牛胰多肽（BPP）二级结构的红外光谱和圆二色谱分析

牛胰多肽（ｂｏｖｉｎｅ ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｉｃ ｐｏｌｙｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＢＰＰ）是胰脏分泌的一种含有３６个氨基酸的多肽「１」，ＢＰＰ能预防和治疗由胆酸盐诱发的大鼠急性胰腺炎，具有细胞保护作用。本文用傅里叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴ－ＩＲ）和圆二色谱（ＣＤ），对ＢＰＰ在水溶液中的二级结构进行了研究，两种方法的分析结果互相补充，进一步确定了ＢＰＰ在溶液状态的二级结构，本研究为进一步探讨ＢＰＰ抑制膜融合的机理打下     

普通小麦与冰草间杂种的细胞遗传学及其自交可育性

为了进一步研究冰草属（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎ Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．）的Ｐ染色体组与小麦染色体组间的遗传关系和评价Ｐ染色体组在属间杂种自交可育性上的遗传效应,获得了普通小麦品种Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ｃｖ．Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ,２ｎ＝４２;ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）与３个不同来源的四倍体冰草（Ａ．ｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ＜Ｌ．＞Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．,２ｎ＝２８;ＰＰＰＰ）间的杂种（２ｎ＝３５;ＡＢＤＰＰ）。结果表明     

牛胰多肽与脂作用时插膜状态的研究

利用单层膜和荧光技术,研究牛胰多肽（ＢＰＰ）和磷脂单分子层及脂质体的相互作用。ＢＰＰ与磷脂单分子层作用的动力学曲线以及临界插膜压表明它和磷脂,尤其是酸性磷脂有较强的相互作用;荧光研究表明,与脂作用后多肽内源性荧光光谱峰位蓝移,说明发荧光的酪氨酸残基存在由亲水环境向疏水环境的转变。荧光猝灭实验表明多肽与脂作用后,其内源性酪氨酸残基荧光更不容易被碘盐所猝灭,提示酪氨酸残基受到了脂双层的屏蔽作用;自旋标记磷脂的猝灭实验计算结果表明ＢＰＰ插膜深度在磷脂头部与脂酰链交界处稍内侧     

牛胰多肽与CL／PC脂质体作用后二级结构的变化

用傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了ＢＰＰ与膜作用后其二级结构的变化,通过对红外光谱中酰胺Ｉ谱带进行解卷积、微分及曲线拟合等处理,结果表明,ＢＰＰ与脂膜作用后,其二级结构中α－螺旋成分增多,无规卷曲成分减少。     

新型生长抑肽对成纤维细胞的DNA合成及某些癌基因表达的影响

从细胞水平和基因水平研究了新型生长抑肽（ＥＰＰ）的生物学作用,研究表明：ＥＰＰ对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０及ＴＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成均有抑制作用,当ＥＰＰ与ｃＡＭＰ的位点选择性类似物８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ共同作用时,其对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用消失,而对ＴＣ３Ｈ１０仍具有抑制作用;核酸杂交分析表明,ＥＰＰ可以抑制ｃ－ｆｏｓ、ｎｅｕ、ｋｉ－ｒａｓ三类癌基因在转化细胞中的表达。证明了ＥＰＰ对转化细胞的生长具有一定的抑制效应,且与８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ联合使用时其效果更佳。     

黑龙江立克次体的血清学及分子生物学研究

本文应用血清学方法和分子生物学技术,从不同角度探讨与比较ＳＦＧ立克次体种间的差异,为黑龙江立克次体的分类鉴定提供依据。ｍｉｃｒｏ—ＩＦ、ＩＥ及ｍｉｃｒｏ－ＢＡＰＳ试验表明,黑龙江立克次体的血清反应模式和国际参考株及国内分离株不同,具有独特的抗原结构。进一步应用ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ和免疫印迹分析,该立克次体结构多肽的数量与分子量和其它立克次体有明显差别,并具有两种特有的主要抗原多肽（２１５ＫＤ与６６ＫＤ）,提示在抗原结构上的差异性。ＤＮＡ限制片段分析证明该立克次体的酶切图谱有明显的特征性,易与己知斑点热毒株相鉴别。研究结果表明,黑龙江立克次体可能是ＳＦＧ立克次体一新的血清型式种。对人的致病力需进一步研究。     

