油脂在抗生素发酵工业中的应用

发酵工业中使用油已有较长的历史,由于（1）油的绝对价格比淀粉质原料的高;（2）油脂代谢需要消耗大量的氧,使供氧能耗上升;（3）不同的油或同一种油,生产批次不同可能对发酵造成影响等原因。油在发酵过程中主要作为消泡剂和碳源,事实上,在发酵工业中油具有多种用途。     

搅拌对红霉素发酵的影响

在20t工业发酵罐中,研究了涡轮桨和翼形轴流桨搅拌对红霉素发酵过程的影响,重点考察了粘度、溶氧、效价、搅拌电流和糖代谢等过程参数的变化,以及搅拌功耗与发酵产量之间的关系。研究结果表明：(1)不同的搅拌桨搅拌其发酵过程参数(粘度,溶氧,效价等)随时间的变化曲线有明显的差异;(2)搅拌功耗同发酵产量之间的关系,翼形桨明显不同于涡轮桨;(3)在相同的生产条件下,用翼形桨代替涡轮桨可节省搅拌功耗。     

微生物混合发酵的研究及应用

由于不同微生物之间的正相互作用,人们发现应用两种或两种以上微生物混合发酵能更好地解决实践中的许多问题。在过去几年中,对微生物的混合发酵的应用以及其中微生物之间的相互作用机理的研究取得了明显进展,主要有以下4个方面:(1)对生物质的降解利用;(2)对环境污染物的降解;(3)生产特定的代谢产物;(4)混合发酵的工艺。综述了微生物混合发酵的应用及相关机理、涉及的微生物和影响因素。     

糖类和pH值的改变对十二碳二元酸发酵的影响

烷烃发酵是非均相发酵,其发酵液中存在气相、固相、水相和油相。因此,烷烃发酵与一般微生物发酵方法不一样。它是高耗氧、高产热的发酵过程,并且会在发酵过程中产生乳化剂,以便油相和水相混匀,使微生物更好地利用烷烃[1～3]。烷烃和糖类等水溶性基质不同:烷烃的疏水性决定…     

基于作物需水与自然降水适配度的湖南省防旱避灾种植制度优化

季节性干旱对湖南省农业生产造成很大影响,明确防旱避灾种植制度,可为指导当地农业生产提供科学依据。基于湖南省代表站点1981-2007年的气候数据和作物生育期资料,依据干燥度和地形地势特点,划分不同类型区,并在各区域内选取代表站点和代表性种植制度,采用FAO推荐的分段单值平均作物系数法订正了作物系数。比较了主要种植制度的作物需水与自然降水适配度及作物需水与自然降水适配度保证指数,确定了湖南省基于自然降水的防旱避灾种植制度。研究结果表明:各区域基于自然降水资源的防旱避灾种植制度分别为:(1)湘中偏北湿润中低海拔地形复杂区和湘东北半湿润中低海拔山地丘陵区为麦-稻和薯-稻种植模式;(2)湘北半湿润低海拔平原区为油-棉、油-稻和豆-稻种植模式;(3)湘东偏北半干旱低海拔平原与盆地丘陵过渡区为油-苕、油-棉和油-稻种植模式;(4)湘东南较干旱中低海拔丘陵区为油-稻、麦-稻和薯-稻种植模式;(5)中南部较干旱中低海拔盆地区为油-稻和油-棉种植模式;(6)湘西北较湿润中高海拔中山低山区为薯-稻和油-苕种植模式;(7)湘西南较湿润中高海拔丘陵区为油-苕、油-稻、麦-稻和薯-稻种植模式;(8)湘西干旱高海拔山地丘陵区为油-苕和油-棉种植模式。     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的蒸腾作用及其群落的水分状况

 本文对比研究了处于不同生境的油蒿群落中油蒿的水分生理生态特性。结果表明：(1)半固定沙丘的油蒿比固定沙丘油蒿长势好,前者的生物量约为后者的4—5倍;(2)半固定沙丘土壤导水率是固定沙丘的10倍左右;(3)叶温与气温之差和水势能较好地反映油蒿的生长状况,而蒸腾速率与扩散阻力反映不十分敏感。     

抗生素

<正> 853275油的消毒:连续消毒器的应用[英]/Boder,F.G.…//Biotechnol.Bioeng.-1984,26(8).-848～856[译自D B A,1984,3(21),84-10011]把动植物油连续地输入发酵罐可保持高产率的抗菌素发酵。本文讨论把油输入发酵罐的不同方法。设计的一种连续的油消毒器为油的流动添加提供一种经济的、有工业价值的一般方法。一些实验数据表明,油中孢子受热破坏的程度主要取决干孢子的来源、污染油以前孢子的干燥程度和油中的水分。以     

