水稻不同生育期茎秆生化成分的变化及其与抗倒伏能力的关系

以抗倒伏品种‘南粳44’、‘武运粳7号’与不抗倒伏品系‘宁7412’为试验材料,通过对水稻不同生育期茎秆硅、钾、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量的测定,结合氮钾肥配比试验,研究了水稻不同生育期茎秆硅、钾、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量的变化及其与茎秆抗倒伏能力的关系。结果表明：水稻茎秆的硅、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量随生育进程呈上升趋势,而茎秆的钾含量呈现先降后升的趋势。在不同施肥水平条件下,水稻茎秆的硅、钾、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量存在一定的差异。抗倒伏品种‘南粳44’和‘武运粳7号’茎秆基部抗折力较强,施肥对水稻茎秆基部抗折力有一定的影响。水稻生殖生育期茎秆的硅含量、可溶性糖含量与茎秆基部抗折力呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与水稻抗倒伏能力的强弱有一定的关系。     

不同养分和水分管理模式对水稻抗倒伏能力的影响

大田试验下,通过对水稻茎秆基部物理性状、形态特征和硅、钾含量的测定和比较,系统研究了不同养分和水分管理模式对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响．结果表明,有机无机肥配施,特别是秸秆与化肥配施(CS)养分模式可明显提高水稻植侏茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度和茎重,从而有效提高了基部茎秆的抗折力(RS)和明显降低了水稻的倒伏指数(LI),秸秆与化肥配施(CS)养分模式对水稻抗倒伏能力的效果在干湿交替(AWD)和控水模式(DRA)下表现更为明显。有机无机肥配施,特别是秸秆与化肥配施(CS)的养分模式在干湿交替(AWD)和控水模式(DRA)下更有助于提高水稻茎秆的硅、钾含量、相关分析表明,水稻基部茎秆茎壁厚度、茎重和抗折力与茎秆硅、钾含量存在显著(P<0．05)或极显著正相关(P<0．01)。     

水稻茎秆解剖结构与抗倒伏能力关系的研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44、武运粳7号与不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部茎秆解剖结构及其与水稻抗倒伏能力的关系.结果表明:抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44和武运粳7号基部节间的维管束数目较多,维管束鞘较厚,细胞层数较多,细胞排列紧密、体积较小;而不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部节间的维管束数目偏少,维管束鞘较薄,细胞层数较少,细胞体积大.从解剖结构还可看出,南粳44和武运粳7号茎秆内的贮藏物质明显多于宁7412.这些茎秆解剖结构的差异可用于区分不同水稻品种(系)的抗倒性强弱,可以作为抗倒伏水稻品种的选育指标和筛选依据,为水稻抗倒伏品种的选育提供了理论依据.     

水稻茎秆抗倒伏的综合评价

利用力学理论和方法,综合分析了水稻茎秆各性状对抗倒伏的影响．突破以往的单性状分析方法,得到水稻茎秆抗倒伏的综合评价指标λ(茎秆柔度),它综合反映了秆长、截面尺寸和形状等茎秆性状．λ是一个无量纲的量,λ值越小,抗倒伏能力越强．     

小麦抗倒性研究进展

倒伏是严重影响小麦子粒产量和品质的一个重要因素。本文系统阐述了小麦茎秆形态和结构特性、茎秆化学成分与抗倒伏关系以及抗倒性的遗传和分子标记等方面的最新研究进展。株高、基部节间长度与抗倒性呈负相关;而基部节间粗度、秆壁厚、单位长度干重与抗倒性呈正相关。茎秆机械组织细胞层数、厚度,维管束数目、面积以及髓腔大小与抗倒性密切相关。茎秆化学成分中纤维素、木质素以及碳水化合物含量和硅、钾元素含量与抗倒性呈正相关。小麦抗倒性呈数量性状遗传特征,除受多对主基因控制外,可能还受微效修饰基因作用。采用分子标记技术已将抗倒性以及与抗倒性相关的茎秆形态性状进行了QTL定位。     

稻鸭共作下水稻植株的壮秆效应及生理特性

通过田间小区对比试验,分析了稻鸭共作下水稻植株的壮秆效应及其相关生理特性.结果表明：由于鸭子在稻田的活动使水稻植株形态发生了明显变化,植株碳水化合物含量、植株碳氮比、茎秆干物质输出率都明显增加,茎秆基部节间长度比对照缩短2.88%,茎粗增加64.90%,茎秆强度和抗倒伏指数也分别提高了11.78%和10.95%;稻鸭共作提高了水稻深层根系比例和根系活力,黑根比例降低了16.63%.因此,稻鸭共作对水稻植株有壮秆效应,提高了植株的抗逆性,有利于水稻稳产高产.     

