乌龟脑垂体显微及其腺垂体超微结构的研究

乌龟脑垂体由柄形神经垂体和椭圆形腺垂体两部分组成,神经垂体位于腺垂体后部上方呈背腹型排列。神经垂体中神经叶不发达,腺垂体分为远侧部和中间部,特殊空泡结构成为垂体门脉系统的特征。远侧部细胞分为嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞3种。通过透射电镜观察,腺垂体远侧部主要有5种分泌激素细胞:即生长激素(GH)分泌细胞、催乳激素(PRL)分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素(TSH)分泌细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)分泌细胞、促性腺激素(GTH)分泌细胞和非分泌类型滤泡-星形细胞(FS)。生长激素分泌细胞核大、分泌颗粒少的特征成为乌龟与其他动物最大的区别,可能与乌龟具有生长慢、寿命长的生物学特性有关。       

黄颡鱼脑垂体的组织学和超微结构的研究

利用组织切片和超薄切片对性成熟雌黄颡鱼的脑垂体进行了组织学和超微结构的研究.黄颡鱼的脑垂体由垂体神经部和垂体腺部组成,垂体腺部又由前叶、间叶和后叶三部分构成.舍有嗜酸性和嗜碱性细胞.促肾上腺皮质激素细胞和催乳激素细胞组成腺垂体前叶,促性腺激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞组成腺垂体间叶,腺垂体后叶由促黑色素激素细胞构成.     

鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究 Ⅱ.下海雌鳗脑垂体超显微构造的研究

神经垂体主要由神经分泌纤维、脑垂体细胞和微血管组成。神经分泌纤维主要是无髓鞘神经纤维,也有一些是有髓鞘神经纤维。神经垂体中还有一些多层体构造。神经分泌纤维有两个基本类型:A型纤维含有直径为1250—1750Å的神经分泌颗粒;B型纤维含有直径为450—1000Å的颗粒状囊泡。腺垂体的分泌细胞按其超显微构造的特点和所含的分泌颗粒大小不同可以区分为六个类型:催乳激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞,促肾上腺皮质激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞、促性腺激素分泌细胞和后腺垂体的分泌细胞。       

梭鱼脑垂体超微结构

在梭鱼中,用电子显微镜能区别出6（或7）种形态的内分泌细胞类型。这些细胞与光学显微镜区分的6（或7）种细胞类型一致。促肾上腺激素分泌细胞和催乳素分泌细胞组成前-腺垂体;中-腺垂体由促性腺激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞和促甲状腺激素分泌细胞组成;后-腺垂体包括M1、M2细胞。对每种细胞类型的超微结构特征作了详细描述,并与其他硬骨鱼的相应细胞作了比较讨论。不同的硬骨鱼,在超微结构方面每种细胞类型是一致的。       

贝氏高原鳅脑垂体显微结构观察

贝氏高原鳅的垂体由神经垂体和腺垂体构成,属于背腹型,但神经垂体稍偏向背部.腺垂体从前到后又依次分为前外侧部(RPD)、中外侧部(PPD)和中间部(PI).前外侧部由ACTH细胞和PRL细胞组成,中外侧部由GH细胞和大小两种嗜碱性细胞组成,中间部分布有MSH细胞和另一种嗜碱性细胞.神经垂体分枝丰富,遍布于腺垂体的各个部分,在中间部尤为丰富.垂体内血管发达.     

梭鱼脑垂体超微结构

在梭鱼中,用电子显微镜能区别出6(或7)种形态的内分泌细胞类型。这些细胞与光学显微镜区分的6(或7)种细胞类型一致。促肾上腺激素分泌细胞和催乳素分泌细胞组成前-腺垂体;中-腺垂体由促性腺激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞和促甲状腺激素分泌细咆组成;后-腺垂体包括M1、M2细胞。对每种细胞类型的超微结构特征作了详细描述,并与其他硬骨鱼的相应细胞作了比较讨论。不同的硬骨鱼,在超微结构方面每种细胞类型是一致的。     

长鬣蜥脑垂体的组织学结构观察

用HE、尼氏染色和Holmes银染法对长鬣蜥脑垂体的显微结构进行了观察.发现其脑垂体分腺垂体、神经垂体两部分,为背腹型.HE染色观察到腺垂体分为嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞3种类型,另外还观察到室管膜细胞和神经垂体内的垂体裂;尼氏染色显示神经垂体的赫令氏体以及排列致密的腺垂体中间部细胞;Holmes银染法显示神经垂体的无髓神经纤维、垂体门脉系统的血管.首次发现垂体裂与中脑视叶的水管系统相连通.     

