水稻受稻瘟菌侵染后发病初期的细胞学反应

采用致病性不同的3个稻瘟菌株接种水稻IR64品种.结果显示在抗性反应中,病菌接种后水稻细胞中形成原生质颗粒,逐渐向病菌侵入部位聚集;原生质浓缩及沉积的形成、细胞坏死与病菌侵染菌丝的受抑制在时间和空间上是一致的.在中度抗性反应中,原生质颗粒化的时间延迟.在感病反应中,尚未观察到水稻细胞质浓缩现象.病菌侵染后寄主细胞在蓝光激发下的自发荧光表明,在寄主细胞中有多酚类物质的产生和积累.抗性反应中稻瘟菌接种后多酚类物质产生早,荧光范围大而强;中度抗性反应中,多酚类物质产生迟,荧光范围小而弱;而在感病反应中,难以观察到寄主细胞的自发荧光.胼胝质、磷脂酶Dγ(phospholipase Dγ,PLDγ)产生和积累的趋势与多酚类积累的情况大致是相似的.不同互作类型寄主细胞中多酚类物质、胼胝质和PLDγ产生和积累的差异表明,这些物质在水稻的抗病性中起了重要作用.     

大豆不同花叶病毒抗性品种胼胝质荧光标记初探

选用6个大豆品种与4个不同的大豆花叶病毒株系,分别组成抗病级别不同的组合,通过对接种叶片与上位叶症状观察、苯胺蓝染色辅以荧光显微镜观察和药物学试验,探讨了不同抗病级别组合中胼胝质(即β-l,3-葡聚糖)积累的特点及其在大豆抵抗大豆花叶病毒侵染过程中的作用。试验结果表明,大豆接种病毒后,在抗病级别分别为0～3的各个组合的叶肉细胞中,在侵染早期(接种后6、72 h)不同的组合在不同时间点分别观察到了胼胝质荧光,且胼胝质荧光出现的时间与抗病级别密切相关,即抗病性越强的组合在侵染点处观察到胼胝质的时间越早;而在抗病级别为5的组合中一直未能观察到胼胝质荧光。另外,在抗病级别为0级和1级的各组合中给叶片预注射2-DDG(2-deoxy-D-glucose,一种胼胝质合成抑制剂)再接种病毒,在上位叶能观察到坏死斑的出现并且通过RT-PCR能够检测到大豆花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因。以上结果表明,大豆被大豆花叶病毒侵染后,抗病性越强的品种就会在侵染点处越早地积累胼胝质,胼胝质的沉积与大豆抗病毒侵染密切相关。     

不同大豆与大豆花叶病毒组合中胼胝质的荧光标记及其功能初探

选用6个大豆品种与4个不同的大豆花叶病毒株系,分别组成抗病级别不同的组合,通过对接种叶片与上位叶症状观察、苯胺蓝染色辅以荧光显微镜观察和药物学试验,探讨了不同抗病级别组合中胼胝质（即β-l,3-葡聚糖）积累的特点及其在大豆抵抗大豆花叶病毒侵染过程中的作用。试验结果表明,大豆接种病毒后,在抗病级别分别为0-3的各个组合的叶肉细胞中,在侵染早期（接种后6-72 h）不同的组合在不同时间点分别观察到了胼胝质荧光,且胼胝质荧光出现的时间与抗病级别密切相关,即品种的抗病性越强在侵染点处观察到胼胝质的时间越早;而在抗病级别为5的组合中一直未能观察到胼胝质荧光。另外,在抗病级别为0级和1级的各组合中给叶片预注射2-DDG(2-deoxy-D-glucose,一种胼胝质合成抑制剂）再接种病毒,在上位叶能观察到坏死斑的出现并且通过RT-PCR能够检测到大豆花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因。以上结果表明,大豆被大豆花叶病毒侵染后,品种的抗病性越强就会在侵染点处越早的积累胼胝质,胼胝质的沉积与大豆抗病毒侵染密切相关。     

