一个水稻MSP1突变体的鉴定和分析

水稻(Oryza sativa)MSP1基因编码一个LRR-RK蛋白,调控花药壁和花粉细胞的分化和发育。本研究从钴-60辐射的水稻突变体库中鉴定出一个新的msp1突变体1972m,其花药明显变小、变白,花药中不含花粉粒。这一新的MSP1等位突变中,一个LRR单元的一个丝氨酸转变为脯氨酸。结构分析表明这一氨基酸残基突变可能影响了MSP1位于细胞外的LRR结构域的稳定性,使之失去结合信号分子的能力,从而阻断了花药壁细胞发育信号的转导。     

水稻长日照开花因子Lfm1的图位克隆

开花期是水稻最重要的农艺性状之一,水稻的花期决定着水稻的地区适应性和最终产量。人工选择使水稻从短日照向长日照、低纬度向高纬度扩张,因此水稻已逐渐进化出适应长日照条件下的开花调控机制。目前,虽然鉴定了一些影响水稻长日照的开花基因如SDG724、RFT1、EHD4、DTH2,但是挖掘水稻长日照开花基因还十分有限。本研究通过筛选水稻突变体库,获得一批在长日照下花期有显著差异的突变体材料,其中一份突变体lfm1(late-flowering mutant1),在长日照条件下开花延迟,在短日照条件下开花时间正常。通过图位克隆,将Lfm1基因初定位至第8染色体端粒附近。进一步的精细定位将Lfm1基因定位于分子标记8-0.269和与8-0.283之间,范围为12 kb,该区域包括3个候选基因。经测序分析发现,在突变体lfm1中,LOC_Os08g01420基因的第六外显子2800处缺失9个碱基,突变体lfm1等位于已报道的突变体ehd3。在适度(中日照条件下,~12 h/12 h)的光照条件下,突变体lfm1表现为穗粒数增多,生育期略延长,具有应用于生产的潜力。Lfm1基因的克隆为培育适应不同生态区域的水稻材料提供了重要的基因资源。     

水稻超短根突变体ssr1的遗传分析和基因定位

该研究从甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变的籼稻‘Kasalath’突变体库中筛选到1个根系超短的突变体,命名为ssr1(super short root 1),8d苗龄突变体的主根和不定根长度分别只有野生型的8.89%和2.29%,其不定根发生正常,但侧根的发生和伸长都受到严重抑制,且根毛也非常短。此外,ssr1植株整体矮小,株高不到野生型的一半。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用图位克隆技术将SSR1基因定位在第9染色体的STS(sequence tagged site)分子标记9g7047K和9g7290K之间,物理距离约为243kb,在定位区间共发现39个预测基因,经分析其中没有已克隆的根系发育基因。对SSR1的定位为进一步克隆该基因和阐明水稻根构型的分子机理奠定了基础。     

拟南芥雄性不育相关基因LDAD1&2的遗传定位(英文)

利用EMS诱变筛选手段分离到一株拟南芥类似花药不开裂雄性不育突变体(like-defective in anther de-hiscence,ldad),其果荚干瘪,花药不能开裂且花粉败育。遗传分析表明,突变体的表型受2个隐性基因控制;细胞学观察发现,在花药发育过程中伴随着小孢子的降解;通过图位克隆初步对ldad的2个突变位点分别定位,一个定位在1号染色体上SSLP标记F22L4与端粒之间171 kb的区间,另一个定位在5号染色体上SSLP标记T10O8与端粒间150 kb的区间内;生物信息学分析显示此区间内未见育性相关的已知基因。该研究的结果对进一步克隆LDAD1&2基因及探讨其在花药发育中的功能具有重要意义。     

水稻矮秆突变体dtl1的分离鉴定及其突变基因的精细定位

文章通过对所构建的水稻突变体库进行大规模筛选,获得一个稳定遗传的矮秆突变体,与野生型日本晴相比,该突变体表现为植株矮化、叶片卷曲、分蘖减少和不育等性状,命名为dtl1(dwarf and twist leaf 1)。dtl1属于nl型矮秆,激素检测表明,矮秆性状与赤霉素和油菜素内酯无关。遗传分析显示,突变性状受单一隐性核基因控制。利用dtl1与籼稻品种Taichung Native 1杂交构建F2群体,将该突变基因DTL1定位于水稻第10染色体长臂2个SSR标记RM25923和RM6673之间约70.4 kb区域内,并与InDel标记Z10-29共分离,在该区域预测有13个候选基因,但未见调控水稻株高相关基因的报道,因此,认为DTL1基因是一个新的控制水稻株高的基因。     

