拟南芥雄性不育相关基因LDAD1&2的遗传定位(英文)

利用EMS诱变筛选手段分离到一株拟南芥类似花药不开裂雄性不育突变体(like-defective in anther de-hiscence,ldad),其果荚干瘪,花药不能开裂且花粉败育。遗传分析表明,突变体的表型受2个隐性基因控制;细胞学观察发现,在花药发育过程中伴随着小孢子的降解;通过图位克隆初步对ldad的2个突变位点分别定位,一个定位在1号染色体上SSLP标记F22L4与端粒之间171 kb的区间,另一个定位在5号染色体上SSLP标记T10O8与端粒间150 kb的区间内;生物信息学分析显示此区间内未见育性相关的已知基因。该研究的结果对进一步克隆LDAD1&2基因及探讨其在花药发育中的功能具有重要意义。     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体ms1142的遗传定位与功能分析

经EMS诱变野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)群体筛选得到一株雄性不育突变体ms1142, 突变体的果荚短小, 不含种子。细胞学观察和扫描电镜结果表明, 突变体花药发育过程中, 花药中小孢子外壁异常、破裂, 最后没有花粉形成。遗传分析表明, 该突变体为隐性单核基因突变所致; 利用图位克隆的方法将MS1142基因定位于第1条染色体的BAC克隆F16P17上44 kb区间内, 目前尚未见该区间内有雄性不育基因的报道。以上结果结合生物信息学分析表明, MS1142是一个新的调控花药发育的关键基因。该工作为花药发育关键基因MS1142的克隆及功能分析奠定了基础。     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体ms1142的遗传定位与功能分析

经EMS诱变野生型拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）群体筛选得到一株雄性不育突变体ms1142,突变体的果荚短小,不含种子。细胞学观察和扫描电镜结果表明,突变体花药发育过程中,花药中小孢子外壁异常、破裂,最后没有花粉形成。遗传分析表明,该突变体为隐性单核基因突变所致;利用图位克隆的方法将MS1142基因定位于第1条染色体的BAC克隆F16P17上44kb区间内,目前尚未见该区间内有雄性不育基因的报道。以上结果结合生物信息学分析表明,MS1142是一个新的调控花药发育的关键基因。该工作为花药发育关键基因MS1142的克隆及功能分析奠定了基础。     

一个控制拟南芥小孢子发育基因的定位

通过EMS诱变、背景纯化与遗传分析,从拟南芥突变群体中分离到一株单隐性核位点控制的雄性部分不育突变体pms15-16-2-3.细胞学观察表明,突变体在花药发育的过程中,中层细胞延迟降解,绒毡层细胞形态分化异常,出现异常的四分体,导致最终只能形成少量的花粉.利用图位克隆的方法对该基因进行了定位,结果表明PMSl5-16-2.3基因位于拟南芥第3条染色体BAC克隆T24C20 上的28 kb区间内.目前该区间内尚未见到控制小孢子发育基因的报道,因此该基因是一个控制小孢子发育的新基因.本研究结果对同的基因的克隆及其在化粉发育中的功能研究奠定了基础.     

调控拟南芥花粉发育突变体zy1511的基因定位及特征分析

为了进一步研究花药花粉发育过程,我们通过EMS诱变,筛选到拟南芥雄性不育突变体zy1511。遗传分析表明,zy1511为隐性单位点突变。细胞学观察表明．突变体花药中小孢子从四分体释放出后绒毡层并没有开始退化,花药发育后期绒毡层依然部分存在。说明突变体花药绒毡层退化比野生型的要迟,因此,小孢子不能发育成正常花粉粒。利用图位克隆的方法将zv1511定位于第一条染色体上分子标记F25P12和T8L23之间134．kb的区间内。本项工作为zy1511基因的克隆及对花粉发育功能分析奠定了基础。目前尚未见到该区间内雄性不育基因的报道。因此,zy1511是控制花粉发育的尚未发现的关键基因。     

拟南芥网状突变体E-210基因精细定位

通过甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变与遗传分析,从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中筛选到一株隐性单基因控制的网状突变体E-210.该突变体植株生长缓慢,叶脉呈绿色,叶肉呈黄色.通过透射电镜观察,发现野生型植株和突变植株在叶绿体结构上差异不大,猜测该突变体E-210基因与叶绿体的发育可能没有直接关系,而很可能同叶绿素或叶绿体的生物合成有关.通过图位克隆的方法,将该突变体的突变基因定位在第5条染色体上的MRBl7和MBG8-5的分子标记之间,精确到87.130 kb.对MRB17和MBG8-5的分子标记之间的22个基因进行了分析,预测突变体E-210基因可能是At5g54770,编码THI1,即噻唑合成酶.     

