菜蛾盘绒茧蜂卵携带的免疫抑制因子

抑制寄主昆虫的免疫反应是内寄生蜂存活的关键。菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis（Haliday）寄生小菜蛾Plutella xylostella （L.）幼虫后,蜂卵如何逃避和抑制寄主的免疫攻击,尚未得到全面揭示。本文采用电镜技术系统观察了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂卵表面的超微结构。结果显示：蜂卵表面覆盖有纤维层和絮状的类病毒样纤丝（VLFs）,同时携带了含多分DNA病毒粒子（PDV）的萼液。在寄生初期,包裹在蜂卵表面的纤维层和VLFs首先起到保护蜂卵不被小菜蛾血细胞包囊的被动防御作用。随后,PDV发挥主动的免疫抑制作用。通过假寄生手段,证明了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂PDV (CvBV) 具有较持久的克服寄主免疫攻击的能力,是主要的免疫抑制因子。在假寄生后连续8 d的观察时间内,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的蜂卵均未被包囊。结果提示,在菜蛾盘绒茧蜂-小菜蛾寄生体系中,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂采取被动防御和主动攻击两种方式应对寄主小菜蛾的免疫攻击。     

二种寄生蜂寄生抑制小菜蛾精巢生长和精子束形成的比较研究

我们曾发现菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum寄生严重阻碍小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫的精子发生。本研究着重比较2种蜂寄生对小菜蛾精巢生长和精子束形成的影响, 以探明寄生因子对昆虫生殖调控的作用途径。 采取过寄生和假寄生方法, 对2种蜂各自寄生后的小菜蛾精巢生长体积, 精子发生和形成过程中生精细胞、精子束的显微形态变化进行了比较。 结果表明: 茧蜂和姬蜂寄生均明显降低小菜蛾精子束的数量, 严重阻碍了寄主幼虫的精子发生和精子形成. 姬蜂寄生造成小菜蛾精巢畸形, 而茧蜂则造成小菜蛾精子束畸形, 且茧蜂对小菜蛾精巢生长的抑制程度明显强于姬蜂。过寄生造成寄主寄生性去势程度加剧, 茧蜂和姬蜂过寄生后的小菜蛾精巢体积分别为0.005 mm³和0.008 mm³, 仅为各自只寄生1次后精巢体积的33.1%和36.3%。假寄生后, 发现只有寄生蜂母代物质存在的前提下, 对小菜蛾精巢生长的抑制程度基本模拟了正常寄生时的状态, 说明多分DNA病毒（polydnavirus, PDV）和毒液发挥了主要作用。 由此推断分属姬蜂属PDV和茧蜂属PDV的2类PDV功能基因对小菜蛾精巢生长发育的调控机制可能存在较大差异。     

闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争

在室内25℃下,以菜蛾3龄初幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum的种间竞争。当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,2种蜂各自的寄生率与其单独寄生时无显著差异,合计寄生率比一种蜂单独存在时有所提高,但差异不显著。2种蜂均能产卵寄生已被另一种蜂寄生了的寄主幼虫。当寄主被2种蜂寄生的间隔时间很短（少于10 h）时,所育出的蜂绝大部分（80%以上）为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被绒茧蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供弯尾姬蜂寄生时,所育出的全为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被弯尾姬蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供绒茧蜂寄生时,寄主幼虫绝大部分不能存活,只有少部分能育出寄生蜂,且多为弯尾姬蜂。当2种蜂的幼虫存在于同一寄主体内时,2种蜂的发育均受到另一种蜂的抑制;绒茧蜂1龄幼虫具有物理攻击能力,能将弯尾姬蜂卵或幼虫致死。这些结果表明,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与半闭弯尾姬蜂在同一寄主中发育时,前者具有明显的竞争优势。     