蛋白磷酸酯酶对Alzheimer神经原纤维缠结的松解作用

神经原纤维缠结是Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ患者的特征性脑病理损伤,其形成机制至今不明．根据神经原纤维缠结的基本组分是异常磷酸化ｔａｕ蛋白的聚集形式双螺旋丝（ｐａｉｒｅｄｈｅｌｉｃａｌｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔｓ,ＰＨＦ）的研究结果,推测蛋白磷酸酯酶与蛋白激酶的失衡可能与ＰＨＦ的形成有关．将蛋白磷酸酯酶ＰＰ－２Ａ和ＰＰ－２Ｂ与ＰＨＦ一起在３７℃保温３０ｍｉｎ可使ＰＨＦ缠结结构松解,成为单个ＰＨＦ原纤维,延长去磷酸化反应时间至３ｈ可使ＰＨＦ结构进一步松解,释放一些游离ＰＨＦ原纤维片段．放免印迹定量分析结果表明：ＰＰ－２Ａ处理的ＰＨＦ样品比对照者释放游离ｔａｕ蛋白的量增加２５％．此外,ＰＰ－２Ａ和ＰＰ－２Ｂ去磷酸化的ＰＨＦ对脑中钙激活的中性蛋白水解酶的抗性降低．这些研究资料从结构上显示了Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病脑病理损伤的可逆性,为Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病治疗的可能性提供了实验依据     

利用杆状病毒在昆虫细胞内表达

苏云金杆菌以色列亚种（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒｉｓｒａｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ）的分子量为２７ｋＤ的δ－内毒素蛋白基因,与一个拷贝杆状病毒ｇｐ６７信号肽基因连接后,被插入苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＭＮＰＶ）基因组。在筛选出的３种不同的重组病毒株ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１、ＡｃＢＴＩ５－３和ＡｃＢＴＩ６－３中,前两种表现为多角体阳性,后者为多角体阴性,ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１和ＡｃＢＴＩ６－３在Ｓｆ细胞中表达产生分子量为２６～３０．５ｋＤ的４种与２７ｋＤδ－内毒素蛋白有关的多肽。在ＡｃＢＴＩ５－３感染的细胞中未检测出类似的多肽。粉纹夜蛾在吃了涂有ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１感染的细胞收集物的饲料后,表现典型的苏云金杆菌δ－内毒素中毒症状。被ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１感染的粉纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴与２７ｋＤδ－内毒素蛋白抗血清呈阳性反应。     

采后GA_3诱导菠萝多酚氧化酶活性升高的机理

在多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）提取过程中,直接加入ＧＡ３溶液,不能使ＰＰＯ活性增加。采后ＧＡ３诱导菠萝（Ａｎａｎａｓｃｏｍｏｓｕｓ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒ．）ＰＰＯ活性升高的同时,显著提高了酸性磷酸酯酶的活性,这是果实组织的Ｐｉ浓度明显升高的主要原因。随着果实的后熟,磷脂酶Ｄ活性不断下降,ＧＡ３处理显著延缓了该酶的下降速度。虽然采后ＡＢＡ处理使果实ＰＰＯ活性有小幅度增加,但ＡＢＡ处理能使ＧＡ３对ＰＰＯ活性的诱导明显加强。     

新型生长抑肽对成纤维细胞的DNA合成及某些癌基因表达的影响

从细胞水平和基国水平研究了新型生长抑肽（ＥＰＰ）的生物学作用，研究表明：ＥＰＰ对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０及ＴＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成均有抑制作用，当ＥＰＰ与ｃＡＭＰ的位点选择必类似物８－Ｂｒ－ｃＡＭＰ共同作用时，其对ＮＣ３Ｈ１０细胞的ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用消失，而对ＴＣ３Ｈ１０仍具有抑制作用；核酸杂交分析表明，ＥＰＰ可以抑制ｃ－ｆｏｓ，ｎｅｕ，ｋｉ－ｒａｓ三类癌基因在转化中的表达，证明了ＥＰＰ对转化细胞的生长     

A new approach to secondary structure evaluation: Secondary structure prediction of porcine adenylate kinase and yeast guanylate kinase by CD spectroscopy of overlapping synthetic peptide segments