水稻生长发育多效基因DDF1的遗传分析与基因定位

植物中存在许多多效性基因,它们在调控植物的营养生长与生殖发育过程中起着关键性作用。文章在籼稻育种材料中发现了一个植株显著矮化且花器官明显变异的突变体ddf1(dwarf and deformed flower 1)。遗传分析表明,该突变体由单基因隐性突变所致,这说明该基因是一个同时控制营养生长和生殖发育的多效性基因,暂命名为DDF1。为了定位该基因,将ddf1杂合体与热带粳稻品种DZ60杂交,建立了F2定位群体,利用水稻RM系列微卫星标记,通过混合分离分析(BSA)和小群体连锁分析,将DDF1初步定位在水稻第6号染色体RM588和RM587标记之间,与两标记的遗传距离分别为3.8 cM和2.4 cM。进一步利用已经公布的水稻基因组序列,在初步定位的区间内开发新的SSR标记,将DDF1定位在165 kb的区间内。该结果为克隆DDF1奠定了基础。     

一个新的水稻花器官突变体的鉴定和基因定位

在水稻（Oryza sativa）品种台中65的组培后代中发现一个花器官发育异常突变体flower organ number6（fon6）,其主要表型为：双子房,多柱头,7-8枚雄蕊。遗传分析表明,该突变表型由一对隐性基因控制。以该突变体与籼稻3037杂交的F2代分离群体作为定位群体,利用STS标记将与突变性状相关的基因定位于第6染色体短臂上STS标记PL4和PL5之间约480kb的范围内。该研究结果为进一步的基因克隆及功能研究奠定了基础。     

拟南芥网状突变体E-210基因精细定位

通过甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变与遗传分析,从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中筛选到一株隐性单基因控制的网状突变体E-210.该突变体植株生长缓慢,叶脉呈绿色,叶肉呈黄色.通过透射电镜观察,发现野生型植株和突变植株在叶绿体结构上差异不大,猜测该突变体E-210基因与叶绿体的发育可能没有直接关系,而很可能同叶绿素或叶绿体的生物合成有关.通过图位克隆的方法,将该突变体的突变基因定位在第5条染色体上的MRBl7和MBG8-5的分子标记之间,精确到87.130 kb.对MRB17和MBG8-5的分子标记之间的22个基因进行了分析,预测突变体E-210基因可能是At5g54770,编码THI1,即噻唑合成酶.     

一个新的水稻叶形突变体(tll1)的遗传分析与精细定位

利用甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethane sulphonate, EMS)诱变粳稻品种日本晴获得了一个遗传稳定的叶形突变体 thread-like leaf 1 (tll1)。该突变体在杭州表现为矮化、窄叶, 极端时仅剩主脉, 呈细丝状。将该突变体分别与籼稻品种南京6号、浙辐802和9311进行正反交配组, 遗传分析表明该突变体性状由1对隐性单基因控制。通过SSR和STS分子标记对F₂代分离群体进行遗传定位, 将该基因初步定位在第12染色体SSR标记RM247和RM101之间。随后利用已公布的粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻品种9311的基因组序列, 发展了7对有多态的STS标记, 最终将该基因定位在FL13和FL14之间约94.3 kb的区间内, 为进一步克隆TLL1基因奠定了基础。     

一个新的水稻叶形突变体（tll1）的遗传分析与精细定位

利用甲基磺酸乙酯（ethylmethane sulphonate,EMS）诱变粳稻品种日本晴获得了一个遗传稳定的叶形突变体thread-like leaf1（tll1）。该突变体在杭州表现为矮化、窄叶,极端时仅剩主脉,呈细丝状。将该突变体分别与籼稻品种南京6号、浙辐802和9311进行正反交配组,遗传分析表明该突变体性状由1对隐性单基因控制。通过SSR和STS分子标记对F2代分离群体进行遗传定位,将该基因初步定位在第12染色体SSR标记RM247和RM101之间。随后利用已公布的粳稻品种日本晴和籼稻品种9311的基因组序列,发展了7对有多态的STS标记,最终将该基因定位在FL13和FL14之间约94.3kb的区间内,为进一步克隆TLL1基因奠定了基础。     

稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)诱导的水稻早期反应基因ER1的5' 端cDNA片段克隆及序列分析