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂主要寄生因子导致的寄主小菜蛾幼虫脂肪体结构的变化

在不同的寄生状态下,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae不同的寄生因子可引起寄主小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫脂肪体结构发生相应的改变。显微和亚显微形态结构显示： 假寄生后多分DNA病毒和毒液对脂肪体结构的完整性没有显著影响,但细胞内脂质体变得小而密集,线粒体和内质网丰富,并有糖原积累; 正常寄生后,脂肪体结构被破坏,多数线粒体内嵴紊乱,脂质体也变得不规则,特别是当幼蜂完成在寄主体内发育时,寄主体内几乎无完整脂肪体存在。与此同时,同批未被寄生的小菜蛾幼虫发育到4龄末期时,体内脂肪体细胞发育正常,已开始向蛹期细胞形态转化,细胞内脂质体很大,细胞器数量较多、糖原积累丰富, 而且部分细胞已成为游离态细胞。由此证明,寄生蜂携带的寄生因子,如多分DNA病毒、毒液、畸形细胞和幼蜂等,均对寄主脂肪体结构的改变产生影响,但程度明显不同。     

寄主抗药性对菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

以小菜蛾Plutella xylostella敏感品系SP作寄主饲育的菜蛾绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae SC品系分别寄生于小菜蛾的SP品系(SC-SP组合)或抗性RP品系(SC-RP组合),还以小菜蛾RP品系作寄主饲育的菜蛾绒茧蜂RC品系分别寄生于小菜蛾的SP品系(RC-SP组合)或RP品系(RC-RP组合),均在幼虫中期施用氰戊菊酯,考察了药剂对该蜂生物学特性的影响。结果发现：在不施用杀虫剂时,SC-RP组合中蜂的结茧率为45.8%,显著低于其它组合, 所结茧长0.76 mm,育出雌蜂前翅和后足胫节长分别为3.28 mm和2.33 mm,也分别小于其它各组合的结果,表明寄主抗药性对该蜂有不利影响;施用杀虫剂后,RC-RP、SC-RP组合中,蜂的结茧率分别为95.5%和37.8%,显著高于SC-SP和RC-SP组合中蜂的结茧率（22.5%,25.8%）,表明寄主抗性能保护其体内的幼蜂少受杀虫剂的影响;RC-SP组合在受到和未受到杀虫剂作用时茧的羽化率分别为95.2%和93.6%,无显著差异,卵+幼虫及雌蛹的发育历期在处理和对照间也无显著差异,表明用抗性寄主饲育的菜蛾绒茧蜂在寄生敏感寄主时仍表现一定的耐药性,有利于该蜂抗药性的发展,即寄主 寄生蜂之间在抗药性方面存在协同进化。     

亚致死剂量阿维菌素和氟虫睛处理小菜蛾对寄生蜂菜蛾绒茧蜂生长发育的影响

分别在小菜蛾体内的菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾2龄幼虫亚致死剂量（＝LC₁₀）的阿维菌素和氟虫睛,研究上述杀虫剂处理对寄主体内菜蛾绒茧蜂结茧率和羽化率的影响。结果表明： 在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾LC₁₀剂量阿维菌素处理的菜叶后,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率分别下降26.6%,22.8%和5.8%,饲喂小菜蛾LC₁₀剂量氟虫睛处理的菜叶后,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率分别下降76.9%,42.5%和18.5%。上述阿维菌素处理对菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫羽化率影响不显著,但上述氟虫睛处理可显著抑制菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫羽化率,在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾LC₁₀ 剂量氟虫睛处理的菜叶可导致菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫羽化率分别下降53.1%,36.1%和47.8%。结果显示,即便是对寄主小菜蛾幼虫很低的剂量（LC₁₀剂量）也会显著危害小菜蛾幼虫体内的菜蛾绒茧蜂的生长发育。此外,饲喂小菜蛾幼虫亚致死剂量杀虫剂对菜蛾绒茧蜂生长发育的影响与杀虫剂种类及蛾绒茧蜂发育阶段有关。     

二种寄生蜂寄生对不同虫龄小菜蛾精巢的影响

为探明寄生蜂引起寄主寄生性去势的机制,本文选取携带不同多分DNA病毒(Polydnavirus,PDV)的2种内寄生蜂与共同寄主小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)为寄生体系,研究不同虫龄小菜蛾被寄生后雄性生精细胞、精子束形态和精巢发育体积变化,系统比较寄生性去势程度和分别拥有2类PDV的寄生蜂在寄主精子发生和形成过程中的作用。结果表明:携带Bracovirus PDV的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesiave stalis(Haliday)或拥有Ichvovirus PDV的半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellén寄生对不同虫龄小菜蛾的精子发生和形成过程均产生明显的抑制作用,表现为不能产生精子束或精子束数量减少,但抑制程度以寄生低龄寄主时最明显。2种蜂寄生均能抑制小菜蛾精巢体积的增长,但对低龄寄主的抑制程度明显强于高龄寄主,寄生性去势程度取决于寄生时寄主虫龄。相比而言,寄生不同虫龄小菜蛾时,茧蜂引起小菜蛾寄生性去势的程度均强于姬蜂。     

