垣曲盆地中始新世貘类和犀类新材料

记述了近年来在山西垣曲盆地中始新世河堤组任村段中发现的貘类和犀类化石计４科７属８种动物。它们不仅为原有类群增加了新材料,而且出现了该地区以前不曾有过的种类,因而丰富了垣曲盆地中始新世哺乳动物群内涵。     

甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世貘类化石(奇蹄目、貘科)一新种

描述在甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世地层中发现的貘属新种和政貘(Tapirus hezhengensis sp. nov.),它是貘属中已知最小的种之一。在基本特征上,临夏盆地的和政貘与现生貘已相当接近,前臼齿完全臼齿化,门齿、犬齿的数目和形态也与现生貘一致。东亚晚中新世缺少貘科化石的材料,和政貘的发现对中国第四纪貘类的来源提供了重要线索,显示中中新世起源于欧洲的真貘在晚中新世时期已扩散至东亚。貘类通常适应于潮湿的热带森林环境,但和政貘在华北三趾马动物群中的发现说明这类动物也能够生活于干旱的温带草原地区。     

云南禄丰古猿产地的貘类化石及奇蹄目总汇

记述了云南禄丰石灰坝古猿产地的貘类化石。材料只有3枚单个的下牙齿,经观察、测量、对比可将其归入1981年时墨庄等所建立的云南貘(Tapirus yunnanensis)。至此,云南禄丰古猿产地的奇蹄目化石全部研究完毕。该目共有马类2种:西氏三趾马Hipparion theobaldi,禄丰三趾马Hipparion lufengense;犀类2种:禄丰无鼻角犀Acerorhinus lufengensis、林氏山西犀相似种Shansirhinus cf.S.ringstroemi;爪兽1种:元谋巨爪兽Anisodon yuanmouensis和貘类1种:云南貘Tapirus yunnanensis。     

山西垣曲原蹄犀(犀科,奇蹄目,哺乳纲)化石

火石坡是垣曲盆地近年来新发现的化石点,产有丰富的哺乳动物化石,多数已被报道(黄学诗等,1999;Zhang et al.,2001;刘丽萍、黄学诗,2002;黄学诗、王景文,2002;Dawson et al.,2003;黄学诗,2004),本文仅对其中的奇蹄目原蹄犀类化石予以简单记述,它的发现为垣曲盆地始新世动物群增加了新成员.     

山东昌乐早始新世五图相脊齿貘类（貘超科）

脊齿貘类是亚洲特有的中，晚始新世貘形动物，在中始新世很繁盛，但一直未发现早始新世种类，山东五图早始新世地层中发现的山东兼脊貘。很可能是这一类群的早期代表，它与中始新世已知种具有某些共有的特点，但仍有主午餐我是如新世原始貘类的特征，同时，本简单地回顾了脊齿貘类研究历史，根据现有的材料，概述了脊齿貘类的特征，根据一些进步特征将已知属分别归于脊齿貘科和红山貘科。     

内蒙古二连盆地早始新世脑木根组上部的奇蹄类(英文)

描述了内蒙古二连盆地脑木根组上部(早始新世伯姆巴期)两种奇蹄类:脊齿貘类的二连明镇貘(新属新种)Minchenoletes erlianensisgen.et sp.nov.和蹄齿犀类的Pataecops parvus。二连明镇貘区别于其他脊齿貘类的特点是:个体小,颊齿齿冠低,齿脊相对不发育,牙齿较横宽(长宽比小),M3相对较长。两种化石分别将脊齿貘科和犀超科的化石记录提前到最早始新世。最新的地层资料表明,明镇貘仅发现于脑木根组上部,相当于伯姆巴期的地层中;施氏貘(Schlosseria)和脊齿貘(Lophialetes)则分别发现于阿山头组和伊尔丁曼哈组。因此,这些化石在生物地层对比和早期奇蹄类演化研究中具有重要价值。依据二连地区的新资料和中亚考察团的野外记录,我们认为蒙古的Pataecops parvus标本可能来自比Kholobolchi动物群大多数种类更低的层位,可能相当于伯姆巴期。     