苜蓿假盘菌侵染苜蓿叶片的细胞学研究

采用微分干涉相差显微镜、扫描和透射电镜技术系统研究了苜蓿假盘菌Pseudopeziza medicaginis在苜蓿叶片的侵染过程及超微结构特征。结果表明,接种4h后,子囊孢子萌发产生芽管：12h后,芽管以直接侵入的方式进入表皮细胞形成侵染菌丝：24h后,表皮细胞中侵染菌丝向相邻表皮细胞扩展,同时侵入到叶肉细胞以胞内生长方式扩展：接种72h后,侵染菌丝在表皮细胞下的叶肉组织中形成初始菌落;第5d后,菌丝扩展至整个叶片组织,大量菌丝聚集形成子座组织,并进一步形成子囊盘与子囊。病菌菌丝在侵入寄主细胞初期,并不穿透寄主质膜与原生质,而是被其所包围。但随着菌丝进一步扩展,叶片组织发生了一系列的病理变化,其中包括叶肉细胞肿胀、细胞质消解、叶绿体等细胞器解体以及寄主细胞坏死塌陷,并最终在叶表面产生典型的褐斑病症状。     

苜蓿假盘菌侵染苜蓿叶片的细胞学研究

采用微分干涉相差显微镜、扫描和透射电镜技术系统研究了苜蓿假盘菌Pseudopeziza medicaginis在苜蓿叶片的侵染过程及超微结构特征。结果表明,接种4h后,子囊孢子萌发产生芽管;12h后,芽管以直接侵入的方式进入表皮细胞形成侵染菌丝;24h后,表皮细胞中侵染菌丝向相邻表皮细胞扩展,同时侵入到叶肉细胞以胞内生长方式扩展;接种72h后,侵染菌丝在表皮细胞下的叶肉组织中形成初始菌落;第5d后,菌丝扩展至整个叶片组织,大量菌丝聚集形成子座组织,并进一步形成子囊盘与子囊。病菌菌丝在侵入寄主细胞初期,并不穿透寄主质膜与原生质,而是被其所包围。但随着菌丝进一步扩展,叶片组织发生了一系列的病理变化,其中包括叶肉细胞肿胀、细胞质消解、叶绿体等细胞器解体以及寄主细胞坏死塌陷,并最终在叶表面产生典型的褐斑病症状。     

柿树炭疽菌侵染寄主的细胞学研究*

超微结构研究表明,柿树炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)侵染后在寄主细胞中形成初生菌丝和次生菌丝,寄主细胞膜外沉积了一层厚的电子不透明物质,初生菌丝与具有沉积物的寄主原生质膜之间有一层界面基质(interfacial matrix)。当初生菌丝扩张并侵染相邻细胞时, 围绕着初生菌丝层的界面基质消失,具有沉积物的原生质膜被逐步降解。初生菌丝在穿透寄主细胞壁过程中形成一个漏斗状的菌丝锥,然后穿透寄主细胞壁并迅速膨大, 然后形成厚壁的初生菌丝。初生菌丝在寄主细胞壁中收缩狭窄处产生一个隔膜,隔膜两边菌丝中细胞质的电子密度明显不同,菌丝锥中有浓密的电子密度。死体营养的次生菌丝在死的细胞中繁殖和扩展,并产生分枝。次生菌丝可直接穿透较薄的寄主细胞壁,无缢缩或任何变形现象,菌丝顶端部分未见隔膜产生;在穿透较厚的细胞壁时,靠近顶端处产生隔膜,顶端细胞膨大,使寄主细胞壁撕裂。接种90h后分生孢子盘在枝条表面形成。柿树炭疽菌其侵染过程有两个阶段,即初生菌丝的活体营养阶段和次生菌丝的死体营养阶段。     

柿树炭疽菌侵染寄主的细胞学研究

超微结构研究表明,柿树炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)侵染后在寄主细胞中形成初生菌丝和次生菌丝,寄主细胞膜外沉积了一层厚的电子不透明物质,初生菌丝与具有沉积物的寄主原生质膜之间有一层界面基质(interfacial matrix)。当初生菌丝扩张并侵染相邻细胞时,围绕着初生菌丝层的界面基质消失,具有沉积物的原生质膜被逐步降解。初生菌丝在穿透寄主细胞壁过程中形成一个漏斗状的菌丝锥,然后穿透寄主细胞壁并迅速膨大,然后形成厚壁的初生菌丝。初生菌丝在寄主细胞壁中收缩狭窄处产生一个隔膜,隔膜两边菌丝中细胞质的电子密度明显不同,菌丝锥中有浓密的电子密度。死体营养的次生菌丝在死的细胞中繁殖和扩展,并产生分枝。次生菌丝可直接穿透较薄的寄主细胞壁,无缢缩或任何变形现象,菌丝顶端部分未见隔膜产生;在穿透较厚的细胞壁时,靠近顶端处产生隔膜,顶端细胞膨大,使寄主细胞壁撕裂。接种90h后分生孢子盘在枝条表面形成。柿树炭疽菌其侵染过程有两个阶段,即初生菌丝的活体营养阶段和次生菌丝的死体营养阶段。     