拟南芥黄化突变体chlm-4的基因定位与分析

叶绿素是光合作用必需的重要色素,其合成需要Mg-原卟啉Ⅸ甲基转移酶等一系列酶的催化。我们通过筛选拟南芥EMS（乙基磺酸甲酯,ethyl-methane sulphonate）突变体库,分离到一个黄化突变体。该突变体叶绿素含量显著减少,叶绿体内垛叠的基粒缺失。遗传学分析表明,该突变体的黄化表型是由单基因控制的隐性性状。利用图位克隆的方法最终将基因定位在第IV条染色体分子标记F13M23和T30C3之间114kb的区间内,其中包含编码Mg-原卟啉Ⅸ甲基转移酶的CHLM基因。通过测序及等位分析表明该突变体是chlm的等位突变体,命名为chlm-4。在chlm-4中,CHLM蛋白的Gly59突变成Glu59,说明Gly59对于Mg-原卟啉Ⅸ甲基转移酶功能的行使是必需的。     

拟南芥叶绿体分裂突变体pd137的基因鉴定与分析

pd137是经甲基磺酸乙脂(ethyl methane sulphonate,EMS)诱变并通过筛选得到的一个拟南芥叶绿体分裂突变体。该突变体的叶绿体表型与野生型相比有很大差异:叶绿体面积显著增大,细胞中叶绿体数量明显减少。遗传分析显示pd137的突变表型受隐性单基因控制。本研究通过遗传作图将该突变基因粗定位于拟南芥2号染色体的分子标记CH2-13.70和CH2-16.0区间内。该区间内已知的与叶绿体分裂相关的基因只有FtsZ2-1。对FtsZ2-1基因的测序结果显示pd137突变体的FtsZ2-1基因第505位碱基发生了无义突变,使蛋白质翻译提前终止。该突变还严重影响了FtsZ2-1基因的mRNA水平。转基因互补实验进一步验证了该突变体表型是由于FtsZ2-1基因突变引起。本项工作为研究叶绿体分裂的机制提供了新材料和一些有用的线索。     

拟南芥叶绿体分裂突变体pdl37的基因鉴定与分析

pd137是经甲基磺酸乙脂（ethyl methane sulphonate, EMS）诱变并通过筛选得到的一个拟南芥叶绿体分裂突变体。该突变体的叶绿体表型与野生型相比有很大差异： 叶绿体面积显著增大, 细胞中叶绿体数量明显减少。遗传分析显示pd137的突变表型受隐性单基因控制。本研究通过遗传作图将该突变基因粗定位于拟南芥2号染色体的分子标记CH2-13.70和CH2-16.0区间内。该区间内已知的与叶绿体分裂相关的基因只有FtsZ2-1。对FtsZ2-1基因的测序结果显示pd137突变体的FtsZ2-1基因第505位碱基发生了无义突变, 使蛋白质翻译提前终止。该突变还严重影响了FtsZ2-1基因的mRNA水平。转基因互补实验进一步验证了该突变体表型是由于FtsZ2-1基因突变引起。本项工作为研究叶绿体分裂的机制提供了新材料和一些有用的线索。     

拟南芥网状突变体E-210基因精细定位

通过甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变与遗传分析,从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中筛选到一株隐性单基因控制的网状突变体E-210。该突变体植株生长缓慢,叶脉呈绿色,叶肉呈黄色。通过透射电镜观察,发现野生型植株和突变植株在叶绿体结构上差异不大,猜测该突变体E-210基因与叶绿体的发育可能没有直接关系,而很可能同叶绿素或叶绿体的生物合成有关。通过图位克隆的方法,将该突变体的突变基因定位在第5条染色体上的MRB17和MBG8-5的分子标记之间,精确到87.130kb。对MRB17和MBG8-5的分子标记之间的22个基因进行了分析,预测突变体E-210基因可能是At5g54770,编码THI1,即噻唑合成酶。     

Genetic Analysis of a Major Segment [Lgv(left)] of the Genome of Caenorhabditis Elegans

From 10,900 F1 progeny of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, we isolated 194 lethal mutations on the left arm of LGV, a region balanced by the reciprocal translocation of eT1. The analysis of 166 of those mutations resulted in the identification of one deficiency and alleles of 78 genes including 38 new genes, thus increasing the number of identified essential genes to 101. We estimate that there are a minimum of 120 essential genes in this region, which comprises approximately 7% of the recombinational distance, although only about 4.2% of the genes, in C. elegans. We calculate that there are a minimum of 2850 essential genes in the genome. The left arm of LGV has two recombinational gene clusters separated by a high-recombination and/or essential gene-sparse region. One gene in this region, let-330, is the largest EMS target on the left arm of LGV, with twice as many alleles (16) as the next most EMS-mutable genes, let-332 and rol-3. Another gene in the sparse region, lin-40, and the region near lin-40 are major targets for Tc1 mobilization-induced mutagenesis. The analysis of essential genes in large regions should help to define C. elegans in terms of all its genes and aid in the understanding of the relationship of genome structure to genome function.     

