长链非编码RNA RLM通过影响AMPK的磷酸化调节HepG2细胞中的脂质沉积

长非编码RNAs（long noncoding RNAs,lncRNAs）是一类长度大于200 nt、不能编码蛋白质的RNA分子,可通过AMPK、胰岛素受体等多种信号通路,调节细胞糖脂代谢。本研究发现,HepG2细胞中一条未报道的长链非编码RNA,命名为lnc-RLM（lnc-regulate lipid metabolism）。通过敲低HepG2细胞中lnc RLM,检测细胞中甘油三脂含量及脂质代谢相关调节因子表达量。结果显示,实验组较对照组甘油三酯含量显著升高（P<0.05）;AMPK磷酸化水平显著下调,脂质合成相关因子SREBP 1c和FAS表达量上调;同时,细胞中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）活性较对照组显著上调（P<0.05）。在lnc RLM敲低的HepG2细胞中,利用AMPK激动剂（A-769662）作用细胞24 h,结果显示,降低的AMPK磷酸化水平并不会因AMPK激动剂的作用而显著升高。本研究结果说明,HepG2细胞中敲低lnc-RLM表达量,可通过影响AMPK磷酸化水平,调节HepG2细胞中脂质沉积。这为今后研究AMPK活性调节提供新的可能,也为代谢性疾病的治疗提供了新思路。     

吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶介导肝癌细胞免疫逃逸的实验研究

目的 为了探讨吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)参与肝癌免疫逃逸的机制。方法 混合培养HepG2细胞和T淋巴细胞,在有或无1-甲基色氨酸(1-MT)存在下,用RT-PCR检测细胞中IDOmRNA的表达,流式细胞仪分析混合反应体系中HepG2细胞的凋亡率,MTT检测T淋巴细胞抗HepG2细胞的细胞毒活性。结果 混合反应体系中,HepG2细胞表达IDOmRNA的水平随着1-MT浓度的增高而降低;对照组及实验组（1-MT浓度分别为1.25 mmol/l,2.5 mmol/l,5mmol/l）中HepG2细胞的早期凋亡率分别为（3.48±0.34）%,（7.82±0.41）%,（18.62±0.42）%,（25.32±0.40）%（P<0.01）,T淋巴细胞抗HepG2细胞的细胞毒活性分别为（17.36±1.24）%、（25.48±1.48）%、（32.89±1.73）%、（42.04±2.16）%（P<0.01）。 结论 HepG2细胞表达的IDO能抑制外周T淋巴细胞发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用,它可能参与了肝癌的免疫逃逸。     

DHA缓解肝X受体激活所致HepG2细胞的甘油三酯积聚

目的探讨DHA对肝X受体激动剂T0901317诱导的HepG2细胞甘油三酯积聚的影响。方法体外培养HepG2细胞,以50μmol／LDHA、10μmol／LT0901317分别处理细胞以及50μmloL／LDHA和10μmol／LT0901317共同处理细胞48h。油红0染色观察细胞内脂质沉积;氯仿-甲醇抽提细胞总脂质,酶法定量检测细胞甘油三酯含量;实时定量PCR检测与脂肪酸代谢相关基因如SREBP-1c、FAS、SCD-1、PPARa和CD36的mRNA水平。结果与对照组相比,10μmol／LT0901317处理48h后,HepG2细胞内的油红O染色脂滴增多,甘油二酯浓度升高了50％;脂肪酸合成基因：SREBP-1c、FAS和SCD-1及脂肪酸吸收基因CD36的mRNA水平分别升高了9．9、5．2、2．2和1．5倍,而脂肪酸降解基因PPARoz的mRNA无变化。DHA与T0901317共同处理的HepG2细胞内脂滴明显减少;甘油三酯含量比70901317处理组降低了15％：SREBP—1c、FAS、SCD-1和CD36的mRNA水平比T0901317处理组分别降低了92％、31％、46％和60％,而PPARa的mRNA水平比T0901317处理组升高了30％。结论DHA通过降低脂肪酸合成和吸收基因的表达并升高脂肪酸降解基因的表达缓解肝x受体激活所致HepG2细胞内甘油三酯积聚。     

MicroRNA-185改善非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠胰岛素敏感性并调节脂代谢基因的表达

