两种类型小麦品种分蘖成穗对群体环境的响应与调控

为探讨不同类型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种分蘖成穗特性及对群体环境的响应, 寻求合理播种方式的调控参数, 在大田试验条件下, 对两类品种单株稀植与不同播种方式所构成的不同群体进行了对比研究。结果表明, 单株稀植时, 两类品种均具有较高的分蘖潜力, 中多穗型品种‘济麦20’和‘鲁麦14’单株平均成穗数为40.58和44.34个, 大穗型品种‘山农8355’和‘兰考矮早八’为24.33和23.20个, 成穗率存在着显著的基因型差异; 进入不同播种方式的群体环境后, 中多穗型品种每株平均成穗数降至3.37和3.85个, 降低率分别为91.70%和91.32%, 大穗型品种每株成穗1.82和1.36个, 分别降低92.52%和94.14%; 证明群体环境对分蘖成穗的影响比遗传因素更强烈, 且大穗型品种分蘖成穗特性对群体环境的响应较中多穗型敏感。播种方式可有效地调控群体结构, 条播的经济产量显著高于撒播, 条播行距配置对产量的影响因品种类型而异; 中多穗型行距在23.4-23.9 cm、大穗型在16.5-16.9 cm时产量最高; 撒播和窄行条播可有效地增加单位面积穗数, 提高挑旗和灌浆中期群体中、上层的光截获率, 而千粒重和穗粒数却随之降低。播种方式对挑旗后群体内部CO₂浓度有微弱的影响。     

水稻单株有效穗数和每穗粒数的QTL剖析

应用292个Lemont/特青F13重组自交系（RILs)及其含272标记的遗传连锁图谱部析单株有效穗数（PN）和每穗粒数（SNP）及其相关性状的遗传,所有性状呈现超亲分离,PN与SNP存在弱的负相关,检测到影响PN和SNP及其相关性状的QTL51个和互作位点45对,它们可以解释60％以上的性状总变异,SNP与其相关性状的QTL定位在一起,比较与SNP－QTL同一或相邻区域的QTL数,穗部枝梗数是长度性状的两倍,故前者对SNP的作用更大,仅有2个PN－QTL与SNP相关性状的QTL相邻,因此通过标记辅助选择有可能实现PN与SNP的有利重组,其中影响PN的QPn4和影响穗枝梗数和长度的QPbn3a,QPbn3和QPb14等主效QTL,在标记辅助选择中具有重要的应用价值,对通过标记辅助选择合理配置穗部性状TQL产生新的高产穗型进行了讨论。     

不同土壤类型对北方粳稻穗部性状及产量构成的影响

以北方粳稻品种“长白9”、“东稻4”为试材,研究了水稻土(pH =7.25,ESP=7.60)、苏打盐碱土壤(pH=9.11,ESP=32.80)条件下两品种穗部性状及产量构成的变化规律.结果表明:与水稻土相比,在苏打盐碱土壤条件下,两品种大部分穗部性状有显著变化,枝梗数、枝梗长度、枝梗粒数均显著下降;各产量构成因素也发生显著变化,尤其是穗粒数显著减少(“东稻4”减少30.0％,“长白9”减少30.5％);单株产量与穗部性状相关分析表明,穗粒数较结实率、千粒重对产量的贡献率最大;每穗一次枝梗总粒数的减少主要受每穗一次枝梗数减少的影响,每穗二次枝梗总粒数的减少受每穗二次枝梗数及二次枝梗单枝着粒数减少共同影响;在苏打盐碱土壤条件下,相对一次枝梗来说,二次枝梗粒数更容易受环境影响.     