水稻茎秆抗倒伏的力学分析

建立了水稻茎秆的力学模型,根据该模型,利用力学理论和方法,分析了典型风荷载对水稻茎秆的影响．综合风、雨、土壤、茎秆性状等各种因素,给出了水稻茎秆抗例伏的各种性质参数的关系式．根据此关系式,可对水稻茎秆的抗倒伏能力进行综合评价和预测。     

套作大豆苗期茎秆纤维素合成代谢与抗倒性的关系

为从茎秆强度的角度研究套作大豆苗期对荫蔽胁迫的响应及耐荫抗倒机制,采用耐荫性不同的3个大豆材料,在玉米大豆套作和单作两种种植模式下,对茎秆的纤维素、可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量及蔗糖代谢中关键酶活性以及茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数等进行测定,研究它们与套作大豆苗期倒伏的关系.套作大豆苗期倒伏严重,茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数、纤维素、可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量和相关酶活性均显著低于单作.不同大豆材料受套作荫蔽影响程度不同,强耐荫性大豆南豆12茎秆抗折力降低幅度最小,在套作环境下其茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数大,纤维素、可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量高,酶活性强.相关分析表明： 套作大豆苗期茎秆糖含量均与抗折力呈极显著正相关,与倒伏率呈极显著负相关;蔗糖含量与蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)、中性转化酶(NI)活性呈极显著正相关,与酸性转化酶(AI)活性相关性不显著;纤维素含量与SPS、SS呈极显著正相关,与NI呈显著正相关,与AI相关性不显著.套作环境下,强耐荫性大豆苗期茎秆中较高的SPS、SS活性是其维持高蔗糖和纤维素含量的酶学基础,而高纤维素含量有利于提高茎秆强度,进而增强其抗倒伏能力.本研究应用玉米大豆套作种植系统,从苗期抗倒角度,探明了光环境对不同基因型大豆茎秆纤维素代谢的影响机制,为下一步筛选耐荫抗倒大豆品种提供了理论依据.     

硅钾肥配施对水稻茎秆理化性状及抗倒伏能力的影响

该研究以易倒伏品种‘B优827’为试验材料,通过分析硅钾肥配合施用对水稻茎秆的弯曲力矩、抗折力以及倒伏指数的影响,探索通过肥料调控提高水稻抗倒伏能力的方法与技术措施。结果显示:(1)硅钾肥配施能显著增加水稻基部节间茎秆直径和壁厚,缩短节间长度,并在低硅中钾处理(T2,硅肥300kg/hm2、钾肥400kg/hm2)下基部各节间长度缩短幅度最大(12.44%~20.80%),直径和壁厚增加幅度分别为2.82%~5.76%、22.95%~28.57%。(2)硅钾肥配施处理后,水稻基部各节间纤维素、木质素及灰分含量显著变化,并以低硅中钾处理(T2)差异较显著,且基部节间木质素含量分别比对照显著提高14.55%、8.67%、7.73%。(3)硅钾肥配施处理能显著增加水稻基部节间抗折力,降低倒伏指数,同时仍以低硅中钾处理(T2)的抗折力最大、倒伏指数最小,对提高‘B优827’植株抗倒伏能力效果最好。研究表明,合理的硅钾肥配比(硅肥300kg/hm2、钾肥400kg/hm2)能显著增加易倒伏水稻品种‘B优827’的茎秆壁厚和直径,缩短基部节间长度,提高抗折力,同时还能增加其基部节间木质化程度,最终增强植株抗倒伏能力;硅钾肥配合施用可通过改善茎秆物理化学特性有效增强易倒伏水稻植株的抗倒伏能力。     