研究高等生物基因表达与调控的一个重要方面是分离基因的编码区及其上游的调控序列（ＤｅＶｅｅｒ等１９９７）,这需要获得一个基因的ｃＤＮＡ全长及从植物基因组获取全基因。在前文（周建明等１９９９）中曾经分离了稻瘟病菌侵染诱导的水稻早期反应基因ＥＲ１的ｃＤＮＡ片段,但是运用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术分离的ｃＤＮＡ片段往往只有近ｍＲＮＡ３’端的一部分,难以反映基因的结构及功能特点,因此,必须进一步分离其５’端的部分才有可能比较全面地了解此基因的特点。ＲＡＣＥ（ｒａｐｉｄａｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃＤＮＡｅｎ…     

The Post-meiotic Deficicent Anther1 （PDA1） gene is required for post-meiotic anther development in rice

To understand the molecular mechanism of male reproductive development in the model crop rice,we isolated a complete male sterile mutant post-meiotic deficient anther1 (pda1) from a γ-ray-treated rice mutant library.Genetic analysis revealed that the pda1 mutant was controlled by a recessive nucleus gene.The pda1 mutant anther seemed smaller with white appearance.Histological analysis demonstrated that the pda1 mutant anther undergoes normal early tapetum development without obvious altered meiosis.However,the pda1 mutant displayed obvious defects in postmeiotic tapetal development,abnormal degeneration occurred in the tapetal cells at stage 9 of anther development.Also we observed abnormal lipidic Ubisch bodies from the tapetal layer of the pda1 mutant,causing no obvious pollen exine formation.RT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of genes involved in anther development including GAMYB,OsC4 and Wax-deficient anther1 (WDA1) was greatly reduced in the pda1 mutant anther.Using map-based cloning approach,the PDA1 gene was finely mapped between two markers HLF610 and HLF627 on chromosome 6 using 3,883 individuals of F2 population.The physical distance between HLF610 and HLF627 was about 194 kb.This work suggests that PDA1 is required for post-meiotic tapetal development and pollen/microspore formation in rice.     

Conservation of a gene conversion mechanism in two distantly related paralogues of Anaplasma marginale

Anaplasmataceae, the causative agents of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis, persist in the bloodstream of their mammalian hosts, allowing acquisition and transmission by tick vectors. Anaplasma marginale establishes persistent infection characterized by sequential cycles of rickettsaemia in which new antigenic variants emerge. The two most immunodominant outer membrane proteins, MSP2 and MSP3, are paralogues, each encoded by a distinct family of related genes. This study demonstrates that, although the two gene families have diverged substantially, each has maintained a similar mechanism to generate structurally and antigenically polymorphic surface antigens. Like MSP2, MSP3 is expressed from a single locus in which variation of the expressed msp3 gene is generated by recombination using msp3 pseudogenes. Each of the msp3 pseudogenes encodes a unique central variable region (CVR) flanked by conserved 5' and 3' regions. Changes in the CVR of the expressed msp3, concomitant with invariance of the pseudogenes, indicate that expression site variation is generated using gene conversion. A. marginale thus maintains two large, separate systems within its small genome to generate antigenic variation of its surface proteins, while analogous structural elements indicate a common mechanism.     

GAMYB controls different sets of genes and is differentially regulated by microRNA in aleurone cells and anthers

GAMYB is a component of gibberellin (GA) signaling in cereal aleurone cells, and has an important role in flower development. However, it is unclear how GAMYB function is regulated. We examined the involvement of a microRNA, miR159, in the regulation of GAMYB expression in cereal aleurone cells and flower development. In aleurone cells, no miR159 expression was observed with or without GA treatment, suggesting that miR159 is not involved in the regulation of GAMYB and GAMYB-like genes in this tissue. miR159 was expressed in tissues other than aleurone, and miR159 over-expressors showed similar but more severe phenotypes than the gamyb mutant. GAMYB and GAMYB-like genes are co-expressed with miR159 in anthers, and the mRNA levels for GAMYB and GAMYB-like genes are negatively correlated with miR159 levels during anther development. Thus, OsGAMYB and OsGAMYB-like genes are regulated by miR159 in flowers. A microarray analysis revealed that OsGAMYB and its upstream regulator SLR1 are involved in the regulation of almost all GA-mediated gene expression in rice aleurone cells. Moreover, different sets of genes are regulated by GAMYB in aleurone cells and anthers. GAMYB binds directly to promoter regions of its target genes in anthers as well as aleurone cells. Based on these observations, we suggest that the regulation of GAMYB expression and GAMYB function are different in aleurone cells and flowers in rice.     