玉米单株穗数及其它数量性状的基因效应与遗传变异分析

对于玉米单株穗数、籽粒产量及其他重要数量性状进行了世代平均值分析。试验包括多穗×非多穗自交系间的28个杂交组合的P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、B_1和B_2群体两年的结果。单株穗数、开花前日数和穗位高在大多数组合内表现为显著的加性基因效应。籽粒产量、开花前日数、株高和穗位高几乎在所有组合内都表现显著的显性效应。所研究的10个性状平均加性效应引起的变异比例一般都超过显性效应变异比例。三种基因效应中,上位效应对世代平均值遗传变异的贡献最小,而且往往不显著。籽粒产量的遗传变异主要由基因的显性效应所引起。     

大麦产量构成模型

通过产量构成法构建了适用于不同地区不同品种的大麦产量模拟模型.以南京、昆明、武汉3个地区各试验处理中不同大麦品种最适条件下的产量因素为基础,建立了最适条件下每株穗数相对值、每穗粒数相对值、千粒重相对值与累积光合有效辐射的回归方程,构建了实际条件下的不同大麦品种每株穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重与这三者在最适条件下的潜在值和实际条件下的水肥丰缺因子等变量的函数关系.模型较为全面地考虑了大麦品种生长发育的内外因素,内因主要体现为品种遗传特性（潜在的每株穗数、潜在的每穗粒数、潜在的千粒重和灌浆期因子）,外因包括光合有效辐射和水肥丰缺因子.运用武汉、昆明、扬州3个地区不同品种、不同播期的田间试验资料对模型进行了测试和检验.结果表明,模型对大麦产量构成因子及理论产量的模拟效果较好,模拟值与观测值吻合度高,每株穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重相对误差（RE）绝对值的平均值分别为1.96%、1.88%和1.67%,对这三者及理论产量的模拟值和观测值进行y=x回归分析,相关系数（r）在0.9464～0.9987,相关性显著,说明模型具有较高的预测性和适用性.     

冬小麦穗分化的规律

决定粒数的时期当小麦的穗子从旗叶中抽出来的时候,它已完或了一系列外表上看不见的内部分化,称为幼穗分化过程。每亩穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重是冬小麦产量的三个构成因素。冬小麦的幼穗分化过程包括一系列内部穗分化阶段,是决定粒数多少的关键时期。如果它持续时间较长,分化出的小穗和小花数目较多,则每穗粒数也较多。反之,这段时间持续较短,则结实粒数较少。实践表明,穗分化阶段的出现日期和持续天数对粒数有一定的影响,穗分化过程又受环境条件的制约。     

四种不同穗型小麦的穗部性状分析

为了通过研究不同长相穗型小麦穗部特性,以达到提高产量和挖掘穗部潜力的目的。本文对长方型、棍棒型、椭圆型和纺锤型四种不同长相穗型小麦品种的穗部性状特性进行了分析。结果表明不同穗型小麦在小花数、穗粒数、粒重等方面均表现出先升后降的二次曲线趋势,但不同穗型小麦表现趋势不同,长方型和椭圆型小麦在穗粒数、穗重、各粒位粒重等方面均优于棍棒型和纺锤型小麦,棍棒型小麦由于其特殊的穗型结构,在小穗密度、粒重等方面表现独特,纺锤型小麦在各方面表现均较差。结果表明,在小麦生产用种和品种选育上,穗型的选择至关重要。长方型小麦有提高小麦产量的潜力。     

冬小麦对不同海拔气候条件的反应——Ⅰ.叶片特征和产量构成因素的比较

对海拔2150米(高地)和480米(低地)种植的冬小麦“凤麦13”的叶片持续时间,单叶面积,每株总叶面积,光合作用强度和产量构成因素作了比较。结果表明高地小麦和低地的相比,叶片持续时间更长,单叶面积和每株总叶面积较小,光合作用强度前期较低,生育中期相差不大,灌浆后明显地较高。千粒重高地小麦较高,而每穗粒数则比低地的少。从光合作用产量的角度讨论了产量构成因素的差异,并提出增加高地小麦穗粒数的意见。     

墨西哥小麦品种生育期与产量及穗部性状的通径分析

研究了35份墨西哥小麦品种11个性状的遗传相关和通径关系。结果表明,拔节期、开花期不但对成熟期的早晚具有重要作用,而且对每穗粒数和千粒重有重要影响;同时拔节期及抽穗期对墨麦品种小区产量的形成有明显作用。因此墨麦品种的产量除受每穗粒数及千粒重的影响外,拔节、抽穗生长发育阶段的长短也是影响产量高低的重要因素。     