生物柴油耦联丙酮丁醇发酵的初步研究

以4种生物柴油(原料为地沟油、菜籽油、棕榈油和废肯德基油)作为萃取剂,开展了丙酮丁醇静态萃取发酵。通过分析发酵过程中的产气量及发酵40 h后油水两相中的溶剂浓度,发现生物柴油对丙丁梭菌有毒性。另外,静置条件下丁醇在不同油水两相中的液液平衡系数大致相同。在发酵24 h时加入棕榈生物柴油(油水体积比为0.4∶1),丁醇发酵强度达到最大值0.213 g.(L.h)-1、比对照(传统发酵)提高10.9%,且生物柴油中的丁醇质量浓度达到6.44 g.L-1。     

食品上的应用

910977 真菌单细胞蛋白:现状[英]/Kahlon,S.S.…// Indian J.Microbiol.-1990,30(1).-13～28[译自DBA,1990,9(15),90-08939]描述了真菌单细胞蛋白(SCP)生产现状:(1)SCP的优缺点;(2)可能的原料;(3)深层发酵和固态发酵的现状;(4)SCP的研究;(5)真菌SCP工艺;(6)未来展望.生产SCP的基质种类多,易得到,价廉,它包括工     

蛋白质组学技术在工业发酵梭菌研究中的应用

介绍了目前应用较广泛的蛋白质组学技术的原理、应用及优缺点;总结了发酵工业中常用的梭菌属细菌;重点阐述了蛋白质组学技术在工业发酵梭状芽孢杆菌研究中的应用,为工业发酵菌种的改良和发酵工艺的优化提供理论依据。最后讨论了今后工业发酵菌种蛋白质组学研究的重点和方向。     

利用温度调节实现新型重组菌高效转化甘油为D-乳酸

油脂水解来源的甘油将是未来发酵工业主要原料之一.文中探索D-乳酸高产大肠杆菌Escherichia coli CICIM B0013-070菌株不同培养温度下好氧与厌氧代谢甘油的特征后,建立并优化了一种新型D-乳酸变温发酵工艺,甘油到乳酸的得率由64％提高到82.6％.另外,在B0013-070中引入了温度诱导型乳酸脱氢酶的转录系统,甘油到乳酸的得率进一步提高到88.9％.     

Effects of nutrients on the production of AK-111-81 macrolide antibiotic by Streptomyces hygroscopicus

The influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of AK-111-81 nonpolyenic macrolide antibiotic by Streptomyces hygroscopicus 111-81 was studied. Substitution of glucose with lactose or glycerol significantly affected maximal antibiotic AK-111-81 productivity as the growth rate was close to that of the basal fermentation medium. Addition of ammonium succinate to the fermentation medium markedly increased the antibiotic productivity as the growth rate was low. Divalent ions as Mn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ stimulated AK-111-81 antibiotic biosynthesis. These results allow us to develop a new fermentation medium showing 6-fold increase of AK-111-81 antibiotic formation compared with the basal fermentation medium.     

Computer modeling of antibiotic fermentation with on-line product removal

The fermentation of Streptomyces griseus for the production of cycloheximide is similar to other antibiotic fermentations in that product synthesis is subject to feedback regulation and the desired product is degraded in the fermentation broth. The productivity of this fermentation can thus be dramatically increased by removing the antibiotic from the whole broth as it is produced. One means for effecting this on-line product removal is to contact the whole fermentation broth with neutral polymeric resin immobilized in hydrogel beads. The antibiotic adsorbs to the immobilized resin via hydrophobic interactions. In this work, the adsorption of the antibiotic onto the immobilized resin was characterized. A biochemical model of the fermentation was then used to describe the time profiles of biomass, substrate, and antibiotic in a fermentation system in which whole broth is circulated from the fermentor through a continuously stirred extractor containing the adsorbent beads. Various operating conditions were examined to optimize the productivity of the fermentation.     

Theoretical Design of Continuous Antibiotic Fermentation Units

A graphic method of predicting antibiotic yields in continuous flow reactors is presented and discussed using the novobiocin fermentation as a model process. Extension to other antibiotic fermentations and steroid bioconversions is emphasized. In the case of the novobiocin fermentation it was concluded that a combination of one growth stage and one or two antibiotic production stages would be the most economic reactor system to conduct such a fermentation on a continuous basis.     

Utilization of modified waste from the antibiotic industry for the production of construction materials

Possible utilization of treated streptomycin fermentation broth modified with waste hydrochloric acid solution followed by lime neutralization was studied. Such a complex additive to concrete increased its strength by 36-41 per cent. With saving cement by 7 per cent the concrete strength increased by 22-29 per cent as compared to the control samples. Therefore, utilization of antibiotic industry waste in production of building material allowed not only to improve its quality but also to lower the environmental pollution.     