玉米细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转化水稻的研究

水稻细菌性条斑病是我国重要的水稻病害之一,但是在水稻种质资源中尚未发现抗细菌性条斑病单个主效基因。利用农杆菌介导的转化系统将从玉米中克隆的细菌性条斑病非寄主抗性基因Rxo1转入我国2个杂交稻恢复系和2个常规水稻品种。转基因植株的PCR和Southern分析结果表明Rxo1基因已整合到受体基因组中,Rxo1基因单拷贝整合的转化体在自交T1代呈现抗感3∶1分离。人工接种实验和病菌的生长曲线表明携带Rxo1的转基因植株对水稻细条病菌可以产生过敏性抗病反应。上述结果为利用非寄主抗性基因防治该病害提供了有用的信息。     

马铃薯对晚疫病水平抗性的组织细胞学观察

以马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性品种LBr-12和感病品种费乌瑞它为材料,采用普通光学和电子显微镜技术,系统研究了马铃薯与晚疫病菌(致病疫霉)互作的组织细胞学反应特征。观察结果显示:(1)接种后,水平抗性材料LBr-12出现过敏反应,病菌被限制在侵染点的几个细胞中,菌丝产生较少的分支和吸器。(2)感病品种费乌瑞它被侵染细胞呈蔓延趋势,菌丝产生较多的分支和吸器。(3)电镜观察发现,抗病品种上病菌的胞间菌丝、吸器母细胞、吸器在细胞和亚细胞水平均发生了一系列异常变化,包括原生质的电子致密度加深、液泡增多变大、菌丝细胞壁不规则增厚、细胞器排列紊乱及解体、吸器母细胞及吸器形态异常、病菌最终畸形坏死,同时发现抗病品种受病菌侵染时可迅速产生结构防卫反应,形成的细胞壁沉积物使胞壁极度增厚或细胞膜上产生乳突状结构。     

种衣剂17号包衣对小麦条锈菌发育影响的超微结构研究

本研究采用电镜技术研究了种衣剂17号对小麦条锈菌发育的影响。观察结果表明,该种衣剂引起病菌和寄主细胞内发生了一系列变化。病菌菌丝和吸器内脂肪粒和液泡明显增加;菌丝壁和吸器壁呈不规则加厚;菌丝分枝处无隔膜产生或隔膜畸形;有的吸器母细胞产生的畸形入侵栓,大都不能穿透寄主细胞壁,初生吸器外间质内沉积有染色较深的物质,次生吸器可产生多个不规则分枝,但不能扩张膨大;菌丝外渗的物质可能引起寄主细胞的坏死;大多数受侵寄主细胞可分泌形成较大的胼胝质,有时寄主细胞分泌的物质可将吸器体完全包围起来。上述结果表明,种衣剂17号不仅可直接作用于条锈菌,而且也可通过影响寄主而间接地影响病菌。     

Race cultivar-specific differences in callose deposition in soybean roots following infection with Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea

Primary roots of soybean (Glycine max (L.), Merrill, cv. Harosoy 63) seedlings were inoculated with zoospores from either race 1 (incompatible, host resistant) or race 3 (compatible, host susceptible) of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea and total callose was determined at various times after inoculation. From 4 h onward, total callose was significantly higher in roots showing the resistant rather than the susceptible response. Local callose deposition in relation to location of fungal hyphae was determined in microtome sections by its specific fluorescence with sirofluor and was quantified on paper prints with an image-analysis system. Callose deposition, which occurs adjacent to hyphae, was found soon after inoculation (2, 3 and 4 h post inoculation) only in roots displaying the resistant response, and was also higher at 5 and 6 h after inoculation in these resistant roots than in susceptible roots. Early callose deposition in the incompatible root-fungus reaction could be a factor in resistance of soybean against P. megasperma.Abbreviation pi post inoculation     

