生物技术药物的研究开发与产业化现状及前景

本综述了近年来国内外生物技术药物的研究、开发和产业化现状,讨论了我国医药生物技术产业存在的主要问题。提出中国医药生物技术产业发展应遵循自主开发与技术引进相结合及政府引导与市场机制相结合的原则,政府、企业和科技界应发挥各自不同的作用;展望了我国生物药物产业的发展方向和生物技术药物的市场前景。     

医药生物技术研究与产业化进展

当今世界上许多国家特别是发达国家都把发展生物技术及其产业作为提高本国科技和经济竞争力的重要手段。医药生物技术是生物技术首先取得突破 ,实现产业化的技术领域 ,世纪之交的医药生物技术呈现出蓬勃发展态势。美国在医药生物技术领域占据了世界领先地位 ,各种生物技术产品被广泛应用于医疗、制药等行业 ,医药生物技术已成为美国高技术产业发展的核心动力之一。近年来 ,我国的医药生物技术研发和产业化取得了长足的进展 ,在基因工程药物和疫苗、单抗导向药物、人工血液代用品、生物芯片的研制 ,疾病相关基因的定位和克隆、体细胞克隆、遗传病的基因诊断技术、基因治疗、肿瘤免疫治疗、抗血管治疗、组织工程、干细胞的研究等方面均取得了可喜成果 ,逐步缩短了与先进国家的差距。本文综述了近年来医药生物技术领域的研究、开发和产业化现状 ,并对加速我国医药生物技术及其产业的发展提出了一些建议。     

生物技术药物发展态势分析

生物技术药物是指采用现代生物技术,借助某些微生物、植物或动物来生产所需的药品。包括细胞因子、重组蛋白质药物、抗体、疫苗和寡核苷酸药物等,主要用于肿瘤、心血管疾病、传染病、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎等疾病的预防和治疗,在临床上已开始广泛应用,为制药工业带来了革命性的变化。生物技术药物成为世界医药范围中最活跃、发展最迅速和最令人关注的领域。全球医药市场的发展重心正在逐步从化学药转向生物技术药。从产业角度分析,生物技术药物是全球医药产业的重要组成部分,预计会成为未来增长的重要推动力。因此,本文对生物技术药物的市场现状与趋势、研发状态进行分析,为相关人员提供参考。     

医药生物技术研究与产业化进展

当今世界上许多国家特别是发达国家都把发展生物技术及其产业作为提高本国科技和经济竞争力的重要手段。医药生物技术是生物技术首先取得突破,实现产业化的技术领域,世纪之交的医药生物技术呈现出蓬勃发展态势,美国在医药生物技术领域占据了世界领先地位,各种生物技术产品被广泛应用于医疗,制药等行业,医药生物技术已成为美国高技术产业发展的核心动力之一,近年来,我国的医药生物技术研发和产业化取得了长足的进展,在基因的定位和克隆,体细胞克隆,遗传病的基因诊断技术,基因治疗,肿瘤免疫治疗,抗血管治疗,组织工程,干细胞的研究等方面均取得了可喜成果,逐步缩短了先进国家的差距,本文综述了近年来医药生物技术的领域的研究,开发和产业化现状,并对加速我国医药生物技术及其产业的发展提出了一些建议。     

我国生物技术药物发展探析——访中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所邵荣光副所长

邵荣光,博士,研究员,中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院博士生导师,“长江学者”特聘教授。现任中国医学科学院药物研究院副院长,医药生物技术研究所常务副所长,中国药学会抗生素专业委员会主任,中国抗癌协会抗癌药物专业委员会副主任,中国医药生物技术协会单克隆抗体专业委员会副主任。主要从事生物技术药物研究,     

2005年全国生化与生物技术药物学术年会

为促进我国医药工作者在生化和生物技术药物研究领域的交流与合作,提高我国在该领域药物研究的整体水平,中国药学会定于2005年7月下旬在宁夏银川市召开“2005年全国生化与生物技术药物学术年会”。会议将邀请国内著名生化与生物技术药物研究专家侯云德院士、杨胜利院士、张元兴教授、徐安龙教授、陈志南教授、贺林教授、杜冠华教授、陆祖宏教授、王红阳教授作专题学术报告。研讨会现进行征文活动,会议内容与征文主题如下:     