水稻幼穗发育期间环境因素的作用

我国的水稻栽培已经进入了以密植为中心的阶段,一定条件下单位面积上的有效穗数渐趋明确,因此,培养大穗,增多每穗粒数,对实现跃进产量指标意义更为重大。在有关稻穗生态、发     

THE USE OF (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER) CONJUGATES IN NUCLEIC ACID DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS: EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES PER POLYMER ON TEST SENSITIVITY IMPROVEMENT

(Polymer-oligonucleotide) conjugates were obtained via direct ON synthesis from the poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride: PEMA) grafted onto glass bead surfaces. The effect of the ON number per polymer chain on binding was evaluated through Tm experiments. Results were correlated with ELOSA (Enzyme Linked Oligosorbent Assay) tests run with conjugates in the capture step.     

大穗小麦部分生理特性研究

对目前试验试种的代表性大穗小麦品系部分生理特性进行了研究。结果表明：（１）大穗小麦的根系吸收能力高于一般小麦品种,根系活力比对照品种提高２３．９３％－２８．０９％,根干重增加７．１％。（２）大穗小麦的净光合速率孕穗期高于对照,灌浆期以后逐渐降低;相应各时期的呼吸强度均高于对照,证明大穗小麦属于高光合高呼吸消耗类型。（３）蒸腾强度在各时期均高于对照品种。     

EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF SEXES

In sexually reproducing isogamous organisms, gametes (or diploid cells in ciliates) are classified into two or more groups called sexes, and mating occurs only between cells of different sexes. We have studied the evolutionary stability of the number of sexes maintained in a population by examining population-genetic models. For models in which the diploid genome determines the sex of conjugal cells, a one-locus system with three alleles of pecking-order dominance is assumed. Unlike traditional bisexual models, the genetic dynamics then depend on a rule, called mating kinetics, which determines the proportion of matings between each pair of sexes for given proportions of cells of the three sexes. The evolutionary consequences greatly depend on the mating kinetics assumed. Of the four mating kinetics examined, two give a large advantage to rare sexes whose cells quickly find heterosexual partners, which implies an evolutionary increase in the number of sexes. In contrast, the other two mating kinetics, in which gametes wait for suitable mates without being eliminated from the gamete pool during this waiting period, produce neutrally stable dynamics with curves or a surface of equilibria. Then random drift or differential fitness among sexes would result in the loss of sex alleles until only two remain in the population. This suggests a turnover of sexes; a new sex invades and replaces resident sexes after temporary coexistence. Similar results are obtained in models with haploid sex-determination and with autogamy. These two processes, however, may help to maintain many sexes indirectly by preventing the accumulation of recessive lethal mutations on sex chromosomes. The relationship of these models to models of self-sterility factors in plants and sex factors in honeybees is discussed. To summarize, the number of sexes should increase when conjugal cells must find mates during a limited period of time, otherwise a two-sex system should evolve. We conclude that there may be more isogamous species with three or more sexes than are currently known.     

THE FERTILE SPIKE OF OPHIOGLOSSUM PETIOLATUM. I. MECHANISM OF ELONGATION

The frond of Ophioglossum consists of a sterile segment and a fertile segment or spike. An investigation of fertile spike elongation reveals that growth of the spike proceeds by activity of an intercalary meristem located in the most distal region of the peduncle subtending the sporangial area. Anatomical comparisons of all regions of developing spikes, counts of mitotic figures along the length of spikes of various ages, determination of cell lengths of peduncle ground parenchyma cells, and historadioautography of spikes treated with H³-thymidine confirms the presence in the apical portion of the peduncle of a region of frequently dividing cells intercalated between two regions of more mature tissues. Marking experiments indicate that the petiole of the sterile segment of the frond elongates in a similar fashion. Although this type of intercalary meristem is rather common in angiosperm flower scapes and peduncles, this is the first detailed analysis of this type of growth in a pteridophyte genus.