三种内寄生蜂寄生对小菜蛾幼虫精子发生的影响

内寄生蜂寄生可能会引起寄主的寄生性去势。对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella与菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdumov (膜翅目： 姬小蜂科)、半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellén (膜翅目： 姬蜂科)、菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae (Kurdj.) (膜翅目： 茧蜂科) 3个寄生体系,利用形态学方法和蛋白质技术,研究了寄生对小菜蛾幼虫精子发生的影响。结果表明：菜蛾啮小蜂寄生对寄主的精子发生过程没有影响。半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生造成寄主精母细胞的细胞核畸形,精细胞的染色质超浓缩并趋向核膜,但能形成少量的精子;半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生会导致寄主精巢总蛋白的含量显著下降。菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生对小菜蛾幼虫精子发生的抑制程度最强,被寄生寄主的精母细胞出现肿胀,核膜皱缩,胞质中的线粒体发生病变;精细胞的染色体也出现超浓缩并趋向核膜,大量的精子溶解,无正常的精子形成;其精巢总蛋白含量的下降程度比姬蜂寄生的更为明显,且导致分子量为63.4 kD的主蛋白缺失。     

菜蛾啮小蜂的生物学及温度对其 种群增长的影响

菜蛾啮小蜂Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) 是小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L. 的一种主要寄生天敌。观察表明,该蜂喜产卵于小菜蛾各龄幼虫,也可产卵于预蛹,进行幼虫至蛹期的跨期聚寄生。每头寄主蛹出蜂多为5～10头,平均7.8头,其中雌蜂占85%～90%。该蜂也可产卵于在小菜蛾幼虫体内寄生的菜蛾绒茧蜂高龄幼虫,故又是小菜蛾的兼性重寄生蜂。在杭州,每年该蜂在田间的活动期为4～10月,10月中下旬陆续以老熟幼虫或预蛹进入休眠越冬,第二年4月陆续羽化并开始产卵寄生。该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的适温范围为20～30℃,低于20℃或高于30℃对其存活不利,但在适温下发育羽化的雌蜂,短时间内在32～35℃高温下仍可大量产卵寄生。在20℃、25℃和30℃下,平均每雌一生可寄生小菜蛾幼虫数分别为3.1、13.2和6.8头,产子蜂数分别为20.5、92.1和504头,内禀增长率分别为0.082、0.240和0.263(雌/雌·天)。     

寄主龄期、过寄生和寄主饥饿处理对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂幼蜂及畸形细胞发育的影响

过寄生、寄生时寄主龄期和寄生后寄主饥饿处理影响菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae（Kurdj.）幼蜂及畸形细胞的发育。显微解剖和观察表明,4龄小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.幼虫被寄生后,其体内菜蛾盘绒茧蜂幼蜂发育不整齐、假寄生比例增高。过寄生后,每头被寄生的寄主血腔中畸形细胞数量明显增多,但直径变小;随着过寄生程度的加剧,幼蜂发育严重受阻。寄主营养显著影响体内幼蜂及畸形细胞的发育,被寄生的小菜蛾经饥饿处理62 h后,体内畸形细胞的数量、活性明显降低,与此同时,幼蜂的发育也受到明显抑制,寄主发育与寄生蜂和畸形细胞的发育呈正相关性。由此可见,寄主不同龄期、过寄生及寄主营养状况均对寄主体内幼蜂和畸形细胞发育产生影响。     

Possible bases of pseudoparasitism in Spodoptera littoralis larvae stung by Microplitis rufiventris