水、旱条件下水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL分析

以粳型旱稻IRAT109和粳型水稻越富杂交的116个DH株系的群体为材料,利用已构建的分子标记连锁图(包括94个RFLP标记和71个SSR标记),定位了水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL。在水田、旱田栽培条件下,考查了乳熟期DH系及其亲本的茎基粗、茎秆长及茎秆强度等性状。相关分析表明,茎基粗与茎秆长、茎基粗与茎秆强度及茎秆长与茎秆强度间均呈极显著正相关。利用QTLMAPPER进行水、旱田单环境定位分析及水、旱田联合定位分析定位了控制这些性状的QTL。水、旱田单环境定位分析结果表明：3个性状共检测到9个加性QTL和5对上位性QTL;联合定位分析表明：茎基粗、茎秆长共检测到6个加性QTL和6对上位性QTL,其中6个加性QTL和1对上位性QTL在两种方法下都检测到。旱田条件下检测到2个加性及2对上位性QTL(bctla、ct9、c16a-c16c和cs5-cs12)对表型变异的贡献率(简称贡献率)大于30％。这些高贡献率QTL可能对旱田条件下旱稻抗倒伏分子育种有重要意义。     

水稻直立穗突变体抗倒伏性的遗传力分析

为研究直立穗突变体R1338和R334在抗倒伏特性方面的遗传力与配合力,选用弯曲穗型不育系川农1A、ABG15s和2个含有DEP1直立穗基因的直立穗不育系E69A、E102A,与蜀恢498及其直立穗突变体R1338、R334进行不完全双列杂交,比较F1基部各节的抗倒伏特性。发现F1基部各节抗折力与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关性,抗折力与茎节的直径和茎壁厚度呈极显著正相关;通过回归分析发现影响水稻基部节抗倒伏能力的主要影响因子为茎节的抗折力和弯曲力矩,抗折力越大、弯曲力矩越小其倒伏指数也就越低;2个直立穗突变体基部节倒伏指数的一般配合力效应值均低于野生型,其中R1338的倒伏指数的一般配合力效应值更低一些。因此利用直立穗亲本配组可以显著改良杂交后代的抗倒伏能力。     

Improvement of lodging resistance with QTLs for stem diameter in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Varietal differences among ten rice cultivars showed that stem diameter is a key factor in lodging resistance (measured in terms of pushing resistance). Two near-isogenic lines (NILs) were selected from a series of chromosome segment substitution lines developed between cultivars Nipponbar and Kasalath, one containing a single stem diameter QTL (sdm8; NIL114), and another with four stem diameter QTLs (sdm1, sdm7, sdm8, sdm12; NIL28). Compared with the Nipponbare control, stem diameters were larger in NIL114 and NIL28 by about 7 and 39%, respectively. Pushing resistance in NIL28 was significantly greater than in Nipponbare, but NIL114 was similar to Nipponbare. The two NILs had greater weight of lower stem and culm wall thickness than Nipponbare. NIL28 had higher plant height, which is a negative effect on lodging resistance, than Nipponbare. The non-structural carbohydrate contents of NIL stems were higher than that of Nipponbare, whereas the silicon contents were lower in the NILs, and cellulose contents were lower only in NIL28. The basal internodes of the two NILs were significantly stiffer than those of Nipponbare. These results suggest that increasing stem diameter in rice breeding programs would improve lodging resistance, although the combination of multiple QTLs would be necessary to produce thicker stems with higher pushing resistance, whereas the higher plant height could also result from the combination of multiple QTLs.     