Cloning and modeling of CD8 beta in the amphibian ambystoma Mexicanum. Evolutionary conserved structures for interactions with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules

Bovine anaplasmosis is a rickettsial disease of world-wide economic importance caused by Anaplasma marginale. Several major surface proteins with conserved gene sequences have been examined as potential candidates for vaccines and/or diagnostic assays. Major surface protein 1 (MSP1) is composed of polypeptides MSP1a and MSP1b. MSP1a is expressed from the single copy gene msp1 alpha and MSP1b is expressed by members of the msp1 beta multigene family. In order to determine if the msp1 genes are conserved, primers specific for msp1 alpha, msp1 beta(1), and msp1 beta(2) genes were synthesized and used to amplify msp1 sequences of A. marginale from tick cell cultures, from cattle during acute and chronic infections and from salivary glands of Dermacentor variabilis. Protein sequences of MSP1a, MSP1b(1) and MSP1b(2) were conserved during the life cycle of the parasite. No amino acid changes were observed in MSP1a. However, small variations were observed in the MSP1b(1) and MSP1b(2) protein sequences, which could be attributed to recombination, selection for sub-populations of A. marginale in the vertebrate host and/or PCR errors. Several isolate-specific sequences were also observed. Based on the information obtained in this study, the MSP1 protein appears to be fairly well conserved and a potential vaccine candidate.     

恶性疟裂殖子表面蛋白1合成基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面蛋白1是当今疟疾疫苗主要的候选抗原。由于天然MSP1基因AT含量异常高(为74%),使得克隆全长天然基因无法实现。本文已全合成了msp1基因(4940bp),解决了该天然基因在异源系统中不稳定的问题。为制备大量msp1重组蛋白进行疫苗有效性试验,本研究建立了msp1基因在毕赤酵母中的表达,将合成的msp1基因克隆到毕赤酵母胞内表达载体pPIC3.5,构建了重组质粒pPIC3.5/msp1,用电击转化毕赤酵母得到重组转化子,经PCR证实msp1基因已整合于毕赤酵母染色体中。含有重组表达质粒的毕赤酵母菌经甲醇诱导后表达出全长msp1重组蛋白。表达产物能与识别MSP1分子二硫键依赖构象表位的特异性单抗发生很强的反应,表明msp1重组蛋白至少在该表位构象上与天然蛋白一致。从毕赤酵母中分离得到大量msp1为开展该蛋白的结构与功能,特别是测定其疟疾保护性免疫提供可能。     

OsTDL1A binds to the LRR domain of rice receptor kinase MSP1, and is required to limit sporocyte numbers

Hybrids lose heterotic yield advantage when multiplied sexually via meiosis. A potential alternative breeding system for hybrids is apospory, where female gametes develop without meiosis. Common among grasses, apospory begins in the nucellus, where aposporous initials (AIs) appear near the sexual megaspore mother cell (MeMC). The cellular origin of AIs is obscure, but one possibility, suggested by the mac1 and msp1 mutants of maize and rice, is that AIs are apomeiotic derivatives of the additional MeMCs that appear when genetic control over sporocyte numbers is relaxed. MULTIPLE SPOROCYTES1 (MSP1) encodes a leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase, which is orthologous to EXS/EMS1 in Arabidopsis. Like mac1 and msp1, exs/ems1 mutants produce extra sporocytes in the anther instead of a tapetum, causing male sterility. This phenotype is copied in mutants of TAPETUM DETERMINANT1 (TPD1), which encodes a small protein hypothesized to be an extracellular ligand of EXS/EMS1. Here we show that rice contains two TPD1-like genes, OsTDL1A and OsTDL1B. Both are co-expressed with MSP1 in anthers during meiosis, but only OsTDL1A and MSP1 are co-expressed in the ovule. OsTDL1A binds to the leucine-rich-repeat domain of MSP1 in yeast two-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation in onion cells; OsTDL1B lacks this capacity. When driven by the maize Ubiquitin1 promoter, RNA interference against OsTDL1A phenocopies msp1 in the ovule but not in the anther. Thus, RNAi produces multiple MeMCs without causing male sterility. We conclude that OsTDL1A binds MSP1 in order to limit sporocyte numbers. OsTDL1A-RNAi lines may be suitable starting points for achieving synthetic apospory in rice.