The effects of host age and parasitoid female age on the occurrence of 'Pseudoparasitism', using the Spodoptera littoralis-Microplitis rufiventris host-parasitoid system were investigated. The first four larval instars of the host are not equally suitable for parasitoid development. The proportion of pseudoparasitized hosts significantly increases when: (1) the age of the female parasitoid increases; (2) oviposition occurs mostly in fourth instar larvae; (3) a later age of the host instar is used; (4) the mandibles of the newly hatched parasitoid larvae mistakenly attack host interior organs (e.g. Malpighian tubules); and (5) an imperfect growth pattern of teratocytes occurs. The reluctance of female wasps to parasitize fourth instar host larvae is not due to the thickness of host cuticle but possibly due to the unfavourable physiological state of the host larvae. The age of host larvae at the time of parasitization may influence the adverse effects of parasitoid factors (e.g. polydnavirus, venom and teratocytes) on the growth of host larvae. It is suggested that females of M. rufiventris are able to determine the suitability of a potential host instar for the development of their offspring. The cell diameter of M. rufiventris teratocytes increases with increasing age of host larvae at the time of oviposition. The association within the host of living parasitoid larvae and functional teratocytes may be important for the survival of each other and consequently for successful parasitism.     

Developmental interaction between suboptimal instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and its parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)

Relative effects of parasitism by Microplitis rufiventris on the development of the third instar Spodoptera littoralis (preferable, optimal host) with the development of penultimate (5th) and last (6th) instars (suboptimal hosts) were investigated. Newly molted 6th instar hosts were more acceptable for parasitization by the wasp female than older hosts. In singly parasitized 3rd instar hosts, 82.0 +/- 3.9% of the parasitoid eggs developed to full-grown instar wasp larvae. However, parasitoid eggs deposited singly in 73.9 +/- 3.3% of 5th and 100% of 6th instar hosts failed to develop. Superparasitization in the 3rd instar hosts reduced the production of pseudoparasitized larvae and, conversely, all parasitized hosts yielded viable parasitoid offspring. In suboptimal hosts, the development interaction between the parasitoid and its host larvae was highly influenced by the age of hosts at parasitism, load of deposited eggs, and other parasitoid factors. The latter factors, e.g., mainly calyx fluid particles, might be involved in establishing parasitoid eggs in the suboptimal hosts. In the last two host instars, superparasitization significantly increased the number of parasitoid larvae successfully reaching their final instar. Variation in host quality, e.g., physiological status, might be attributed, in part, to the partial breakdown of the solitary habit observed in the earlier instars. More parasitoid eggs developed to mature parasitoid larvae in hosts superparasitized as 6th instar than parasitoid eggs laid in 5th instar hosts. Superparasitization significantly lengthened the developmental period of 5th and 6th host instars and inhibited their development to the pupal stage. Studying parasitoid development in suboptimal instars of its habitual host provided physiological insight, as shown here. The results may have implication for biological control and in vitro mass rearing programs with solitary parasitoids.     

Parasitic castration of Plutella xylostella larvae induced by polydnaviruses and venom of Cotesia vestalis and Diadegma semiclausum

In the present study, we used gamma-ray to irradiate the female parasitoids to make wasp eggs infertile, resulting in pseudoparasitization, which allowed the analysis of maternal secretions such as polydnaviruses (PDVs) and venom in the absence of larval secretions or teratocytes by the growing parasitoids. We then investigated the spermatogenesis and components of testicular proteins of male Plutella xylostella larvae pseudoparasitized by two endoparasitoids (Cotesia vestalis and Diadegma semiclausum). The results showed that pseudoparasitism by the two endoparasitoids at the early third instar host larvae both induced smaller testes in size than those of nonparasitized host larvae. Both of them caused parasitic castration, and the degree of castration is almost as severe as in naturally parasitized hosts. This suggested that PDVs and venom played a major role in the degeneration of host testes. There are significant differences in the degree of castration induced by the two endoparasitoids, with respect to testicular growth, testicular protein concentrations, and histological changes of germ cells. Cotesia vestalis bracovirus always has a significantly stronger effect on host testicular growth and development than D. semiclausum ichnovirus. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that synthesis of P 65 and P 67 proteins were clearly inhibited in testes of hosts that were pseudoparasitized by C. vestalis while reduction in synthesis of other proteins was not evident.     