垂体腺瘤分类的免疫组织化学研究

目的：研究我国垂体腺瘤的功能分类及其与临床病理的联系。方法：采用Dako-Envision法进行免疫组织化学染色,检测45例手术切除垂体腺瘤中6种激素（GH,PRL,ACTH,TSH,LH,FSH）的表达情况,据此进行垂体腺瘤的分类及临床病理研究。结果：在45例垂体腺瘤中,生长激素细胞腺瘤为15例（33.3％）,催乳素细胞腺瘤6例（13.3％）,促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤9例（20％）,促性腺激素细胞腺瘤3例（6.7％）,多种激素细胞腺瘤4例（8.9％）,无功能细胞腺瘤8例（17.8％）。结论：垂体腺瘤中不同类型腺瘤所占的比例存在差异,生长激素腺瘤在外科切除的腺瘤中最常见。     

生长抑素的生物合成

1968年Krulin等观察到大鼠下丘脑含有抑制生长激素(GH)释放的物质;1973年Braz-eau等确定其是含14个氨基酸的多肽,定名为GH释放抑制激素或生长抑素(SS)。在脊椎动物SS选择性地分布于全身的细胞内,脑、胃肠和胰腺内含量最高,占25%、70%和5%。SS抑制腺垂体分泌GH、促甲状腺素等,可能也抑制神经垂体激素的释放、抑     

神经内分泌讲座（三）：———促性腺激素释放激素

１概述对促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）的研究始于６０年代初,当时哈里斯（Ｈａｒｒｉｓ）将动物下丘脑提取物注入家兔或鼠的腺垂体时,可以引起促黄体生成素（ＬＨ）的分泌并发生排卵。体外垂体培养时加入这种提取物可使培养液中的ＬＨ和促卵泡生成激素（ＦＳＨ）浓度...     

Histology of the pituitary gland of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L.

The present communication deals with a histological study of the pituitary gland of the teleost fish Mugil cephalus , found in the estuarine waters of Cochin area. Six different cell types were identified in the pituitary gland on the basis of their grouping, distribution and staining properties. The prolactin and the TSH cells (thyroid stimulating hormone producing cells or thyrotrops) were identified in the rostral pars distalis and the ACTH cells (adrenocorticotropic hormone producing cells or corticotrops) in the interphase between the neurohypophysis and the rostral pars distalis. The STH cells (somatotropic hormone producing cells or somatotrops) and the gonadotropic cells were distinguished in the proximal pars distalis and the MSH cells (melanin stimulating hormone producing cells or melanotrops) in the pars intermedia.     

The goldfish pituitary

Summary In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, morphological and functional aspects of the pituitary gland were studied at the ultrastructural level and six cell types could be distinguished in the pars distalis. Acidophilic cells of the rostral pars distalis were identified as prolactin cells, the chromophobic cells of the rostral pars distalis as ACTH cells, the non-globular basophilic cells of the rostral and the proximal pars distalis as TSH cells, the globular basophils of the proximal pars distalis as gonadotropic cells and the acidophils of the proximal pars distalis as somatotrophs.Besides some of the well established criteria of morphological and functional identification of different cell types, two new approaches have been used in the present study. One was to express the electron density of secretory granules objectively by means of a photometric method. It was found that both types of acidophilic cells which produce the proteohormones prolactin and somatotropin respectively, had granules with the highest electron densities. The basophilic cells producing the glycoproteins gonadotropin and TSH respectively, possessed granules of intermediate electron density whereas the chromophobic cells storing the peptide hormone ACTH had granules of lowest densities. The second new approach was the administration of the synthetic mammalian releasing hormones LH-RP and TRF, which helped in identifying gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells respectively. In the goldfish there is evidence for the presence of only one type of gonadotropic cell.Supported by a grant of the Science Research Council of Great Britain to Professor Sir Francis Knowles, F.R.S. The electron microscope used was provided by the Medical Research Council of Great Britain. The integrating photometer IPM2 was kindly on loan from Messrs. Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany. For technical advice we are greatly indebted to Mr. P. K. Kaul, B. E., M.I. Struct. E., C. Eng.     

CXCL14-like immunoreactivity in growth hormone-containing cells of urodele pituitaries

Immunohistochemical techniques were employed to investigate the distribution of a chemokine, namely, CXCL14-like immunoreactivity in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and Japanese black salamander (Hynobius nigrescens) pituitaries. CXCL14-immunoreactive cells concentrated at an area of the pars distalis adjacent to the pars intermedia. We found that these cells correspond to the cells immunoreactive to an antibody against rat growth hormone (GH). Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the CXCL14-like substance and GH coexisted on the secretory granules in the axolotl pituitary. Western blot analysis of axolotl pituitary extracts revealed the anti-human CXCL14 antibody labeled an approximately 16.6-kDa band that was not labeled by the anti-GH antibody. The CXCL14-like substance in the pars distalis may participate in GH functions in these species.     