A new approach for evaluating the secondary structure of proteins by CD spectroscopy of overlapping peptide segments is applied to porcine adenylate kinase (AK1) and yeast guanylate kinase (GK3). One hundred seventy-six peptide segments of a length of 15 residues, overlapping by 13 residues and covering the complete sequences of AK1 and GK3, were synthesized in order to evaluate their secondary structure composition by CD spectroscopy. The peptides were prepared by solid phase multiple peptide synthesis method using the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl/tert-butyl strategy. The individual peptide secondary structures were studied with CD spectroscopy in a mixture of 30% trifluoroethanol in phosphate buffer (pH 7) and subsequently compared with x-ray data of AK1 and GK3. Peptide segments that cover α-helical regions of the AK1 or GK3 sequence mainly showed CD spectra with increasing and decreasing Cotton effects that were typical for appearing and disappearing α-helical structures. For segments with dominating β-sheet conformation, however, the application of this method is limited due to the stability and clustering of β-sheet segments in solution and due to the difficult interpretation of random-coiled superimposed β-sheet CD signals. Nevertheless, the results of this method especially for α-helical segments are very impressive. All α-helical and 71% of the β-sheet containing regions of the AK1 and GK3 could be identified. Moreover, it was shown that CD spectra of consecutive peptide content reveal the appearance and disappearance of α-helical secondary structure elements and help localizing them on the sequence string. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 41: 213–231, 1997     

Trifluoroethanol-induced conformational change of tetrameric and monomeric soybean agglutinin: Role of structural organization and implication for protein folding and stability

2,2,2-Trifuoroethanol (TFE)-induced conformational structure change of a β-sheet legume lectin, soybean agglutinin (SBA) has been investigated employing its exclusive structural forms in quaternary (tetramer) and tertiary (monomer) states, by far- and near-UV CD, FTIR, fluorescence, low temperature phosphorescence and chemical modification. Far-UV CD results show that, for SBA tetramer, native atypical β-conformation transforms to a highly α-helical structure, with the helical content reaching 57% in 95% TFE. For SBA monomer, atypical β-sheet first converts to typical β-sheet at low TFE concentration (10%), which then leads to a nonnative α-helix at higher TFE concentration. From temperature-dependent studies (5–60 °C) of TFE perturbation, typical β-sheet structure appears to be less stable than atypical β-sheet and the induced helix entails reduced thermal stability. The heat induced transitions are reversible except for atypical to typical β-sheet conversion. FTIR results reveal a partial α-helix conversion at high protein concentration but with quantitative yield. However, aggregation is detected with FTIR at lower TFE concentration, which disappears in more TFE. Near-UV CD, fluorescence and phosphorescence studies imply the existence of an intermediate with native-like secondary and tertiary structure, which could be related to the dissociation of tetramer to monomer. This has been further supported by concentration dependent far-UV CD studies. Chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) shows that all six tryptophans per monomer are solvent-exposed in the induced α-helical conformation. These results may provide novel and important insights into the perturbed folding problem of SBA in particular, and β-sheet oligomeric proteins in general.     

Stoichiometry and Preferential Interaction: Two Components of the Principle for Protein Structure Organization

Abstract

The effect of pressure on the conformational structure of amyloid β (1–40) peptide (Aβ(1–40)), exacerbated with or without temperature, was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. The result indicates the shift of the maximum peak of amide I band of intact solid Aβ(1–40) from 1655 cm^?1 (α-helix) to 1647–1643 cm^?1 (random coil) with the increase of the mechanical pressure. A new peak at 1634 cm^?1 assigned to β-antipar- allel sheet structure was also evident. Furthermore, the peak at 1540 cm^?1 also shifted to 1527 (1529) cm^?1 in amide II band. The former was assigned to the combination of α-helix and random coil structures, and the latter was due to β-sheet structure. Changes in the composition of each component in the deconvoluted and curve-fitted amide I band of the compressed Aβ(1–40) samples were obtained from 33% to 22% for α-helix/random coil structures and from 47% to 57% for β-sheet structure with the increase of pressure, respectively. This demonstrates that pressure might induce the conformational transition from α-helix to random coil and to β-sheet structure. The structural transformation of the compressed Aβ(1–40) samples was synergistically influenced by the combined effects of pressure and temperature. The thermal-induced formation of β-sheet structure was significantly dependent on the pressures applied. The smaller the pressure applied the faster the β-sheet structure transformed. The thermal-dependent transition temperatures of solid Aβ(1–40) prepared by different pressures were near 55–60 °C.     

Conformational analysis of a snake neurotoxin by prediction from sequence, circular dichroism, and raman spectroscopy.