目的:探讨micro RNA-185(miR-185)对高脂饮食的小鼠模型的HepG2肝细胞脂质代谢和胰岛素信号通路的调节作用。方法:应用定量反转录聚合酶链反应评估过表达或抑制miR-185表达脂质合成相关基因的mRNA水平。此外,应用Western Blot方法测定转染HepG2细胞pre-mir-185后的关键信号通路组分(IRS-1,IRS-2,PI3K、AKT2)和磷酸化PI3K和AKT2的表达情况。结果:诱导的人类HepG2细胞的软脂酸对mir-185水平的下降具有时间和剂量依赖性。经过mir-185转染的HepG2细胞显著降低脂肪酸合成酶,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa还原酶,固醇调节元件结合蛋白和固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c的mRNA水平,而使用anti-mir-185寡核苷酸抑制mir-185在HepG2细胞中产生相反的作用。在高脂饮食的小鼠模型,与对照组动物相比,mir-185处理后脂质积累明显改善。mir-185诱导后通过上调胰岛素受体底物2增强胰岛素信号通路。结论:miR-185在体内和体外调节肝细胞脂肪酸代谢和胆固醇平衡,以及在改善胰岛素敏感性中起重要作用,miR-185可能成为非酒精性脂肪肝和胰岛素抵抗的新靶点和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝药物作用新靶标。     

白毫银针茶水提取物对LO2细胞脂质积累的影响及其机理研究

以白毫银针水提取物为供试制剂,探讨其对LO2细胞脂质积累的影响及作用机理。通过油酸处理建立非酒精性脂肪肝细胞模型,分别检测白毫银针水提取物治疗组、预防组、辛伐他汀组、自然恢复组、模型组LO2细胞的甘油三脂(TG)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脂质积累,并测定细胞内SREBP-1c、FAS和CPT1A mRNA表达变化。结果表明,1 mmol·L~(-1)油酸处理24 h为建立非酒精性脂肪肝细胞模型的最理想条件,模型组细胞内TG和MDA含量高于正常组,但SOD活性低于正常组;水提取物处理各组别中,治疗组1 mg·mL~(-1)白毫银针制剂处理的细胞MDA含量最低,脂肪颗粒最少,SREBP-1c和FAS相对表达量最低,但CPT1A相对表达量和SOD活性最高,为本实验非酒精性脂肪肝防治的最优处理。1 mg·mL~(-1)白毫银针制剂能显著降低LO2细胞的脂质积累,其机制可能与抑制SREBP-1c及其下游的FAS基因表达,减少TG合成,增加CPT1A基因表达,加速TG分解等因素有关。     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白2信号通路与非酒精性脂肪性肝病

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）是以肝细胞内甘油三酯和胆固醇等脂毒性脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的一种临床获得性代谢综合征。最新研究表明,NAFLD向非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)进展时,肝内胆固醇积累可能较甘油三酯更具有细胞毒性风险。固醇调节元件结合蛋白2（sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2,SREBP2）是脂质代谢重要的核转录因子之一,主要调控胆固醇的生物合成和体内平衡。SREBP2及其靶基因调控的胆固醇异常是引起非酒精性脂肪肝病发生发展的重要因素之一。因此,认识SREBP2信号通路中,上下游各因素的表达调控作用与NAFLD发病机制之间关系,就显得非常重要。本文总结了受SREBP2调控表达的靶基因的特点,着重介绍SREBP2调控胆固醇体内合成与平衡的信号通路与NAFLD发病机制之间关系,为研究和指导治疗NAFLD及其代谢性疾病提供新的思路。     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原对细胞脂质合成作用的研究