猝死中美貘死亡原因分析

中美貘(Tapirus bairdii)又名拜氏貘,隶属于奇蹄目貘科貘属,已被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危动物,现主要分布在墨西哥南部至哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔的安第斯山以西地区。栖息在茂密的热带雨林中,通常单独或成对活动。白天在林中休息,夜间     

闪闪发光的貘

正"咕噜噜",溪水里冒出一串葡萄似的泡泡,亮晶晶的,闪着五颜六色的光。一只肥嘟嘟的貘从泡泡下钻了出来。它甩甩脑袋上的水,舒服地哈了一口气。突然,它的身后传出"咕咚"一声巨响,吓得这只叫墨墨貘的貘赶紧钻回水里。过了好一会儿,它才小心翼翼地再次探出水面。"好可怕!"墨墨貘小声嘟哝。而造成刚才巨大声响的罪魁祸首——一颗成熟后掉进水里的木瓜,则被一群饥饿的小鱼快速分食。     

内蒙古二连盆地沙拉木伦地区中始新世全脊貘(Teleolophus)(奇蹄目:貘超科)头后骨骼研究（英文）

戴氏貘科(Deperetellidae)是亚洲中始新世地层中常见且特有的貘类,目前包括了5个属。但已知的戴氏貘材料大部分都是破损的上、下颌骨,仅有Deperetella保存有部分头后骨骼。仅依据牙齿的特征,戴氏貘在貘超科中的系统发育位置有很大争议,比如沼貘科的Colodon,脊齿貘(lophialetids)或红山貘(rhodopagids)都被认为可能和戴氏貘有较近的亲缘关系。最近几年,在内蒙古二连盆地不同地点和层位采集到数量丰富的戴氏貘化石,其中包括头骨和头后骨骼材料。本文即是对其中采自沙拉木伦地区乌兰胡秀地点全脊貘(Teleolophus)头后骨骼的研究报告,材料包括前足、后肢及后足。通过对全脊貘头后骨骼的形态描述,以及和相关类群(Deperetella,Lophialetes,Heptodon,Helaletes和Colodon)的比较,表明全脊貘属和戴氏貘属具有很多相似特征,支持了两者具有较近的亲缘关系。这些特征主要包括长而纤细的四肢,后足三趾;月骨较长而窄,其近端桡骨关节面内侧缘略凹;巨骨近端的头状隆起位置靠前,外侧具有和Mc IV的关节面;股骨滑车略微不对称;腓骨非常退化,甚至和胫骨愈合;Mt III与骰骨关节;Mt II主要在后方与外楔骨关节。虽然全脊貘头后骨骼也有一些和脊齿貘(Lophialetes)相似的特征,但考虑到两者臼齿上明显的区别,它们在骨骼上的相似特征可能归因于平行演化的结果。和全脊貘相比,Colodon的头后骨骼和Heptodon的更为接近,表明后两者具有更近的亲缘关系。但戴氏貘科在貘超科中的系统发育位置以及和沼貘科(Helaletidae)的亲缘关系,仍需进一步的研究工作。形态特征和后肢的"三元图"分析都表明,全脊貘已经具有较为快速的奔跑能力,这和同时期的脊齿貘相似。     

云南昭通水塘坝中新世末期古猿化石点的云南貘化石(英文)

此前,中国晚中新世到早上新世的貘化石发现较为稀少。最近几年,在云南省昭通市水塘坝禄丰古猿化石点发现了数量可观的中新世晚期貘化石,其时代为6~6.5 Ma。新发现材料包括左上颌骨带P2-M2、4件下颌骨带基本完整颊齿列、若干零散牙齿。新材料可归人先前报道的小型貘类——云南貘Tapirus yunnanensis。云南貘比甘肃的和政貘Tapirus hezhengensis时代较晚,体形也稍大;两者都比上新世一更新世的貘类明显较小。新发现的化石材料对更全面认识云南貘的特征提供了新信息。在中一晚中新世期间,云南是我国貘类动物的演化中心,先后发现的化石点有开远(小龙潭)、禄丰(石灰坝)、元谋(小河、竹棚、雷老)、昭通(水塘坝)及其他地点。在晚新生代期间,我国貘类动物演化的主要变化趋势是体形逐渐增大,这一特点或许具有时代意义。在中国发现的中新世貘类毫无例外都是体形较小的类型,这与欧洲及北美的情况迥异。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.