汉坦病毒结构蛋白表位研究进展

汉坦病毒主要引起人类的两种疾病:肾综合征出血热和汉坦病毒肺综合征,汉坦病毒基因组由L、M、和S三个片段组成,分别编码病毒的RNA聚合酶、囊膜糖蛋白G1、G2和核衣壳蛋白NP。本文综述了核衣壳蛋白、囊膜蛋白G1和G2的B细胞表位和CTL表位的研究进展。     

肾综合征出血热纯化疫苗的SDS-PAGE分析

为了证明蛑综合征出血热纯化疫苗的主要成分坦病毒蛋白,采用出血热纯化疫苗经浓缩后进行SDS－PAGE和Western-blotting分析。结果 经SDS－PAGE显示,肾综合征出血热纯化疫苗有三条蛋白带,分子量分别约为70kD、55kD和50kD,与汉坦病毒三种结构蛋白（糖蛋白G1、G2和核蛋白NP）的分子量相符;经Western-blotting显示,分子量50kD的蛋白带反应阳性,分子量70kD和55kD的蛋白带无反应,认定出血热纯化疫苗的主要成分为汉坦病毒蛋白,主要由G1、G2和NP三种结构蛋白构成。     

汉坦病毒囊膜糖蛋白G1基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及其在Vero E6细胞中的表达

拟构建汉坦病毒Gl基因重组腺病毒载体并在VeroE6细胞中表达,为汉坦病毒基因疫苗的研究提供实验基础。PCR法从含汉坦病毒-76118株M基因的M56质粒扩增糖蛋白G1基因片段,利用穿梭质粒pShuttle,将其克隆入Adeno—X病毒DNA,获得重组腺病毒DNA,转染HEK293细胞,包装、扩增后得到汉坦病毒Gl基因重组腺病毒原种,感染VetoE6细胞,用IFA法和ELISA法检测表达产物。得到了含汉坦病毒G1基因的重组腺病毒,其滴度约为10^11pfu／ml,感染VeroE6细胞后检测到汉坦病毒糖蛋白G1的表达。     

汉坦病毒肺型综合征

汉坦病毒肺型综合征是由一种新型的汉坦病毒所引起的烈性传染病，该病毒与汉坦病毒有交叉抗，但它们之间有差异。临床表现以发热，肺水肿、呼吸窘迫综合征为特征，病死率高达５０－７０％。     

汉坦病毒糖蛋白G1酵母双杂交诱饵载体的构建及初步鉴定

拟利用Ras募集系统(RRS)构建并鉴定含汉坦病毒囊膜糖蛋白GI的诱饵载体。将汉坦病毒76—118株囊膜糖蛋白GI基因与Ras基因连接,构建嵌合基因Ras—G1及Ras—G1’(G1’无前导肽序列)。将两个嵌合基因克隆入酵母表达载体pMet25,并转染至酵母温度敏感株cdc25-2,检测其对RRS系统的激活作用。限制性内切酶酶切鉴定表明,Met—G1和Met—G1’载体构建正确。激活试验为阴性。说明Met—G1和Met—G1’载体可用于从cDNA库中筛选汉坦病毒受体。     

HFRSV结构蛋白及其提取方法研究的进展

ＨＦＲＳＶ结构蛋白及其提取方法研究的进展董萍,赵洪礼（沈阳军区军事医学研究所,１１００３１）肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）属于布尼亚病毒科第五个属－汉坦病毒属（Ｈａｎｔａｖｉｒｕｓ）［１］,包括了血清学上明显不同的六个血清型病毒：Ⅰ型汉坦病毒（Ｈａ...     

汉坦病毒的致病性和免疫应答以及抗病毒和疫苗研究进展——第四届汉坦病毒国际会议部份内容介绍

第四届肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）和汉坦病毒国际会议于１９９８年３月５日～７日在美国亚特兰大召开,会议共有９个专题。本文就汉坦病毒的致病性和免疫应答以及疫苗和抗病毒药物的研究现状以及最新进展作一简单介绍：研究较为深入的有美国引起汉坦病毒肺综合征的ＳｉｎＮｏｍｂｒｅ病毒,至今已确诊病例１７０多例,它的致病机理认为是由Ｔ细胞介导的免疫病理所致,而与我国由ＨＴＮ病毒引起的肾综合征出血热是由抗原抗体复合物引起的免疫病理有差异。汉坦病毒肺综合征不但由鼠传播,而且最新有证据表明ＳｉｎＮｏｍｂｒｅ病毒可经口人－人间传播,给预防和控制本病增加了困难。本文还介绍了疫苗免疫后的效果以及抗病毒药物的作用机理及效果     

汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白G2重组腺病毒的构建及其在Hela细胞中的表达

本研究旨在构建可表达汉坦病毒(HTNV)糖蛋白G2的重组腺病毒。应用PCR方法扩增G2编码基因,经T/A克隆、测序鉴定后再亚克隆到腺病毒shuttle载体pAd5-CMV中并用磷酸钙沉淀法分别将携带G2编码基因的重组腺病毒shuttle载体与携带报告基因eGFP的腺病毒骨架质粒共转染HEK293细胞,包装、扩增、纯化后得到携带HTNV糖蛋白G2编码基因的重组腺病毒;用重组腺病毒感染Hela细胞并收获蛋白,间接免疫荧光、Western blotting检测蛋白表达。经酶切鉴定表明已成功构建了携带G2基因的重组腺病毒载体;RT-PCR鉴定表明目的基因能够在感染重组腺病毒的Hela细胞中转录;荧光显微镜观察重组腺病毒感染的Hela细胞,可见报告基因eGFP的表达;间接免疫荧光法和Western blotting均证实表达产物可被抗G2单克隆抗体所识别,表明糖蛋白G2在感染细胞中得到了表达。本研究成功构建了可表达HTNV包膜糖蛋白G2的重组腺病毒,转染宿主细胞可稳定表达目的蛋白,为HTNV糖蛋白G2的结晶、结构解析研究以及新型汉坦病毒疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

汉坦病毒的致病性和免疫应答以及抗病毒和疫苗研究进展——第四 …

第四届肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）和汉坦病毒国际会议于１９９８年３月５日￣７日在美国亚特兰大召开,会议共有９个专题。本文就汉坦病毒的致病性和免疫应答以及疫苗和抗病毒药物的研究现状以及最新进展作一简单介绍：研究较为深入的有美国引起汉坦病毒肺综合征的Ｓｉｎ Ｎｏｍｂｒｅ病毒,致今已确诊病例１７０多例,它的致病机理认为是由Ｔ细胞介导的免疫病理所致,而与我国由ＨＴＮ病毒引起的肾综合征出血热是由抗原抗体复合物     

汉坦病毒及所致疾病

汉坦病毒是引起多种人类疾病的病原体,为布尼亚病毒科的一个属.已发现至少有20个血清/基因型,每型均有其特定啮齿类动物宿主,病毒种系发生与宿主种系发生密切相关.不同病毒型别对人类致病性不同,其损伤器官和病情轻重各异.已发现2种主要疾病肾综合征出血热(HFRS)和汉坦病毒肺综合征(HPS).在过去的几十年里,对汉坦病毒及其所致疾病的认识有了很大进展病毒型别不断增加,病毒致病谱不断扩大.有证据表明,在英国,汉坦病毒也可引起人类疾病,但无明显特征.     

汉滩病毒包膜糖蛋白糖基化位点突变体重组假病毒的构建及初步鉴定

目的：为进一步研究汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白的糖基化与病毒的感染性和免疫原性等的关系,构建含有汉滩病毒（HTNV）囊膜糖蛋白（GP）糖基化位点突变体的重组假病毒。方法：利用定点突变的方法,分别突变了HTNV 76-118株的5个N-糖基化位点并克隆入慢病毒表达载体,与包装质粒共转染293T细胞,构建5株重组假病毒。感染HEK293细胞后,进行RT-PCR鉴定及免疫荧光检测。结果：经测序显示构建的含有N-糖基化位点突变体的5个重组假病毒原序列中的天冬酰胺（N）均被置换为谷氨酰胺（Q）。RT-PCR结果显示5个重组假病毒均有HTNV GP基因的表达。免疫荧光检测5个重组假病毒均可表达HTNV的Gn和Gc蛋白。结论：成功构建了含有HTNV包膜糖蛋白糖基化位点突变体的5个重组假病毒,分别命名为rLV-M1、rLV-M2、rLV-M3、rLV-M4和rLV-M5。本研究为明确N-糖基化对汉坦病毒生物学活性的影响提供了有利的研究工具,并为汉坦病毒疫苗及致病机理的进一步研究打下了一定的基础。     

Molecular linkage of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome to the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus: genetic characterization of the M genome of New York virus.

The complete M segment sequences of hantaviruses amplified from tissues of a patient with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the northeastern United States and from white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, from New York were 99% identical and differed from those of Four Corners virus by 23%. The serum of this patient failed to recognize a conserved, immunodominant epitope of the Four Corners virus G1 glycoprotein. Collectively, these findings indicate that P. leucopus harbors a genetically and antigenically distinct hantavirus that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.     

Pathology of Puumala hantavirus infection in macaques

Hantaviruses are globally important human pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Capillary leakage is central to hantaviral diseases, but how it develops, has remained unknown. It has been hypothesized that the pathogenesis of hantavirus infection would be a complex interplay between direct viral effects and immunopathological mechanisms. Both of these were studied in the so far best model of mild hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, i.e. cynomolgus macaques infected with wild-type Puumala hantavirus. Viral RNA detected by in situ hybridization and nucleocapsid protein detected by immunohistochemical staining were observed in kidney, spleen and liver tissues. Inflammatory cell infiltrations and tubular damage were found in the kidneys, and these infiltrations contained mainly CD8-type T-cells. Importantly, these results are consistent with those obtained from patients with hantaviral disease, thus showing that the macaque model of hantavirus infection mimics human infection also on the tissue level. Furthermore, both the markers of viral replication and the T-cells appeared to co-localize in the kidneys to the sites of tissue damage, suggesting that these two together might be responsible for the pathogenesis of hantavirus infection.     