Immunohistochemically detected ontogeny of prolactin and growth hormone cells in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus

The chronological appearance of selected endocrine cells in the pituitary of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) was studied morphologically, histologically and immunohistochemically by using antisera raised against catfish growth hormone (cgGH) and recombinant tilapia prolactin I (tPRL). cgGH- and tPRL-like immunoreactive cells were visible from day 1 post fertilisation (hatching) throughout the juvenile and the adult stage. From 1 to 90 days after hatching, the larval pituitary is oval in shape with a distinctly shaped rostral pars distalis, proximal pars distalis and pars intermedia. From day 120 onwards allometric growth of the rostral and proximal pars distalis extended the prolactin and growth hormone cells anteriorily and posteriorily, respectively. Size and activity of the prolactin and growth hormone cells, measured by the ratio of cell surface to nuclear surface remained constant until day 40 and showed a growth spurt thereafter. Growth hormone content, measured with a catfish-specific radio-immunoassay from hatching until 60 h post hatching, increased exponentially between 30 and 60 h.     

Physiologically-induced changes in proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels in the pituitary gland of the amphibian Xenopus laevis

In the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland of the amphibian Xenopus laevis the level of mRNA encoding proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor protein for alpha-melanophore-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), is shown to be dependent on physiological parameters. POMC mRNA levels in the pars intermedia of black-background-adapted Xenopus are much higher than those of white-adapted animals. These physiological changes in POMC mRNA levels are tissue-specific because they were not found in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland. Background transfer experiments revealed that modulation of POMC gene activity is much slower than changes in the secretion of alpha-MSH.     

Seasonal changes in the pituitary gland of the feral hawaiian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)

The Hawaiian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a seasonally breeding mammal whose pituitary gland resembles that of other Viverridae. Certain features, such as a prominent pars tuberalis interna and a double-layered pars intermedia forming a cup for the neurohypophysis, are unique. With the light microscope, five different cell types can be recognized in the pars distalis after staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-orange G. Two types of acidophils are seen, a small yellow-staining cell and a large angular orange cell. Two basophilic cells are also seen, one with fine PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules and the other with coarse PAS-positive granules in the cytoplasm. The last cell type seen is the chromophobe. Differential cell counts indicated an altered distribution of chromophils in the ventral pars distalis of the female mongoose with changing season and reproductive status, but the most striking change was a decreased percentage of basophils in the pars distalis during the nonbreeding season.     

The pituitary gland of the coelacanth fish Latimeria chalumnae Smith: General structure and adenohypophysial cell types

The pituitary gland of Latimeria chalumnae is situated rostroventral to the telencephalon. The hollow pituitary stalk is bent forward and is ventrally connected to a saccus-vasculosus-like organ, rostrally to a neurointermediate lobe. The infundibular lumen protrudes far into the neurohypophysial lobules. The elongated principal part (pars cerebralis) of the pars distalis is partly embedded in a dorsal depression of the pars intermedia and caudally invaded by the neurohypophysis. It may be divided into rostral and proximal pars distalis and includes a ramified hypophysial cleft, which continues rostrally as a duct with adjacent islets of pars distalis tissue (parts of a pars buccalis). The adenohypophysis consists of cell cords and follicles. Eight tinctorial cell types can be distinguished: in the rostral islets: large basophils with acidophil globules, in the rostral pars distalis: small basophils, large basophils with amphiphil characters and erythrosin-, orange G-positive acidophils; in the proximal pars distalis: orange G-positive acidophils and small and large basophils, having similar staining properties; in the pars intermedia: one amphiphil cell type.     

Immunocytochemical identification and ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in a cave fish,Phreatichthys andruzzii (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

The morphogenesis of the pituitary gland and the chronological appearance of adenohypophyseal cells were investigated for the first time in the Somalian cave fish Phreatichthys andruzzii by immunocytochemistry. The adult adenohypophysis contained: a rostral pars distalis, with prolactin (PRL) cells arranged in follicles and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) cells, a proximal pars distalis with somatotropic (GH), β‐thyrotropic (TSH), β‐gonadotropic type I (FSH) and type II (LH) cells and a pars intermedia with α‐somatolactin (SL), α‐melanotropic (MSH) and β‐endorphin (END) cells. All regions were deeply penetrated by neurohypophyseal branches. At hatching (24 h post‐fertilization) the pituitary was an oval cell mass, close to the ventral margin of diencephalon. The first immunoreactive cells appeared as follows: PRL at 0·5 days after hatching (dah), GH and SL at 1·5 dah, END at 2 dah, TSH, ACTH and MSH at 2·5 dah, FSH at 28 dah and LH at 90 dah. The neurohypophysis appeared at 5 dah and branched extensively inside the adenohypophysis at 130 dah, but there was no boundary between rostral pars distalis and proximal pars distalis at this stage. The potential indices of prolactin and growth hormone production increased until 28 and 60 dah, respectively. The potential index of growth hormone production correlated positively with total length. Activity of PRL and GH cells, measured as ratio of cell area to nucleus area, was significantly higher in juveniles than in larvae.