生物技术药物市场现状与发展趋势

目的:基于市场角度分析生物技术药物发展现状和未来趋势。方法:检索Thomson Reuters Cortellis数据库、全球医药市场研究机构Evaluate Pharma和美国食品药品监督管理局公布的数据,利用对比分析方法对检索结果进行分析。结果:得益于生物技术药物本身的优势特点,全球生物技术药物市场比例将由2013年的22%增长至2020年的27%,2020年全球市场中罗氏仍然保持最大的市场份额,市场销售额将达435亿美元。尽管中国生物技术药物的市场总额占全球市场的比例仅为2%,但未来发展空间较大,且目前已经形成了以国药集团为龙头的产业集群。结论:随着疾病治疗需求的增加,生物技术药物发展潜力巨大,未来市场将进一步扩大。     

生物技术进展

办刊宗旨《生物技术进展》是由农业农村部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办,以传播生物技术前沿科学,引领生物技术发展潮流为目标的学术期刊。于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,国内外公开发行。《生物技术进展》立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学、合成生物学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域的发展动态和产业应用成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果。主要设置进展评述、研究论文、技术与方法等栏目。     

现代生物技术的应用与展望

现代生物技术作为高科技领域之一,对解决人类面临的重大问题如：粮食,健康,环境和能源等将开辟广阔的前景,日益成为影响国计民生的科学技术支柱和21世纪高新技术产业的先导,本文主要介绍现代生物技术在医药。农业,环境和海洋等领域的应用与发展。     

“七五”攻关期间我国医药生物技术产品研究开发进展

医药生物技术做为当今生物技术的主要研究领域之一已取得了令人瞩目的成就。在美国,目前投放市场的生物技术产品绝大部分为医药产品,它们的开发具有速度快、产品数量多、疾病谱广、经济效益显著等特点。我国政府对医药生物技术的研究开发给予了高度的重视,据不完全统计,“七五”攻关期间组织了1200多人的研究队伍,投入了3500多万元的科研经费进行医药生物技术的研究开发工作。     

Seasonal patterns in feeding ecology of three small fishes in the Biandantang Lake, China

Feeding ecology of three small fish species, Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus and Pseudorasbora parva was studied seasonally in the Biandantang Lake, a small, shallow lake in central China. Gut length, adjusted for total body length, was significantly higher in spring than in other seasons for all the three species. Seasonal changes in gut length were not associated with changes in food quality. Weight of fore-gut contents, adjusted for body weight, was significantly higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn in H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and significantly higher in autumn than in spring and summer for P. parva. Percentage of empty fore-guts was highest in summer and lowest in spring for H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and highest in winter and lowest in autumn for P. parva. Diet of the three small fishes showed apparent seasonal changes, and these changes reflected partly the seasonal fluctuations of food resources in environment. Diet breadth was high in winter and low in autumn for H. swinhonis , high in winter and low in spring and summer for C. giurinus , and high in autumn and low in spring for P. parva. Diet overlaps between pairs of species were biologically significant in most cases, except between H. swinhonis and P. parva in summer and autumn and between C. giurinus and P. parva in autumn.     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化

啮齿动物对植物种子的取食和扩散影响种子的时空分布,继而影响种子的萌发和幼苗建成,因而在森林更新中起着重要作用.在国有济源市愚公林场,选择退耕地生境,于春季、夏季、秋季分别释放人工标记的山杏种子,观察啮齿动物扩散与埋藏山杏种子的季节性差异.结果表明：1）退耕地中的啮齿动物主要包括大林姬鼠、社鼠、黑线姬鼠;2）山杏种子扩散速率在春季显著慢于夏季,夏季显著慢于秋季;3）种子搬运量受季节和种子状态交互作用影响,春季显著少于夏季,夏季显著少于秋季;4）不同季节种子平均搬运距离不同,秋季不同状态种子的搬运距离均大于春季和夏季;5）啮齿动物对山杏种子的贮藏点大小多为1粒种子,少量为2、3粒种子,且贮藏点大小与季节间存在显著的交互作用,春季单粒种子的贮藏点数量显著少于夏季和秋季,而夏季与秋季的贮藏点则倾向于多粒种子;6）在夏季和秋季各有5枚（共释放1800枚）被啮齿动物分散贮藏的山杏种子建成幼苗.     

Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae

MANGALY, J. K. & NAYAR, J. 1990. Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae. Light microscope studies on pollen morphology of 21 Old World, tropical taxa of Zingiberaceae reveal that an exine is absent only in Kaempferia . A discontinuous exine layer consisting of circular plates joined together at margins occurs in Alpinia galanga and Amomum hypoleucum while all other taxa possess an uninterrupted exine layer which is commonly 0.7 μm to less than 2.0 μrn thick (3.2 μm in Zingiber zerumbet , 2.5 μm in Amomum hypoleucum ). Exine is spinose in Alpinia (smooth in Alpinia sanderae ), Amomum and Boesenbergia , verrucose in Eleltaria , tuberculate to areolate or striate in Zingiber , papillose in Globba and smooth or nearly so in Curcuma, Costus and Hedychiurn . Pollen grains are spheroidal, 50–90 μm in size (35 μm in Globba ophioglossa ), and inaparturate (foraminate in Costus ), except in Curcuma and Zingiber where they are ovoid to ellipsoidal, 70–135 times 60–80 μm in size and sulcate. A lamellated intine, much thicker than the exine, occurs in all, and it is thinner at the apertural region in Curcuma, Costus and Zingiber; in Elettaria and Hedychiurn it is thinner in one or few large scattered circular areas, and in Boesenbergia and Alpinia zerumbet on one side of the grains. Palynologirally Alpinia, Amomum, Boesenbergia, Kaempferia and Zingiber constitute one group while Elettaria, Hedychiurn and Costus constitute another.     

国人睾丸、附睾和输精管的氧化还原酶的组织化学观察

本文收集了１９—３８岁国人正常男性新鲜睾丸、附睾和输精管１３例,进行了氧化还原酶组织化学染色、光镜定位及定性观察。结果表明：睾丸曲细精管和输出小管上皮的ＧＤＨ,ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＧＰＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ９种酶;睾丸间质细胞和附睾管上皮的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＳＤＨ,ＩＣＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＬＤＨ和Ｇ－６－ＰＤＨ８种酶;输精管的ＮＡＤＨＤ,ＮＡＤＰＨＤ,ＩＣＤＨ和ＧＤＨ４种酶的酶活性呈强阳性或极强阳性。提示输出小管和头部附睾管含有的多种氧化还原酶对精子功能成熟有极重要作用。     

A survey of tissue-specific isozyme expressions during chicken ontogeny

The ontogenetic trends in the expression of 25 isozymes in liver, gizzard, heart, and pectoralis muscle of White Leghorn chickens were examined using starch gel electrophoresis. Little change in expression during development was evident in liver S-AAT-A, GPI-A, S-ICDH-A, S-MDH-A and M-MDH-A, in gizzard S-ACON-A, ADH-A, GPI-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A PEP-1, and PGM-A, in heart ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, PGM-A, and LDH-A, in pectoralis M-ACON-A, S-ACON-A, ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, and PGM-A, and in liver, gizzard, and heart M-ACON-A, ALD-A, CK-A, G3PDH-A, HK-1, and PGDH-A. Increasing levels of activity were demonstrated in liver ADH-A, ME-A, and PEP-2, in heart M-MDH-A, S-ICDH-A, M-ICDH, and M-AAT-A, and in pectoralis LDH-A, LDH-B, G3PDH-3, ALD-A, CK-A, HK-2, and PGM-B. There was a decrease in the activity of HK-1 in liver and in PEP-1 and PGDH-A in pectoralis muscle throughout development. While CK-C is active in the embryonic pectoralis, CK-A is restricted to later developmental stages. Isozyme expressions in regions of the pectoralis containing fast and slow muscle fibers in 7-month-posthatch individuals were noted and found to be identical. The results underscore the need to use similar developmental stages and tissue samples in comparative electrophoretic studies of birds.This study was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant A9866 to J.P.B.     