Enhancement of growth and antibiotic titre inCephalosporium acremonium induced by sesame oil

The role of sesame oil as part of the carbon source on growth and cephalosporin C production byCephalosporium acremonium was studied in shake-flask fermentation. The growth and antibiotic production were maximum on the fifth and sixth day, respectively, irrespective of the presence of sesame oil. Sesame oil enhanced cephalosporin C production by 54%. Analysis of fatty acid profile indicated that C_18∶1, C_18∶2 and C_18∶3 are the major fatty acids inC. acremonium. The percentage of C_18∶2 was higher in the culture grown with sesame oil.     

Antagonistic activity of lactobacilli isolated from natural ecotopes

Lactobacilli are widely used in silage production, for fermentation of foodstuffs, and as probiotics. Their therapeutic effect in preparations is based on their antagonistic activity against pathogens. In this work, antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from silage and fermented plant-derived foodstuffs was studied in order to select the strains promising for industry, agriculture, and medicine. Twenty Lactobacillus strains were ranked according to the intensity and rate of acid production and antibiotic resistance. Lactobacillus sp. Cа9L was selected as a promising starter culture strain for biotechnology based on the optimal combination of acid production, rate of acidification, and antibiotic resistance.     

The utilization of beet molasses as a novel carbon source for cephalosporin C production by Acremonium chrysogenum: Optimization of process parameters through statistical experimental designs

In this work, cephalosporin C (CPC) production on pilot scale fermenters of 600l capacity with 350l working volume by Acremonium chrysogenum EMCC 904 was performed. The effects of fermentation medium composition, inoculum concentration, initial pH and aeration rate on CPC production by A. chrysogenum strain was investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). The Plackett-Burman design which involves two concentrations of each nutrient was effective in searching for the major medium components promoting CPC production. Under our experimental conditions; Soya oil, beet molasses and corn steep liquor were found to be the major factors contributing to the antibiotic production. Subsequently, a Box-Behnken design was used for outlining the concentration of the most effective medium constituents. Estimated optimum composition for the production of CPC was as follows: soya oil, 40g/l; beet molasses, 180g/l; and corn steep liquor, 330g/l. The central composite design was used for outlining the optimum values of the fermentation parameters. Estimated optimum values for the production of CPC are as follows: inoculum level, 10(5.5)spores/ml; initial pH, 4.3; and aeration rate, 9364ml/min.     

生物技术生产丁酸的研究进展

丁酸作为一种重要的化工原料,已经广泛应用于食品添加剂与医药等领域。目前,工业上生产丁酸主要是从石油中提取有机化合物进行化学合成。与有机化合物合成法相比,微生物发酵产丁酸的优势有：所用的原料来源非常广,发酵过程低能耗,不污染环境,而且可以持续添加原料发酵生产丁酸。因此,通过生物技术发酵生产丁酸越来越受到人们的重视。介绍了丁酸的性质、产丁酸菌株的特点、微生物发酵产丁酸的细胞代谢途径及其调控、发酵法生产丁酸的工艺运行方式和产丁酸菌株及其代谢产物的生理功能这五部分内容,以期为今后开展发酵法产丁酸的微生物基因工程改造以及生产工艺的优化提供参考。     

Streptomyces sp. TEM 33 possesses high lipolytic activity in solid-state fermentation in comparison with submerged fermentation

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a bioprocess that doesn’t need an excess of free water, and it offers potential benefits for microbial cultivation for bioprocesses and product development. In comparing the antibiotic production, few detailed reports could be found with lipolytic enzyme production by Streptomycetes in SSF. Taking this knowledge into consideration, we prefer to purify Actinomycetes species as a new source for lipase production. The lipase-producing strain Streptomyces sp. TEM 33 was isolated from soil and lipase production was managed by solid-state fermentation (SSF) in comparison with submerged fermentation (SmF). Bioprocess-affecting factors like initial moisture content, incubation time, and various carbon and nitrogen additives and the other enzymes secreted into the media were optimized. Lipase activity was measured as 1.74 ± 0.0005 U/g dry substrate (gds) by the p-nitrophenylpalmitate (pNPP) method on day 6 of fermentation with 71.43% final substrate moisture content. In order to understand the metabolic priority in SSF, cellulase and xylanase activity of Streptomyces sp. TEM33 was also measured. The microorganism degrades the wheat bran to its usable form by excreting cellulases and xylanases; then it secretes the lipase that is necessary for degrading the oil in the medium.