The secondary structure of the major neurotoxin from the sea snake Lapemis hardwickii was investigated by several methods of conformational analysis: structure prediction, circular dichroism, and laser Raman spectroscopy. From the primary structure, secondary structure prediction yielded two regions of β-sheet structure at residues 1–7 and 41–45. β-Turns were predicted at residues 14–17, 20–23, 30–33, 37–40, and 46–49. From the predictions, the toxin appears to be composed of approximately 20% β-sheet and 33% β-turn. The CD spectrum of the native toxin appears to be a hybrid of model spectra for β-sheet and β-turn proteins. The pH perturbation studies on the toxin observed by CD demonstrated that the toxin is a very stable molecule except at extremely high or low pH values. The Raman data indicated that the toxin contains both antiparallel β-sheet and β-turn structure. Using two methods of secondary structure quantitation from Raman spectra the molecule was calculated to contain 35% β-sheet from one method and 27% from the other. Overall, the various methods demonstrate that the toxin is composed of β-sheet and β-turn structure with little or no α-helix present. From the comparison of these different techniques appreciation can be gained for the necessity of several methods when identifying and quantitating secondary structure.     

Conformational plasticity of the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease peptide as indicated by its multiple aggregation pathways

The existence of several prion strains and their capacity of overcoming species barriers seem to point to a high conformational adaptability of the prion protein. To investigate this structural plasticity, we studied here the aggregation pathways of the human prion peptide PrP82-146, a major component of the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker amyloid disease.By Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we monitored the time course of PrP82-146 fibril formation. After incubation at 37 °C, the unfolded peptide was found to aggregate into oligomers characterized by intermolecular β-sheet infrared bands. At a critical oligomer concentration, the emergence of a new FT-IR band allowed to detect fibril formation. A different intermolecular β-sheet interaction of the peptides in oligomers and in fibrils is, therefore, detected by FT-IR spectroscopy, which, in addition, suggests a parallel orientation of the cross β-sheet structures of PrP82-146 fibrils. By AFM, a wide distribution of PrP82-146 oligomer volumes—the smallest ones containing from 5 to 30 peptides—was observed. Interestingly, the statistical analysis of AFM data enabled us to detect a quantization in the oligomer height values differing by steps of ∼ 0.5 nm that could reflect an orientation of oligomer β-strands parallel with the sample surface. Different morphologies were also detected for fibrils that displayed high heterogeneity in their twisting periodicity and a complex hierarchical assembly.Thermal aggregation of PrP82-146 was also investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy, which indicated for these aggregates an intermolecular β-sheet interaction different from that observed for oligomers and fibrils. Unexpectedly, random aggregates, induced by solvent evaporation, were found to display a significant α-helical structure as well as several β-sheet components.All these results clearly point to a high plasticity of the PrP82-146 peptide, which was found to be capable of undergoing several aggregation pathways, with end products displaying different secondary structures and intermolecular interactions.     

Vibrational circular dichroism of polypeptides. III. Film studies of several alpha-helical and beta-sheet polypeptides

Vibrational CD (VCD) of amides A, I, and II vibrations of a variety of polypeptide films have been measured. VCD of films of α-helical and β-sheet structures are compared in the three regions. Reproducible spectra could only be obtained for thin films free of orientation dependence. The sign and band shape of the VCD of films are not always the same as that in solution. However, the magnitude of the observed VCD seems to correlate with the secondary structure such that α-helical molecules typically have much larger Δε/ε values than do β-sheet molecules. The possibility of interference by artifacts owing to light-scattering effects is discussed.     

Designed β-sheet-forming peptide 33mers with potent human bactericidal/permeability increasing protein-like bactericidal and endotoxin neutralizing activities

Novel peptide 33mers have been designed by incorporating β-conformation stabilizing residues from the β-sheet domains of α-chemokines and functionally important residues from the β-sheet domain of human neutrophil bactericidal protein (B/PI). B/PI is known for its ability to kill bacteria and to neutralize the action of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) which can induce septic shock leading to eventual death. Here, the goal was to make short linear peptides which demonstrate good β-sheet folding and maintain bioactivity as in native B/PI. A library of 24 peptide 33mers (βpep-1 to βpep-24) were synthesized with various amino acid substitutions. CD and NMR data acquired in aqueous solution indicate that βpep peptides form β-sheet structure to varying degrees and self-associate as dimers and tetramers like the α-chemokines. Bactericidal activity toward Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested, and βpep-19 was found to be only about 5-fold less potent (62% kill at 1.2×10^?7 M) than native B/PI (80% kill at 2.9×10^?8 M). At LPS neutralization, βpep-2 and -23 were found to be most active (66–78% effective at 1.2×10^?6 M), being only about 50–100-fold less active than B/PI (50% at 1.5×10^?8 M). In terms of structure–activity relations, β-sheet structural stability correlates with the capacity to neutralize LPS, but not with bactericidal activity. Although a net positive charge is necessary for activity, it is not sufficient for optimal activity. Hydrophobic residues tend to influence activities indirectly by affecting structural stability. Furthermore, results show that sequentially and spatially related residues from the β-sheet domain of native B/PI can be designed into short linear peptides which show good β-sheet folding and retain much of the native activity. This research contributes to the development of solutions to the problem of multiple drug-resistant, opportunistic microorganisms like P. aeruginosa and of agents effective at neutralizing bacterial endotoxin.     

