陆地棉GhPS2基因的克隆和表达分析

卤代酸脱卤酶(HAD)在调节植物生长发育和响应磷缺乏胁迫方面具有重要作用。该研究基于前期陆地棉根部低磷胁迫基因差异表达序列数据分析，以陆地棉新陆早19为材料，对GhPS2基因进行克隆，并对其基因组DNA与cDNA测序分析，借助生物信息学方法分析GhPS2的基因结构和进化关系；采用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法检测该基因于根、茎、叶、花4个器官的基因表达量变化和低磷胁迫下0,4,12,24,72 h的相对表达。结果表明，(1)成功获得陆地棉GhPS2基因，该基因的开放阅读框序列长度813 bp,编码270个氨基酸，存在3个内含子，属于HAD家族，其中存在1个保守结构域名为Put-Phosphatase。(2)序列比对和进化分析显示，陆地棉GhPS2与其他棉种PS2、榴莲PS2的相似性分别为93%和83.15%。(3)qRT-PCR结果表明，GhPS2基因在根中表达量最高，其次是茎和花，在叶中表达量最低，该基因在低磷胁迫4 h时相对表达量达到最高值，低磷胁迫72 h时是适磷处理的16.66倍。研究表明，GhPS2基因属于低磷胁迫响应基因，在棉花响应低磷胁迫过程中具有重要作用。     

枳LEA基因家族鉴定及其对非生物胁迫的响应

为明确LEA基因在枳非生物胁迫中的作用,研究通过生物信息学方法对枳LEA基因家族进行全基因组的鉴定,并采用qRT-PCR技术分析其在不同非生物胁迫下的表达情况。结果表明:(1)枳基因组中鉴定得到57个LEA基因家族成员,编码蛋白的氨基酸长度在62~945 aa之间,分子质量在6.95~104.98 kD之间。(2)系统进化分析表明,PtrLEA基因可分为8个亚家族,LEA_1~LEA_6、dehydrin和SMP,LEA_2亚族家族成员最多。(3)顺式作用元件分析表明,PtrLEA启动子上存在大量的植物激素、胁迫响应以及生长发育有关的响应元件。(4)转录组数据分析结果显示,LEA基因家族具有组织表达特异性,PtrLEA 15、PtrLEA 17、PtrLEA 23、PtrLEA 51在所有组织中均有高表达,也发现有3个基因在所有组织中不表达。(5)实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:PtrLEA基因在低温、干旱和高盐胁迫处理条件下,与对照相比分别有6、2和6个基因上调表达,推测该基因家族参与多种非生物胁迫应答。     

陆地棉低磷胁迫应答基因GhERF5的克隆与表达分析

该研究基于前期陆地棉根部低磷胁迫基因表达谱芯片差异表达序列数据分析及基因组数据库,从陆地棉‘新陆早19’中克隆AP2/ERF基因(GhERF5),并对其基因组DNA与cDNA测序分析,借助生物信息学方法分析其基因结构和进化关系;采用半定量RT-PCR技术与荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法检测该基因于根、茎、叶、花等组织的表达变化以及低磷胁迫不同时间的相对表达。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得一个AP2/ERF基因,命名为GhERF5;GhERF5基因开放阅读框序列长度963 bp,共编码320个氨基酸;该基因在177～241处存在一个AP2保守结构域,属于AP2家族。(2)多序列比对发现,GhERF5与亚洲棉GaERF5、雷蒙德氏GoraiERF5L相似性达到95%;系统进化树分析显示,陆地棉GhERF5蛋白序列与陆地棉GhERF5L(NP＿001386305)的相似性最高,推测GhERF5基因是位于D亚基因组的基因。(3)半定量RT-PCR和qRT-PCR检测发现,GhERF5基因在陆地棉根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,但主要在叶中表达,其次为根和茎,花中的表达量最低;低磷处理0～72 h...     

陆地棉GhCSN6A基因克隆及低磷胁迫下的表达

该研究基于陆地棉根部低磷胁迫基因表达谱芯片差异表达序列结果及基因组数据库，对表达差异序列ES816317进行克隆，利用生物信息学分析其核苷酸及蛋白序列，并通过qRT-PCR技术检测其组织表达模式和在低磷胁迫下的相对表达特征，为解析棉花GhCSN6A的生物学功能奠定基础，并为棉花磷高效基因工程育种提供基因资源。结果表明：(1)成功获得陆地棉GhCSN6A基因，该基因的开放阅读框全长为948 bp,编码315个氨基酸；GhCSN6A蛋白为COP9信号小体复合亚基6a,属于MOV34蛋白超家族，具有MPN＿CSN6结构域，定位于细胞核。(2)序列比对和进化分析显示，陆地棉GhCSN6A与木槿HsCSN6A、拟南芥AtCSN6A的相似性分别为95.87%和84.54%。(3)qRT-PCR分析表明，GhCSN6A基因在陆地棉的根、茎、叶、花中均有表达，且在叶中表达水平最高，但叶与根中的表达无显著差异；GhCSN6A基因在低磷处理24 h时根中相对表达量最低，但低磷处理72 h时根中的相对表达量最高达到了适磷(对照)处理的2倍。研究推测，陆地棉GhCSN6A基因在棉花响应低磷胁迫过程中具有重要作...     