Contrasting Characteristics of Lodging Resistance in Two Super-Rice Hybrids Differing in Harvest Index

The “super rice” breeding program in China has been successful in developing high-yielding hybrids, including few with high harvest index values. However, there is limited information on the relationship between lodging resistance and harvest index, and the mechanisms underlying the relationship in super-rice hybrids. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to compare lodging resistance and its related traits between two super-rice hybrids differing in harvest index, i.e., Guiliangyou 2 (G2) with a high harvest index and Y-liangyou 1 (Y1) with a typical harvest index of modern high-yielding rice varieties. Results showed that compared to Y1, G2 was lower in plant height due to its lower aboveground N uptake, and its higher stem breaking resistance (i.e., lower stem breaking index) resulted from a lower stem height at its center of gravity. Consequently, G2 had a higher lodging resistance (i.e., lower plant lodging index) than Y1. This study suggests that developing super-rice hybrids with high harvest index values is a possible way to achieve both high grain yield and strong lodging resistance in rice.     

Ectopic expression of a novel OsExtensin‐like gene consistently enhances plant lodging resistance by regulating cell elongation and cell wall thickening in rice

Plant lodging resistance is an important integrative agronomic trait of grain yield and quality in crops. Although extensin proteins are tightly associated with plant cell growth and cell wall construction, little has yet been reported about their impacts on plant lodging resistance. In this study, we isolated a novel extensin‐like (OsEXTL) gene in rice, and selected transgenic rice plants that expressed OsEXTL under driven with two distinct promoters. Despite different OsEXTL expression levels, two‐promoter‐driven OsEXTL‐transgenic plants, compared to a rice cultivar and an empty vector, exhibited significantly reduced cell elongation in stem internodes, leading to relatively shorter plant heights by 7%–10%. Meanwhile, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants showed remarkably thickened secondary cell walls with higher cellulose levels in the mature plants, resulting in significantly increased detectable mechanical strength (extension and pushing forces) in the mature transgenic plants. Due to reduced plant height and increased plant mechanical strength, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants were detected with largely enhanced lodging resistances in 3 years field experiments, compared to those of the rice cultivar ZH11. In addition, despite relatively short plant heights, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants maintain normal grain yields and biomass production, owing to their increased cellulose levels and thickened cell walls. Hence, this study demonstrates a largely improved lodging resistance in the OsEXTL‐transgenic rice plants, and provides insights into novel extensin functions in plant cell growth and development, cell wall network construction and wall structural remodelling.     

大田增强UV-B辐射对元阳梯田地方水稻茎秆性状和倒伏指数的影响

大田原位种植元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种——白脚老粳和月亮谷,研究2年不同强度(0、2.5、5.0和7.5 kJ·m^-2)UV-B辐射对水稻穗下第1至第4节的茎秆性状(节间长、茎秆粗和茎壁厚)和倒伏指数的影响.结果表明: 增强UV-B辐射对水稻茎秆的节间长和茎秆粗没有显著影响,但导致茎壁厚度显著减小,其中,7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射对水稻穗下第4节茎秆茎壁厚度的影响较大,降幅为11.6%～19.6%;增强UV-B辐射导致水稻茎秆的倒伏指数增加,增大水稻倒伏的风险,水稻穗下第4节茎秆倒伏指数最大,并大于倒伏临界值(200);水稻穗下第4节、第3节和第2节茎秆的倒伏指数与茎壁厚度呈显著负相关.表明增强UV-B辐射显著减小元阳梯田水稻茎秆的茎壁厚是增加其倒伏风险的主要原因.
     

Locus prl5 improves lodging resistance of rice by delaying senescence and increasing carbohydrate reaccumulation.

We investigated the reason for carbohydrate retention in the stem of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at full-ripe stage in a near-isogenic line (NIL63) carrying prl5, which confers lodging resistance without yield loss. NIL63 showed higher lodging resistance than Nipponbare (control) without reduced yield. At heading, the carbohydrate content in the NIL63 stem (culm and leaf sheathes) was the same as in Nipponbare. At 2 weeks after heading, the carbohydrate content in NIL63 was significantly higher than in Nipponbare. At 4 weeks after heading, the carbohydrate content in NIL63 had decreased to near the level in Nipponbare. At 6 weeks after heading, NIL63 showed higher carbohydrate reaccumulation. Chlorophyll degradation in the leaf blades of NIL63 was slower, and the chlorophyll content at 6 weeks after heading was higher than in Nipponbare. These results suggest that the delay in leaf senescence by prl5 results in carbohydrate reaccumulation in the stem after grain filling, increasing lodging resistance.