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)合成的蛋白调节细胞脂质代谢的研究不断被报道,但乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B virus surface antigen,HBsAg)与脂质代谢的相互调控研究较少,且机制尚不明确。本研究通过对细胞转录组学的分析,揭示HBsAg对脂质代谢的调控机制。选用稳定表达HBsAg的细胞系HepG2-S-G2与其对照细胞系HepG2-neo-F4进行转录组学分析。利用定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot,WB)分别检测重要差异基因OXCT1和CYP4F3在mRNA水平和蛋白水平的表达差异。为验证HBsAg促进脂质合成上调的表型,对两种细胞系进行油红O染色并检测细胞脂肪酸、总胆固醇水平。进一步对稳定转染HBV的细胞系HepG2.2.15进行降脂处理,以观察细胞上清液中HBsAg与脂质合成之间是否存在相互调控。结果显示,参与脂质代谢的差异基因发生显著变化,提示HBsAg引起了宿主细胞脂质合成途径的上调和消耗途径下调。定量PCR结果显示,相对于HepG2-neo-F4细胞,HepG2-S-G2细胞的3-酮酸辅酶A转移酶1(3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1,OXCT1)mRNA水平升高约9倍,与转录组测序结果基本一致;CYP4F3基因在HepG2-S-G2细胞中转录相对下调。 WB结果显示,OXCT1和CYP4F3蛋白表达均出现相应的显著上调或下调,并且趋势与转录组分析一致。油红O染色以及细胞脂肪酸、总胆固醇水平检测结果证实HepG2-S-G2细胞中脂滴更明显,且游离脂肪酸和总胆固醇均显著升高。降脂处理结果显示细胞上清液中HBsAg显著降低。上述结果表明,HBsAg可上调脂质代谢、促进脂质合成,提示降脂可能成为抑制HBsAg的潜在有效途径。     

不同种类的脂肪酸对肝细胞脂质堆积的研究

目的：比较不同种类的脂肪酸对人肝癌细胞（HepG2）脂质堆积的影响。方法：HepG2细胞随机分为对照组（Con）、棕榈酸组（PA）、油酸组（OA）、亚油酸组（LA）和亚麻酸组（ALA）。培养24 h后,以MTT法比较不同种类脂肪酸对肝细胞存活率的影响;同一浓度下,以油红O染色法比较,各组细胞内脂滴生成情况拍照并测量吸光度;以酶学法检测各组细胞内甘油三酯含量比较不同种类脂肪酸对肝细胞脂质堆积的影响。结果：确定了每种脂肪酸诱导的浓度为50 μmol/L,同一浓度下,随着PA、OA、LA、ALA各组脂肪酸的不饱和度依次增加,PA、OA、LA、ALA各组细胞内脂滴依次增多,细胞内TG含量依次升高。与对照组相比,PA无统计学差异,OA存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,而LA和ALA分别存在极显著性差异（P＜0.001）。且对每种脂肪酸诱导的肝细胞脂质堆积程度进行统计学分析,均存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论：同一条件下,不同种类的脂肪酸对肝细胞活力和脂质堆积程度的影响不同,提示可能与脂肪酸的不饱和度有关,不饱和度越高的脂肪酸对细胞脂质堆积作用越明显。     

皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱降低HepG2细胞脂质的最佳浓度配比研究

针对单一活性成分的减肥降脂效果较差,且容易出现耐药性等问题,本文筛选并优化了皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱降低HepG2细胞脂质的最佳浓度配比,为皮诺敛酸降脂产品的开发提供基础数据。通过油酸诱导HepG2细胞成脂建立体外非酒精性脂肪肝模型。采用油红O染色法确定了皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱降低HepG2细胞中脂滴的最佳浓度配比。实验结果表明0.5 mmol·L^-1油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪变性效果最佳,皮诺敛酸（PLA）最佳降脂浓度为6.25 μmol·L^-1,左旋肉碱（LC）最佳降脂浓度为250 μmol·L^-1,皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱（PLA/LC）最佳降脂浓度配比为1：40（μmol·L^-1/μmol·L^-1）。皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱复配物可以显著降低HepG2细胞脂质,具有用量少,协同作用效果突出的优点,因此皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱复配物在开发降脂减肥产品中具有良好的应用前景。     