Loss of cell membrane integrity in puumala hantavirus-infected patients correlates with levels of epithelial cell apoptosis and perforin

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are two diseases caused by hantaviruses. Capillary leakage is a hallmark of hantavirus infection. Pathogenic hantaviruses are not cytotoxic, but elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicative of cellular damage, are observed in patients. We report increased levels of serum perforin, granzyme B, and the epithelial cell apoptosis marker caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 during Puumala hantavirus infection. Significant correlation was observed between the levels of LDH and perforin and the levels of LDH and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18, suggesting that tissue damage is due to an immune reaction and that epithelial apoptosis contributed significantly to the damage.     

嵌合中国分离株基因的丙型肝炎病毒（1b／2a）细胞培养模型的建立

目的：建立嵌合中国分离株基因的丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）细胞培养模型。方法：利用3片段融合PCR的方法将中国HCV河北分离株（1b）的全长包膜蛋白基因引入JFH1（2a）株基因骨架,构建包膜蛋白基因区相互置换的嵌合HCV（1b／2a）全长基因组,经线性化后体外转录获得全长RNA,转染Huh7．5．1细胞系,用免疫荧光及蛋白印迹实验检测。结果：该RNA可以产生具有体外感染活性的嵌合HCV,且感染性可在共同培养的细胞间传播。结论：首次在国内建立了嵌合中国HCV分离株基因的HCV细胞培养体系。     

Hantaviruses: an emerging public health threat in India? A review

The emerging viral diseases haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) are a cause of global concern as they are increasingly reported from newer regions of the world. The hantavirus species causing HFRS include Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, and Dobrava-Belgrade virus while Sin Nombre virus was responsible for the 1993 outbreak of HCPS in the Four Corners Region of the US. Humans are accidental hosts and get infected by aerosols generated from contaminated urine, feces and saliva of infected rodents. Rodents are the natural hosts of these viruses and develop persistent infection. Human to human infections are rare and the evolution of the virus depends largely on that of the rodent host. The first hantavirus isolate to be cultured, Thottapalayam virus, is the only indigenous isolate from India, isolated from an insectivore in 1964 in Vellore, South India. Research on hantaviruses in India has been slow but steady since 2005. Serological investigation of patients with pyrexic illness revealed presence of anti-hantavirus IgM antibodies in 14.7% of them. The seropositivity of hantavirus infections in the general population is about 4% and people who live and work in close proximity with rodents have a greater risk of acquiring hantavirus infections. Molecular and serological evidence of hantavirus infections in rodents and man has also been documented in this country. The present review on hantaviruses is to increase awareness of these emerging pathogens and the threats they pose to the public health system.     

Hantavirus-infection Confers Resistance to Cytotoxic Lymphocyte-Mediated Apoptosis

Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome (HCPS; also called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)), both human diseases with high case-fatality rates. Endothelial cells are the main targets for hantaviruses. An intriguing observation in patients with HFRS and HCPS is that on one hand the virus infection leads to strong activation of CD8 T cells and NK cells, on the other hand no obvious destruction of infected endothelial cells is observed. Here, we provide an explanation for this dichotomy by showing that hantavirus-infected endothelial cells are protected from cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated induction of apoptosis. When dissecting potential mechanisms behind this phenomenon, we discovered that the hantavirus nucleocapsid protein inhibits the enzymatic activity of both granzyme B and caspase 3. This provides a tentative explanation for the hantavirus-mediated block of cytotoxic granule-mediated apoptosis-induction, and hence the protection of infected cells from cytotoxic lymphocytes. These findings may explain why infected endothelial cells in hantavirus-infected patients are not destroyed by the strong cytotoxic lymphocyte response.     

Potential Geographic Distribution of Hantavirus Reservoirs in Brazil

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is an emerging zoonosis in Brazil. Human infections occur via inhalation of aerosolized viral particles from excreta of infected wild rodents. Necromys lasiurus and Oligoryzomys nigripes appear to be the main reservoirs of hantavirus in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. We estimated and compared ecological niches of the two rodent species, and analyzed environmental factors influencing their occurrence, to understand the geography of hantavirus transmission. N. lasiurus showed a wide potential distribution in Brazil, in the Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest biomes. Highest climate suitability for O. nigripes was observed along the Brazilian Atlantic coast. Maximum temperature in the warmest months and annual precipitation were the variables that most influence the distributions of N. lasiurus and O. nigripes, respectively. Models based on occurrences of infected rodents estimated a broader area of risk for hantavirus transmission in southeastern and southern Brazil, coinciding with the distribution of human cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. We found no demonstrable environmental differences among occurrence sites for the rodents and for human cases of hantavirus. However, areas of northern and northeastern Brazil are also apparently suitable for the two species, without broad coincidence with human cases. Modeling of niches and distributions of rodent reservoirs indicates potential for transmission of hantavirus across virtually all of Brazil outside the Amazon Basin.