Naringin protects viscera from ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the nitric oxide level in a rat model

We investigated the effects of naringin on small intestine, liver, kidney and lung recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the gut. Rats were divided randomly into four groups of eight. Group A was the sham control; group B was ischemic for 2 h; group C was ischemic for 2 h and re-perfused for 2 h (I/R); group D was treated with 50 mg/kg naringin after ischemia, then re-perfused for 2 h. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions were detected by immunolabeling. We also measured arginase activity, amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. iNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and kidney in group C. iNOS was decreased significantly only in small intestine and lung in group D. eNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and lung in group C. eNOS was decreased in small intestine, liver and lung in group D; however, eNOS was decreased in the kidney in group C and increased in the kidney in group D. The amount of NO was decreased significantly in all tissues in group D, but arginase activity was decreased in the small intestine and lung, increased in the kidney and remained unchanged in the liver in group D. The total protein increased in the small intestine and liver in group D, but decreased significantly in the kidney and lung in group D. Naringin had significant, salutary effects on the biochemical parameters of I/R by decreasing the NO level, equilibrating iNOS and eNOS expressions, and decreasing arginase activity.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.     

The hormonal and behavioral response to group formation, seasonal changes, and restraint stress in the highly social Malayan Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus) and the less social Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pteropus pumilus) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

This study examined behavioral and physiological responses (changes in inter-animal spacing, total glucocorticoids, testosterone, and body mass) to the formation of breeding and same-sex groups in two bat species, the socially gregarious Malayan Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus) and the less social Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pteropus pumilus). We hypothesized that social instability, especially in the breeding groups and especially in P. vampyrus, would result in elevated glucocorticoids and that social facilitation of breeding and/or male-male competition would result in persistently higher levels of testosterone in breeding males. Seasonal rhythms in all measures were also predicted, and the glucocorticoid stress response was expected to vary by sex, season, and group type. Nearly all animals responded to group formation with elevated glucocorticoids, but, for breeding animals (especially aggressive male P. vampyrus), these responses persisted over time. In both species, breeding group formation resulted in elevated testosterone in males. Glucocorticoids, testosterone, testes volume, and body mass generally peaked in the breeding season in males (late summer and early autumn), but the seasonal glucocorticoid peak in females occurred in late winter and early spring. All animals responded to restraint stress with elevations in glucocorticoids that largely did not differ by sex, time of year, reproductive condition, group type, or, in lactating females, the presence of her pup. Changes in both behavior and physiology were more evident in P. vampyrus than in P. pumilus, and we believe that their underlying social differences influenced their responses to group formation and to the changing seasonal environment.     

Stress-induced accumulation and tissue-specific localization of dehydrins in Arabidopsis thaliana

Stress-induced accumulation of five (COR47, LTI29, ERD14, LTI30 and RAB18) and tissue localization of four (LTI29, ERD14, LTI30 and RAB18) dehydrins in Arabidopsis were characterized immunologically with protein-specific antibodies. The five dehydrins exhibited clear differences in their accumulation patterns in response to low temperature, ABA and salinity. ERD14 accumulated in unstressed plants, although the protein level was up-regulated by ABA, salinity and low temperature. LTI29 mainly accumulated in response to low temperature, but was also found in ABA- and salt-treated plants. LTI30 and COR47 accumulated primarily in response to low temperature, whereas RAB18 was only found in ABA-treated plants and was the only dehydrin in this study that accumulated in dry seeds.Immunohistochemical localization of LTI29, ERD14 and RAB18 demonstrated tissue and cell type specificity in unstressed plants. ERD14 was present in the vascular tissue and bordering parenchymal cells, LTI29 and ERD14 accumulated in the root tip, and RAB18 was localized to stomatal guard cells. LTI30 was not detected in unstressed plants. The localization of LTI29, ERD14 and RAB18 in stress-treated plants was not restricted to certain tissues or cell types. Instead these proteins accumulated in most cells, although cells within and surrounding the vascular tissue showed more intense staining. LTI30 accumulated primarily in vascular tissue and anthers of cold-treated plants.This study supports a physiological function for dehydrins in certain plant cells during optimal growth conditions and in most cell types during ABA or cold treatment. The differences in stress specificity and spatial distribution of dehydrins in Arabidopsis suggest a functional specialization for the members of this protein family.