Changes in nitric oxide levels and their relationship with callose deposition during the interaction between soybean and Soybean mosaic virus

• The present study aimed to investigate changes in nitric oxide (NO) level and its relationship with callose deposition during the interaction between soybean and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV).
• Soybean cv. ‘Jidou 7’ and SMV strains N3 and SC‐8 were used to constitute incompatible and compatible combinations. Intracellular NO was labelled with the NO‐specific fluorescence probe DAF‐FM DA. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was then used to observe changes in NO production during SMV infection‐induced defence responses in soybean.
• The results showed NO fluorescence increased rapidly at 2–72 h post‐inoculation, peaked at 72 h and then decreased in the incompatible combination. However, in the compatible combination, extremely weak NO fluorescence appeared in the early stage (2–24 h) post‐inoculation, but was not observed thereafter. Injections of the NO scavenger c‐PTIO prior to inoculation postponed the onset of NO production to 48 or 72 h post‐inoculation. The same occurred when injections of NR or NOS inhibitors were applied prior to inoculation. The observation of callose fluorescence in the incompatible combination revealed that either the elimination or reduction of NO in the early stage led to a delay in callose formation, enabling the virus to cause systemic infection.
• Together with our previous findings, this study indicates that viral infection could induce NO production and callose deposition during the incompatible interaction between soybean and SMV. The production of NO involves NR and NOS enzymatic pathways, and NO mediates the process of callose deposition at plasmodesmata.

     

Histological study of the responses of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (resistant and susceptible) to Plasmopara viticola infections

Leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Chasselas (susceptible) and Solaris (resistant) were inoculated with Plasmopara viticola. Samples were then examined by scanning electron microscopy, light and epifluorescence microscopy. On the resistant cv. Solaris, stomatal deposits, identified as callose, were visible around the germinating zoospores 7 h after inoculation. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, infected stomata exhibited secretions that enveloped the zoospores. At this time, infected stomata were surrounded by necrotic tissues. At 120 h after inoculation, undefined material was deposited on the cuticle in the necrotic areas. Stomata in the vicinity of the infection sites contained callose deposits in and around the stomatal openings, but no necrotic zones were observed. On the sensitive cv. Chasselas neither secretion nor callose deposits were observed. Sporangiophores emerged about 96 h after inoculation and were fully developed 24 h later. Sporulation through small stomata-like apertures present all along the primary vein was also observed on the upper leaf surface. The role of stomatal callose deposits in the defense reactions of the Solaris grapevine cultivar against P. viticola is discussed.     

Accumulation of Autofluorogenic Compounds at the Penetration Site of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is Associated with Both Benzothiadiazole-induced and Quantitative Resistance of Wheat

The effect of benzothiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH; Bion^®) on the autofluorescence responses of adaxial epidermal cells, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as well as fungal penetration efficiency were investigated after inoculation of the wheat cultivars Monopol (susceptible) and Zentos (resistant) with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici ( Bgt ). The frequency and intensity of autofluorescence at the Bgt -attempted penetration site were higher in epidermal cells of cv. Zentos than in those of the cv. Monopol. In both cultivars, foliar application of the resistance inducer BTH caused an intensification of the autofluorescent responses localized below the Bgt -appressoria (in papilla and halo). The frequency of Bgt -attacked epidermal cells showing whole-cell autofluorescence (hypersensitive cell death) was low in both cultivars and slightly enhanced by BTH only in cv. Monopol. Two peaks of PAL-activity were detected. The first occurred 4 hai coinciding with primary germ tube formation and the second at 12 hai during appressorium formation. BTH caused a significant increase of the PAL-activity at 12 and 18 hai in cv. Monopol. Increase in PAL-activity was closely associated with enhanced localized autofluorescence, suggesting that the phenomena are correlated. BTH-treatment markedly decreased the penetration efficiency of the powdery mildew fungus in cv. Monopol, but not in cv. Zentos which has high penetration resistance. The results suggest that enhanced PAL-activity and synthesis of autofluorogenic compounds, probably of phenolic nature, are involved in quantitative resistance and in BTH-induced defence mechanisms of wheat plants where they act to inhibit penetration of attacked cells.     