miR-652-3p靶向同源异型核基因1对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨miR-652-3p靶向同源异型核基因1（PRRX1）对血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响。 方法大鼠心肌细胞H9c2细胞采用正常培养基培养为对照组细胞，用含1 μmol/L AngⅡ的培养基培养为AngⅡ组细胞；分别转染miR-652-3p阳性对照序列（NC）和转染miR-652-3p mimics后用含1 μmol/L AngⅡ的培养基培养为AngⅡ+NC组和AngⅡ+miR-652-3p组细胞；将miR-652-3p mimics分别与PRRX1阳性对照质粒和PRRX1过表达质粒转染至H9c2细胞中用含1 μmol/L AngⅡ的培养基培养，分别为AngⅡ+miR-652-3p+ Vctor组和AngⅡ+miR-652-3p+PRRX1组细胞。实时荧光定量PCR （RT-qPCR）检测H9c2细胞中miR-652-3p表达水平，流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡，用Western blot检测细胞中PRRX1、Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平。双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证H9c2细胞中miR-652-3p与PRRX1调控关系。两组间比较采用独立样本t检验，多组间比较采用单因素方差分析，组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验。 结果与对照组比较，AngⅡ组H9c2细胞中miR-652-3p水平（1.00±0.08比0.21±0.05）、Bcl-2蛋白水平（0.83±0.08比0.40±0.04）均较低，而PRRX1蛋白水平（0.06±0.01比0.41±0.04）、凋亡率（5.02﹪±1.41﹪比25.33﹪±3.75﹪）、Bax蛋白水平（0.46±0.05比0.96±0.10）均较高，差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。与AngⅡ+NC组比较，AngⅡ+miR-652-3p组H9c2细胞中miR-652-3p的表达水平（0.24±0.06比0.98±0.07）、Bcl-2蛋白水平（0.38±0.04比0.72±0.07）均较高，而PRRX1蛋白水平（0.39±0.04比0.13±0.01）、凋亡率（27.02﹪±4.11﹪比12.19﹪±1.63﹪）、Bax蛋白水平（0.95±0.09比0.53±0.05）均较低，差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。与AngⅡ+miR-652-3p+Vctor组比较，AngⅡ+miR-652-3p+PRRX1组H9c2细胞凋亡率（12.88﹪±1.84﹪比25.45﹪±3.58﹪）、PRRX1蛋白水平（0.13±0.01比0.35±0.04）和Bax蛋白水平（0.54±0.05比0.82±0.08）均较高，差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05），而Bcl-2蛋白表达水平（0.72±0.07比0.46±0.05）降低，差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。 结论AngⅡ能够下调心肌细胞中miR-652-3p的表达，上调miR-652-3p可通过靶向抑制PRRX1的表达减少AngⅡ诱导的H9c2细胞凋亡。     

Effect of Octreotide on Hepatic Steatosis in Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by liver lipid dysregulation is linked to obesity. Somatostatin (SST) and its analogs have been used to treat pediatric hypothalamic obesity. However, the application of such drugs for the treatment of NAFLD has not been evaluated.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of important regulators of hepatic lipid metabolism and the possible effect of the SST analog octreotide on these regulators.

Methods

SD rats were assigned to a control group and a high-fat diet group. Obese rats from the high-fat diet group were further divided into the obese and octreotide-treated groups. The body weight, plasma SST, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were measured. Hepatic steatosis was evaluated based on the liver TG content, HE staining and oil red O staining. The SREBP-1c, ACC1, FAS, MTP, apoB and ADRP expression levels in the liver were also determined by RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, western blot or ELISA.

Results

The obese rats induced by high-fat diet expressed more SREBP-1c, FAS and ADRP but less MTP protein in the liver than those of control rats, whereas octreotide intervention reversed these changes and increased the level of apoB protein. Compared to the control group, obese rats showed increased liver ACC1, SREBP-1c and apoB mRNA levels, whereas octreotide-treated rats showed decreased mRNA levels of apoB and SREBP-1c. This was accompanied by increased body weight, liver TG contents, FPG, TG, TC, LDL-C, FFA, insulin and derived homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) values. Octreotide intervention significantly decreased these parameters. Compared to the control group, the obese group showed a decreasing trend on plasma SST levels, which were significantly increased by the octreotide intervention.

Conclusion

Octreotide can ameliorate hepatic steatosis in obese rats, possibly by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and increasing TG export from hepatocytes.     