Characterization of amyloidogenic intermediate states through a combined use of CD and NMR spectroscopy

Characterization of amyloidogenic intermediate states is of central importance in understanding the molecular mechanism of amyloid formation. In this study, we utilized CD and NMR spectroscopy to investigate secondary structure of the monomeric amyloidogenic intermediate of a β-structured SH3 domain, which was induced by trifluoroethanol (TFE). The combined biophysical studies showed that the native state SH3 domain is gradually converted to the amyloidogenic intermediate state at TFE concentrations of 20-26% (v/v) and the aggregation-prone state contains substantial amount of the β-sheet conformation (∼ 30%) with disordered (54%) and some helical characters (16%). Under weaker amyloidogenic conditions of higher TFE concentrations (> 40%), the β-sheet structures were gradually changed to helical conformations and the relative content of the helical and β-sheet conformations was highly correlated with the aggregation propensity of the SH3 domain. This indicates that the β-sheet characters of the amyloidogenic states may be critical to the effective amyloid formation.     

UV resonance Raman spectroscopy monitors polyglutamine backbone and side chain hydrogen bonding and fibrillization

We utilize 198 and 204 nm excited UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRR) and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) to monitor the backbone conformation and the Gln side chain hydrogen bonding (HB) of a short, mainly polyGln peptide with a D(2)Q(10)K(2) sequence (Q10). We measured the UVRR spectra of valeramide to determine the dependence of the primary amide vibrations on amide HB. We observe that a nondisaggregated Q10 (NDQ10) solution (prepared by directly dissolving the original synthesized peptide in pure water) exists in a β-sheet conformation, where the Gln side chains form hydrogen bonds to either the backbone or other Gln side chains. At 60 °C, these solutions readily form amyloid fibrils. We used the polyGln disaggregation protocol of Wetzel et al. [Wetzel, R., et al. (2006) Methods Enzymol.413, 34-74] to dissolve the Q10 β-sheet aggregates. We observe that the disaggregated Q10 (DQ10) solutions adopt PPII-like and 2.5(1)-helix conformations where the Gln side chains form hydrogen bonds with water. In contrast, these samples do not form fibrils. The NDQ10 β-sheet solution structure is essentially identical to that found in the NDQ10 solid formed upon evaporation of the solution. The DQ10 PPII and 2.5(1)-helix solution structure is essentially identical to that in the DQ10 solid. Although the NDQ10 solution readily forms fibrils when heated, the DQ10 solution does not form fibrils unless seeded with the NDQ10 solution. This result demonstrates very high activation barriers between these solution conformations. The NDQ10 fibril secondary structure is essentially identical to that of the NDQ10 solution, except that the NDQ10 fibril backbone conformational distribution is narrower than in the dissolved species. The NDQ10 fibril Gln side chain geometry is more constrained than when NDQ10 is in solution. The NDQ10 fibril structure is identical to that of the DQ10 fibril seeded by the NDQ10 solution.     

A mechanistic link between oxidative stress and membrane mediated amyloidogenesis revealed by infrared spectroscopy

The fully developed lesion of Alzheimer's disease is a dense plaque composed of fibrillar amyloid β-proteins (Aβ) with a characteristic and well-ordered β-sheet secondary structure. Because the incipient lesion most likely develops when these proteins are first induced to form β-sheet structure, it is important to understand factors that induced Aβ to adopt this conformation. In this review, we describe the application of polarized attenuated total internal reflection infrared FT-IR spectroscopy for characterizing the conformation, orientation, and rate of accumulation of Aβ on lipid membranes. We also describe the application and yield of linked analysis, whereby multiple spectra are fit simultaneously with component bands that are constrained to share common fitting parameters. Results have shown that membranes promote β-sheet formation under a variety of circumstances that may be significant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.