Hypersensitive response, cell death and histochemical localisation of hydrogen peroxide in host and non-host seedlings infected with the downy mildew pathogen Sclerospora graminicola

Hypersensitive response, cell death and release of hydrogen peroxide as measures of host and non‐host defense mechanisms upon inoculation with the downy mildew pathogen Sclerospora graminicola were studied histochemically at the light microscopy level. The materials consisted of coleoptile tissues of the highly susceptible (cv. HB3), highly resistant (cv. IP18293) and induced resistant pearl millet host seedlings and non‐host sorghum (cv. SGMN10/8) and cotyledon of french bean (cv. S9). Resistance up to 80% protection against the downy mildew pathogen was induced in the highly susceptible HB3 cultivar of pearl millet by treating the seeds with 2% aqueous leaf extract of Datura metel for 3 h. Time course study with the pathogen inoculated highly resistant pearl millet cultivar revealed the appearance of hypersensitive response in 20% of seedlings as necrotic spots as early as 2 h after inoculation. In contrast, a similar reaction was observed in the highly susceptible pearl millet cultivar only 8 h after inoculation with the pathogen. In induced resistant seedlings, appearance of hypersensitive response was recorded 4 h after inoculation. Delayed hypersensitive response was observed in both the non‐host species at 10 h after inoculation. Hypersensitive response in the seedlings of the highly resistant pearl millet cultivar 24 h after inoculation showed 100% hypersensitive response, which was not observed in susceptible and non‐host species, although the induced resistant seedlings showed 90% hypersensitive response after that period of time. Cell death in the tissues of the test seedlings was also observed to change with time. Statistical analysis revealed that the tissues of highly resistant pearl millet seedlings required 2.9 h to attain 50% cell death. Tissues of induced resistant and highly susceptible pearl millet seedlings required 4.65 and 6.50 h respectively. In non‐hosts, 50% cell death was not recorded. Quantification of hydrogen peroxide in the tissue periplasmic spaces of the test seedlings revealed 2.94 h as the time required for 50% hydrogen peroxide accumulation in the tissues of highly resistant pearl millet seedlings. Tissues of induced resistant and highly susceptible pearl millet seedlings needed 3.76 and 5.5 h respectively. Fifty percent hydrogen peroxide localisation in non‐hosts could not be recorded. These results suggested the involvement of hydrogen peroxide, cell death and hypersensitive response in pearl millet host defense against S. graminicola.     

Sugar-specific Attachment of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea to Isolated Single Leaf Cells of Resistant Soybean Cultivars

Phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy showed races of P. synngae pv. glycinea uniformly distributed over and attached to the whole surface of isolated single leaf cells of resistant soybean cultivars, as early as 30 to 180 min after inoculation. On the contrary, attachment in the compatible interaction did not occur within 10—15 h. In a later period, compatibility was characterized by the formation of adherent bacterial clusters. Early attachment of races 1 and 6 to cv. Harosoy and that of race 5 to cv. Flambeau leaf cells, each representing incompatible interaction, could be inhibited by L-rhamnose and D-glucose, respectively. Furthermore, the lack of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ and heat-treatment of plant cells also affected the early attachment in incompatible combinations and resulted in cluster formation, suggesting incompatibility rather than compatibility to be the active phenomenon. Pre-inoculation of cells with an incompatible race induced changes that caused compatible bacteria also to distributively attach to plant cell surface indicating that a transfer of information or surface alterations occur upon attachment in incompatible interaction.     

Phenotypic and histochemical traits of the interaction between Plasmopara viticola and resistant or susceptible grapevine varieties

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is a very serious disease affectingmainly Vitis vinifera cultivated varieties around the world. Breeding for resistance throughthe crossing with less susceptible species is one of the possible means to reduce the diseaseincidence and the application of fungicides. The hybrid Bianca and some of its siblings areconsidered very promising but their resistance level can vary depending on the pathogenstrain. Moreover, virulent strains characterized by high fitness can represent a potential threatto the hybrid cultivation. RESULTS: The host response and the pathogen virulence were quantitatively assessed by artificiallyinoculating cv Chardonnay, cv Bianca and their siblings with P. viticola isolates derived fromsingle germinating oospores collected in various Italian viticultural areas. The hostphenotypes were classified as susceptible, intermediate and resistant, according to the AreaUnder the Disease Progress Curve caused by the inoculated strain. Host responses in cvBianca and its siblings significantly varied depending on the P. viticola isolates, which in turndiffered in their virulence levels. The fitness of the most virulent strain did not significantlyvary on the different hybrids including Bianca in comparison with the susceptible cvChardonnay, suggesting that no costs are associated with virulence. Among the individualfitness components, only sporangia production was significantly reduced in cv Bianca and insome hybrids. Comparative histological analysis revealed differences between susceptibleand resistant plants in the pathogen diffusion and cytology from 48 h after inoculation onwards. Defence mechanisms included callose depositions in the infected stomata, increasein peroxidase activity, synthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids and the necrosis ofstomata and cells immediately surrounding the point of invasion and determined alterations inthe size of the infected areas and in the number of sporangia differentiated. CONCLUSIONS: Some hybrids were able to maintain an intermediate-resistant behaviour even wheninoculated with the most virulent strain. Such hybrids should be considered for further fieldtrials.     