Caffeine attenuates lipid accumulation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in HepG2 cells

The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of caffeine on lipid accumulation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Significant decreases in the accumulation of hepatic lipids, such as triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol were observed when HepG2 cells were treated with caffeine as indicated. Caffeine decreased the mRNA level of lipogenesis-associated genes (SREBP1c, SREBP2, FAS, SCD1, HMGR and LDLR). In contrast, mRNA level of CD36, which is responsible for lipid uptake and catabolism, was increased. Next, the effect of caffeine on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway was examined. Phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were evidently increased when the cells were treated with caffeine as indicated for 24 h. These effects were all reversed in the presence of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. In summary, these data indicate that caffeine effectively depleted TG and cholesterol levels by inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis through modulating AMPK-SREBP signaling pathways. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(4): 207-212]     

The LXR ligand T0901317 induces severe lipogenesis in the db/db diabetic mouse

Liver X receptor (LXR) ligands are currently being evaluated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of low HDL. The LXR ligand T0901317 elevates ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and HDL levels in animal models and induces moderate lipogenesis through upregulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c). Because insulin may also regulate lipogenesis through SREBP1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS), we investigated the effect of an LXR ligand in hyperinsulinemic mice. Administration of T0901317 to male db/db mice for 12 days resulted in a more severe hypertriacylglycerolemia and hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation than observed in nondiabetic mice. The LXR target genes ABCA1, SREBP1c, FAS, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 were upregulated by T0901317 treatment in both diabetic db/db and nondiabetic C57BLKS mice. Changes in lipogenic gene expression were independent of mouse strain, indicating that the severe lipogenesis observed in LXR ligand-treated db/db mice was not due to additive effects of insulin on lipogenic gene expression. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression was suppressed, suggesting that a shift from gluconeogenesis toward lipogenesis could partially explain our observations in db/db mice. Our data suggest that LXR ligands that have effects on both fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism should be carefully evaluated in obesity, insulin, and leptin resistance.     

The effect of feed restriction on expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens and the function of SREBP1

To study the role of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) in lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in the chicken, two experiments were carried out. In the first study, seven-week-old broilers (n = 16) were allocated into 2 groups, fasted for 24 h or refed for 5 h after a 24 h fasting. The mRNA concentrations for SREBPs and other lipogenic genes in the liver were determined by quantitative real time PCR. The hepatic mRNA relative abundance of lipogenic genes and genes involved in cholesterol synthesis were significantly greater (p < 0.001) in the refed broilers. Similar results were demonstrated with Northern analysis. The data suggest that in the liver of fasted broilers, genes associated with lipogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis were inhibited. Indeed, the mRNA concentrations for fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme, and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase were almost undetectable after the 24 h fasting. The data also demonstrated that the expression of lipogenic genes coordinate well as a group during the refeeding period. Second, three small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides against SREBP1 were designed to be used in transfecting a chicken hepatocarcinoma cell line LMH. One of the three siRNAs effectively reduced SREBP1 mRNA concentration (p < 0.01). The acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase_α (ACC_α) mRNA was also significantly reduced by the SREBP1 siRNA treatment, suggesting that SREBP1 can upregulate the expression of this lipogenic gene. This siRNA, however, did not affect the mRNA for FAS. Taken together, the RNA interference study showed that SREBP1 has the ability to regulate the expression of ACC_α. This study has helped us understand more about the function of SREBP1 and the physiology of the broiler chickens.     

血清IL-1RA水平与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的相关性及无创诊断的临床价值

目的:探究血清白介素-1受体拮抗剂(IL-1RA)与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)进展的相关性,以及无创性预测诊断NASH的临床价值。方法:选取确诊NAFLD病例60例,配套肝穿刺活检组织标本及肝穿前一周血清。经B超检查无脂肪肝症状的正常健康人群30例,作为对照。测量身高、体重、腰围等生理指标,计算BMI;检测ALT、AST、AST/ALT、ALP、GGT、TC、TG、HDL、LDL等生化指标;双抗夹心法测定血清中IL-1RA浓度水平。结果:血清IL-1RA与ALT、AST及GGT具有相关性(P0.05),与肝细胞脂肪变性、气球样变、小叶内炎症、汇管区炎症及纤维化程度呈高度相关(P0.01);随NAS评分增高其浓度增大,呈高度正相关(r=0.915,P0.01);NASH患者血清中IL-1RA明显高于Non-NASH患者(t=2.88,P0.01),经ROC曲线分析,曲线下面积AUROC=0.986,利用Youden指数确定最佳敏感性为89.7%,特异性为97.9%,最佳cut-off值为171.8 ng/L。结论:NASH患者血清IL-1RA水平明显升高,血清IL-1RA可作为评价NASH及其严重程度的独立预测因子,可以作为一个无创性诊断指标对NASH进行诊断。