木麻黄NHX基因家族的鉴定及盐胁迫下的表达分析

Na^(+)/H^(+)转运蛋白在植物的耐盐性和生长发育中起关键作用。该研究采用生物信息学方法对木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)NHX基因家族成员进行全基因组鉴定和分析,并利用qRT-PCR技术检测NHX基因在盐胁迫下的表达,以探讨木麻黄NHX家族基因的生物学功能,为进一步研究盐胁迫机制以及挖掘其抗逆基因奠定理论基础。结果显示:(1)鉴定获得8个木麻黄NHX基因家族成员(CeqNHX1-8),系统进化树分析发现其可分为Endo、Vac和PM共3个亚家族,分别包含1、5和2个基因;编码氨基酸数为324~546个,分子量为34.87~60.27 kD,等电点在6.29~9.08之间,均为疏水蛋白。(2)基因结构和Motif分析发现,所有CeqNHXs基因的外显子数为2~17不等,且均具有保守的Na^(+)/H^(+)交换结构域;CeqNHX基因的蛋白质二级结构主要以α-螺旋和不规则卷曲为主。(3)木麻黄CeqNHX基因的启动子区含有大量非生物胁迫和激素响应元件,其中CeqNHX5启动子共含有13种共38个元件。(4)qRT-PCR分析表明,CeqNHX基因家族成员在木麻黄根、茎、枝和雄花序中均有不同程度的表达,且多数主要在小枝上表达;在200 mmol/L NaCl处理下,8个木麻黄CeqNHXs基因的表达量均有一定程度的上调。研究表明,木麻黄CeqNHXs基因家族可能参与多种激素和应激反应的调节,且CeqNHXs基因的表达对盐胁迫有显著的响应,推测CeqNHXs基因与木麻黄的耐盐性相关。     

甘草Pht1基因家族鉴定与表达分析

Pht1家族磷酸盐(Pi)转运体介导植物中磷(P)的吸收和再动员。为探讨甘草Pht1基因的结构及表达模式,该研究利用生物信息学方法对甘草Pht1(GuPht1)基因家族进行分析,结合转录组数据和实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)分析GuPht1在非生物胁迫下的表达,并采用RT-PCR克隆4个GuPht1基因。结果显示：(1)甘草中有8个Pht1家族成员(GuPht1;1—GuPht1;8),都位于细胞膜上,且具有12个跨膜结构,属于MFS超家族,氨基酸长度介于521～570 aa之间,含有Pht1保守的特征序列GGDYPLSATIMSE。(2)系统进化分析显示,甘草GuPht1基因家族成员与豆科植物亲缘关系较近;启动子区含有与磷饥饿有关的W-box、G-box、PHO-like和P1BS元件;甘草GuPht1基因家族在Scaffold定位分布均匀,三级结构均为单体。(3)转录组数据分析显示,GuPht1响应干旱、盐、激素等胁迫,且表达有组织特异性。qRT-PCR结果表明,低磷胁迫下GuPht1基因有明显的时空表达差异性,GuPht1;1/1;6/1;8在根中表达明显上调,GuPht1;5/...     

大白菜NHX基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白(Na+/H+antiporter,NHX)基因家族在植物响应盐胁迫中发挥重要作用。本研究鉴定了大白菜NHX基因家族成员,并分析了大白菜NHX基因(Brassica rapa ssp.Pekinensis NHX,BrNHXs)响应高温、低温、干旱和盐胁迫等非生物逆境的表达模式。结果表明,在大白菜中共鉴定到9个NHX基因家族成员,分布在大白菜的6条染色体上,其氨基酸数目在513–1154 aa之间,相对分子量集中在56804.22–127856.66 kDa,等电点位于5.35–7.68之间。该基因家族成员主要存在于液泡中,基因结构完整,外显子的数目介于11–22之间。大白菜NHX基因家族编码的蛋白质二级结构都具有α-螺旋、β-转角和不规则卷曲结构,其中α-螺旋发生频率较高。实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)分析显示,该基因家族成员在高温、低温、干旱和盐胁迫下均有不同程度地响应,且在不同时间表达差异显著。以BrNHX02和BrNHX09对这4种胁迫的响应最为显著,表达量在处理72 h时均显著上调,可作为候选基因进一步验证其功能。     