Generation of albino Xenopus tropicalis using zinc‐finger nucleases

To generate albino lines of Xenopus tropicalis, we injected fertilized eggs with mRNAs encoding zinc‐finger nucleases (ZFNs) targeting the tyrosinase coding region. Surprisingly, vitiligo was observed on the skin of F0 frogs that had been injected with ZFN mRNAs, indicating that both tyrosinase genes in the genome were disrupted in all melanocytes within the vitiligo patches. Mutation analysis using genomic DNA from the skin revealed that two mosaic F0 frogs underwent spatially complex tyrosinase gene mutations. The data implies that the ZFN‐induced tyrosinase gene ablations occurred randomly over space and time throughout the entire body, possibly until the young tadpole stage, and that melanocyte precursors lacking functional tyrosinase proliferated and formed vitiligo patches. Several albino X. tropicalis, which are compound heterozygotes for biallelic tyrosinase mutations, were obtained by mating the mosaic F0 frogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the albino vertebrates generated by the targeted gene knockout.     

Latheo, a New Gene Involved in Associative Learning and Memory in Drosophila Melanogaster, Identified from P Element Mutagenesis

Genetic dissection of learning and memory in Drosophila has been limited by the existence of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutations in only a small number of X-linked genes. To remedy this shortcoming, we have begun a P element mutagenesis to screen for autosomal mutations that disrupt associative learning and/or memory. The generation of "P-tagged" mutant alleles will expedite molecular cloning of these new genes. Here, we describe a behavior-genetic characterization of latheoP1, a recessive, hypomorphic mutation of an essential gene. latheoP1 flies perform poorly in olfactory avoidance conditioning experiments. This performance deficit could not be attributed to abnormal olfactory acuity or shock reactivity-two task-relevant "peripheral" behaviors which are used during classical conditioning. Thus, the latheoP1 mutation appears to affect learning/memory specifically. Consistent with chromosomal in situ localization of the P element insertion, deficiencies of the 49F region of the second chromosome failed to complement the behavioral effect of the latheoP1 mutation. Further complementation analyses between latheoP1 and lethal alleles, produced by excision of the latheoP1 insert or by EMS or gamma-rays, in the 49F region mapped the latheo mutation to one vital complementation group. Flies heterozygous for latheoP1 and one of two EMS lethal alleles or one lethal excision allele also show the behavioral deficits, thereby demonstrating that the behavioral and lethal phenotypes co-map to the same locus.     

Efficient Recovery of Enu-Induced Mutations from the Zebrafish Germline

We studied the efficiency with which two chemical mutagens, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) can induce mutations at different stages of spermatogenesis in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Both EMS and ENU induced mutations at high rates in post-meiotic germ cells, as indicated by the incidence of F(1) progeny mosaic for the albino mutation. For pre-meiotic germ cells, however, only ENU was found to be an effective mutagen, as indicated by the frequencies of non-mosaic mutant progeny at four different pigmentation loci. Several mutagenic regimens that varied in either the number of treatments or the concentration of ENU were studied to achieve an optimal ratio between the mutagenicity and toxicity. For the two most mutagenic regimens: 4 X 1 hr in 3 mM ENU and 6 X 1 hr in 3 mM ENU, the minimum estimate of frequencies of independent mutations per locus per gamete was 0.9-1.3 X 10(-3). We demonstrate that embryonic lethal mutations induced with ENU were transmitted to offspring and that they could be recovered in an F(2) screen. An average frequency of specific-locus mutations of 1.1 X 10(-3) corresponded to approximately 1.7 embryonic lethal mutations per single mutagenized genome. The high rates of mutations achievable with ENU allow for rapid identification of large numbers of genes involved in a variety of aspects of zebrafish development.     

