in the thickness of the gastric antrum; antral DNA concentration was insignificantly stimulated. Parenteral neurotensin in the doses and at the times administered, led therefore, to hyperplasia of the pancreas and induced growth of the gastric antrum. It is concluded that neurotensin can act as a trophic factor on pancreas and gastric antrum of the rat. It remains to be determined whether this represents a physiological effect of neurotensin.     

Studies on the ability of two isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis,an isolate of Clonostachys rosea f. rosea and a diatomaceous earth product to control gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

Abstract

Nematode parasites have developed resistance to anthelmintics. Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep is a promising non-chemical control method. Two experiments were done using Merino sheep. In each experiment, gender, initial egg count per gram (EPG) and initial body weight (BW) aided in placing animals into four groups, each of which was randomly fed with one of four treatments. Experiment 1 evaluated anthelmintic effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt), Clonostachys rosea f. rosea Schroers (C. rosea) and diatomaceous earth (DE) in sheep. Bacillus thuringiensis and C. rosea were fed to sheep at a rate of 1 g kg^?1 BW, and DE was fed at 2% of sheep diet. Relative to the control, treatments had no effect (P>0.05) on EPG, but reduced (P<0.001) larvae per gram (LPG) in faecal culture. Efficacy varied with time (P<0.001). On Day 7, Bt, C. rosea and DE had efficacies of 76, 87 and 61%, respectively. In experiment 2, efficacy of feeding 1 g kg^?1 BW of C. rosea chlamydospores to sheep every day, every second day and every third day was tested. Daily feeding of fungal chlamydospores had no effect on EPG (P>0.05), but reduced (P<0.001) LPG (12±1.67) more than every second day (39±0.77) or third day (58±1.77). On Day 12, feeding daily, every second day and every third day had efficacies of 90, 63 and 49%, respectively. These studies suggest that each of Bt, C. rosea isolates and DE products has a potential to affect nematode larvae, and daily use of C. rosea had the highest effect as a biological control of nematodes in this study.