苹果SRS基因家族的鉴定与功能分析北大核心CSCD

SHI-related sequence(SRS)基因家族通过介导激素变化以调控植物成花及生长发育,并且在适应环境胁迫中起重要调控作用。该研究基于苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)基因组数据,通过生物信息学手段鉴定苹果SRS基因家族成员,并分析SRS基因家族特点与功能及表达情况。结果表明:(1)苹果MdSRS基因家族共包含11个成员,分别命名为MdSRS1-MdSRS11,不均匀地分布在苹果的9条染色体上。(2)MdSRS蛋白包含229~414个不等的氨基酸残基,等电点分布在6.38~9.36之间;亚细胞定位结果表明,MdSRS蛋白大多分布于细胞膜,在细胞核、叶绿体中也有分布。(3)通过引入拟南芥、水稻、番茄及杨树的SRS基因进行系统发育分析表明,将11个MdSRSs分成5个亚族(A-A),在A4中分布最多。(4)顺式作用元件分析表明,11个MdSRSs启动子上游2 000 bp序列分布有激素、环境适应性和逆境诱导等响应元件。(5)荧光定量PCR结果显示,苹果MdSRS基因家族在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫下总体呈下调表达,在ABA胁迫后大多呈上调表达,是具有很大潜力的抗性候选基因,说明SRS家族对ABA调节等非生物胁迫具有调控作用。研究认为,SRS家族的11个成员均参与了调控干旱、盐及ABA胁迫多种逆境的响应,推测在实际苹果生产中对抵御不良环境具有重要作用。     

玉米苗期SR蛋白基因家族的干旱胁迫应答

基因表达的选择性剪接(Alternative splicing, AS)调控与植物对逆境胁迫应答密切相关, SR蛋白(Serine/ arginine-rich proteins)是其中关键的调节因子。文章对玉米B73参考基因组进行分析显示: 多数SR蛋白家族基因成员启动子区域含有3~8种与发育或胁迫相关的顺式调控元件; 27个基因成员编码碱性蛋白, 其中23个成员的编码蛋白依照其N′端的首个RRM(RNA recognition motif)结构域特征大体上可划分为5个亚组。利用双向分级聚类方法, 对三叶期干旱胁迫下玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本郑58和昌7-2的SR蛋白基因家族的分析显示, 该基因家族的表达模式具有明显的组织表达特异性和基因型依赖性特征; 其中在干旱胁迫下地下组织以下调表达模式为主, 而地上组织中以上调表达模式为主。在重度干旱胁迫后的3个不同时段复水过程中, 地上和地下组织中SR蛋白基因家族的表达皆以下调表达模式为主。另外, 尽管不同基因成员的表达模式在干旱胁迫及其后的复水过程中存在明显差异, 但普遍存在自身选择性剪接现象。SR蛋白基因家族在玉米干旱胁迫的应答规律, 为从AS-network视角解析玉米的抗逆分子机制提供了新思路。     

茶树BES1转录因子全基因组鉴定与分析

植物特异性转录因子(BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1,BES1)家族参与调节油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,BR)信号通路,在植物生长和应对非生物胁迫的反应中发挥重要作用。该研究利用生物信息学方法对茶树BES1转录因子家族进行鉴定,分析茶树CsBES1基因在8个茶树组织中的表达模式,并对CsBES1转录因子家族在低温、干旱及ABA激素处理下的表达进行分析,以揭示茶树CsBES1转录因子家族的功能及其对环境胁迫的响应。结果显示:(1)从茶树全基因组中鉴定获得10个茶树BES1转录因子家族成员,均具有完整的BES1_N结构域;根据系统进化关系将10个CsBES1转录因子家族分成3组,分别包含2个、3个和5个成员;该家族成员每个基因含有2～11个外显子。(2)组织表达模式分析显示,茶树BES1转录因子家族在生长活跃的茶树嫩梢和成熟叶中表达量较高,不同成员之间表达存在差异性。(3)上游启动子区域分析发现大量与植物激素和非生物胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件。(4)荧光定量检测发现,BES1基因在茶树不同胁迫处理下的表达模式不同,在低温和脱落酸处理下,CsBES1-1、CsBES1-7、CsBES1-8和CsBES1-9基因的表达量显著提高,而在干旱处理下,CsBES1-2、CsBES1-4、CsBES1-5、CsBES1-6、CsBES1-7、CsBES1-8和CsBES1-9基因的表达量显著提高。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素异质性耐药研究

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见的条件致病菌,其异质性耐药的发生常导致临床治疗失败。【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素的异质性耐药情况,为相关临床感染治疗提供一定的依据。【方法】收集临床分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(diskdiffusion method)即Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法、菌落谱型分析(population analysis profile,PAP)法、生长实验以及传代稳定性实验探究铜绿假单胞菌的异质性耐药特征。【结果】K-B法初筛得到铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(piperacillin/tazobactam,TZP)和替卡西林/克拉维酸(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid,TIM)的异质性耐药率分别为52%、52%和54%。PAP实验确认后有13株异质性耐药菌,其检出率占总实验菌株的26%。随机选取8株异质性耐药菌株,其耐药亚群的发生频率为7.3×10-7-1.2×10-5。通过无抗生素压力的生长实验发现,异质性耐药菌株PAS92、PAS57与其各自的3株最高PIP浓度平...     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.