Recombinational repair of alkylation lesions in phage T4

Summary Treatment of bacteriophage T4 by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)¹ caused more than a doubling in recombination between two rII markers. The functions of genes 47, 46, 32, 30, uvsX and y are known to be required for genetic recombination, and mutants defective in these genes were found to be more sensitive to inactivation by EMS than wild-type phage. This suggests that a recombinational pathway involving the products of these genes may be employed in repairing EMS induced lethal lesions. Genes 45 and denV are apparently not involved in recombination, and mutants defective in these genes were not EMS-sensitive. Gene 47, 46 and y mutants which were defective in the repair of EMS induced lethal lesions had no detectable deficiency in their ability to undergo EMS-induced mutation. This implies that recombinational repair of EMS lesions does not contribute substantially to EMS mutatenesis. The results obtained here with EMS are in general similar to the results reported in the preceding paper with MNNG, suggesting that the lesions caused by both of these monofunctional alkylating agents may be eliminated by similar recombinational repair processes.     

Inheritance of pollen-less anthers and "thrum" and "pin" flowers in periwinkle

Two mutants, 1 with small, pollen-less anthers (OR-EA) and another with "pin" flowers (EMS 13-2), in contrast to "thrum" flowers found in normal periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) plants, were isolated after induced mutagenesis in strain OR and cultivar, "Dhawal," respectively. Inheritance of these 2 traits, pollen-less anthers, and pin flowers was studied by crossing the mutants with their respective parental strains. Segregation ratios observed in F(2) and testcross generations of the cross OR-EA x OR suggested that the pollen-less anthers trait was determined by duplicate recessive genes. Data obtained from F(2) and F(3) generations of the cross involving mutant EMS 13-2 with pin flowers and its parental variety Dhawal, suggested that production of pin (mutant) and thrum (normal) flowers was under the control of inhibitory epistatic interaction between 2 independently inherited genes.     

Genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome region 44D-45F: loci required for viability and fertility

A genetic screen to identify mutations in genes in the 45A region on the right arm of chromosome 2 that are involved in oogenesis in Drosophila was undertaken. Several lethal but no female sterile mutations in the region had previously been identified in screens for P-element insertion or utilizing X rays or EMS as a mutagen. Here we report the identification of EMS-induced mutations in 21 essential loci in the 45D-45F region, including 13 previously unidentified loci. In addition, we isolated three mutant alleles of a newly identified locus required for fertility, sine prole. Mutations in sine prole disrupt spermatogenesis at or before individualization of spermatozoa and cause multiple defects in oogenesis, including inappropriate division of the germline cyst and arrest of oogenesis at stage 4.     

黑线仓鼠及其白化突变系酪氨酸酶基因的克隆与序列分析

目的 对黑线仓鼠及其白化突变系酪氨酸酶基因进行比较研究,揭示黑线仓鼠白化突变系白化性状产生的分子机理.方法 根据小鼠与大鼠的酪氨酸酶基因保守区设计3对引物,利用RT-PCR方法,从黑线仓鼠及其白化系皮肤总RNA中扩增得到酪氨酸酶的cDNA基因,并对其二者进行克隆测序.结果 成功获得了黑线仓鼠及其白化突变系的酪氨酸酶基因,对二者的序列比较分析结果表明,二者的编码区没有差异.结论 黑线仓鼠白化突变系白化性状产生的原因与已知小鼠的白化性状产生原因不同,并不是由酪氨酸酶基因编码区突变造成的,其白化性状产生的机理有待进一步的研究.     

sym 13-A Gene Conditioning Ineffective Nodulation in Pisum sativum

Treatment of Pisum sativum (L.) cv. `Sparkle' with ethyl methanesulfonic acid (EMS) produced a stable mutant, E135F, which forms small, white, ineffective nodules. These nodules exhibit histological zonation typical of an indeterminant nodule, e.g. meristematic, early symbiotic, late symbiotic, and senescent zones. Compared with the nitrogen fixing nodules of the parent, the zones are smaller and the nodules senesce prematurely. Bacteroids in E135F are less elongated and less differentiated than those in `Sparkle.' The E135F mutant forms ineffective nodules when inoculated with nine different effective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum and also when grown in a soil containing effective strains. The ineffective phenotype of E135F is under monogenic recessive control; the gene is designated sym 13. sym 13 was located on chromosome 2 by linkage with genes for shikimic dehydrogenase and esterase-2. The original selection E135F carried another mutation in heterozygous form at a separate locus, yielding some homozygous recessive nonnodulating progeny, E135N, in later generations. This indicates that EMS treatments may cause mutations at more than one sym gene. The gene conditioning non-nodulation in E135N was designated sym 14. It mapped to a locus on a different part of chromosome 2 by linkage to the gene for fumarase. The data demonstrate that sym genes are not necessarily closely linked.