Analysis of genes expressed during rice-Magnaporthe grisea interactions.

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was applied to identify rice genes involved in defense responses against infection by the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and fungal genes involved in growth within the host during a compatible interaction. A total of 511 clones was sequenced from a cDNA library constructed from rice leaves (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) infected with M. grisea strain 70-15 to generate 296 nonredundant ESTs. The sequences of 293 clones (57.3%) significantly matched National Center for Biotechnology Information database entries; 221 showed homologies with previously identified plant genes and 72 with fungal genes. Among the genes with assigned functions, 32.8% were associated with metabolism, 29.4% with cell/organism defense or pathogenicity, and 18.4% with gene/protein expression. cDNAs encoding a type I metallothionein (MTs-1) of rice and a homolog of glucose-repressible gene 1 (GRG1) of Neurospora crassa were the most abundant representatives of plant and fungal genes, comprising 2.9 and 1.6% of the total clones, respectively. The expression patterns of 10 ESTs, five each from rice and M. grisea, were analyzed. Five defense-related genes in rice, including four pathogenesis-related genes and MTs-1, were highly expressed during M. grisea infection. Expression of five stress-inducible or pathogenicity-related genes of the fungus, including two hydrophobin genes, was also induced during growth within the host. Further characterization of the genes represented in this study would be an aid in unraveling the mechanisms of pathogenicity of M. grisea and the defense responses of rice.     

Rapid induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs during fungus infection of soybean (Glycine max L.) roots or elicitor treatment of soybean cell cultures at the onset of phytoalexin synthesis

The differential regulation of the activities and amounts of mRNAs for two enzymes involved in isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in soybean was studied during the early stages after inoculation of primary roots with zoospores from either race 1 (incompatible, host resistant) or race 3 (compatible, host susceptible) of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea, the causal fungus of root rot disease. In the incompatible interaction, cloned cDNAs were used to demonstrate that the amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs increased rapidly at the time of penetration of fungal germ tubes into epidermal cell layers (1–2 h after inoculation) concomitant with the onset of phytoalxxin accumulation; highest levels were reached after about 7 h. In the compatible interaction, only a slight early enhancement of mRNA levels was found and no further increase occurred until about 9 h after inoculation. The time course for changes in the activity of chalcone synthase mRNA also showed major differences between the incompatible and compatible interaction. The observed kinetics for the stimulation of mRNA expression related to phytoalexin synthesis in soybean roots lends further support to the hypothesis that phytoalexin production is an early defense response in the incompatible plant-fungus interaction. The kinetics for the enhancement of mRNA expression after treatment of soybean cell suspension cultures with a glucan elicitor derived from P. megasperma cell walls was similar to that measured during the early stages of the resistant response of soybean roots.Abbreviations cDNA copy DNA - CHS chalcone synthase - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase     

受稻瘟病原真菌侵染的水稻早期表达基因的cDNA克隆

以亲和性与非亲和性两个稻瘟病原真菌小种（Ｍａｇｎａｐｏｒｔｈｅ ｇｒｉｓｅａ（Ｈｅｂｅｒｔ）Ｂａｒｒ）感染同一水稻品种（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｃｖ．Ｓｈｅｎｘｉａｎｇｇｅｎｇ Ｎｏ．４）的植株产生明显不同的致病和抗病反应,由此建立了有效的感染系统。应用差异显示技术获得两个在侵染早期具有诱导表达特征的ｃＤＮＡ克隆,其中一个同时在致病和抗病反应中进行早期诱导表达,但在抗病反应中的诱导相对早于其在