Effects of parasitization or injection of parasitoid-derived factors from the endoparasitic wasp Glyptapanteles porthetriae (Hym., Braconidae) on the development of the larval host, Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae)

Second instar larvae of Lymantria dispar were parasitized or injected with parasitoid-derived factors such as venom, calyx fluid or parasitoid eggs from Glyptapanteles porthetriae . Growth and development of the host larvae were affected in all different groups compared to control larvae of the same age, injected with Ringer solution. The greatest impact on host growth and on the duration of the 3rd instar was caused by injecting parasitoid eggs. Treated larvae showed melanized capsules or nodules in the hemocoel. While the wasp age had no effect on parasitization efficiency or on the percentage of melanized particles in the hemocoel, significantly more encapsulations were found in larvae parasitized by old wasps as opposed to young wasps. Superparasitization (double or quadruple oviposition) increased the parasitization efficiency markedly. While none of the control larvae showed melanized particles, in the groups of single and superparasitized (2× and 4×) hosts a high percentage of melanized particles (capsules and nodules) occurred.     

Inhibition of juvenile hormone esterase activity in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) larvae parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

Glyptapanteles liparidis is a gregarious, polydnavirus (PDV)-carrying braconid wasp that parasitizes larval stages of Lymantria dispar. In previous studies we showed that parasitized hosts dramatically increase juvenile hormone (JH) titers, whereas JH degradation is significantly inhibited in the hemolymph. Here we (i) quantified the effects of parasitism on JH esterase (JHE) activity in hemolymph and fat body of penultimate and final instars of L. dispar hosts and (ii) assessed the relative contribution of individual and combined wasp factors (PDV/venom, teratocytes, and wasp larvae) to the inhibition of host JHE activity. The effects of PDV/venom was investigated through the use of gamma-irradiated wasps, which lay non-viable eggs (leading to pseudoparasitization), while the effects of teratocytes and wasp larvae were examined by injection or insertion of these two components in either control or pseudoparasitized L. dispar larvae. Parasitism strongly suppressed host JHE activity in both hemolymph and fat body irrespective of whether the host was parasitized early (premolt-third instar) or late (mid-fourth instar). Down-regulation of JHE activity is primarily due to the injection of PDV/venom at the time of oviposition, with only very small additive effects of teratocytes and wasp larvae under certain experimental conditions. We compare the results with those reported earlier for L. dispar larvae parasitized by G. liparidis and discuss the possible role of JH alterations in host development disruption.     

Host regulation effects on Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae inducd by teratocytes of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae-Hymenoptera,Braconidae)

Teratocytes deriving from the serosal membrane of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, obtained “in vitro” from embryos hatched on a semidefined medium, were injected at different numbers and in different developmental stages of nonparasitized Heliothis virescens (F.) last instar larvae. Host development was affected by teratocyte injections and the responses registered ranged from normal to complete inhibition of pupation, according to the number of teratocytes injected and the developmental stage of the larva at time of injection. Complete pupation failure was observed when teratocytes derived from 4C nigriceps embryos were injected into 1st day 5th instar (new-slender stage) host larvae. Complete pupation occurred when teratocytes from 2 embryos were injected into 3rd or 4th day 5th instars (burrow-digging or day 1 cell formation stage). Intermediate responses, such as the formation of pupal cuticle without ecdysis or with only partial ecdysis, were obtained with intermediate teratocyte numbers, or host developmental stages. All pupae derived from teratocyte injected larvae failed to develop into adults normally obtained from control injected larvae. The larval weight just before pupation was negatively affected only when teratocyte injections were performed on 1st day 5th instar H. virescens larvae. Teratocyte injections altered the hemolymph protein titer to a level similar to that occurring in parasitized larvae. At the same time the ecdysteroid titer was characterized by a late significant increase, which reached values almost 3 times greater than found in normally parasitized larvae, and also surpassed the highest values registered for nonparasitized larvae. Ligation of parasitized larvae between the meso- and metathorax demonstrated that when the prothoracic glands were excluded, there was almost no ecdysteroid production posterior to the ligation. Ligations performed on parasitized larvae to isolate parasitoid eggs before hatching in the last abdominal segments, demonstrated that only virus and venom determined a reduction of the ecdysteroid titer. On the basis of these results the possible role of teratocytes in affecting the biological activity of ecdysteroids is postulated and discussed in a wider context of host-parasitoid physiological interactions.     

Resistance of Apanteles eggs to the haemocytic encapsulation by their habitual host, Pieris

The calyx fluid in the lateral oviduct of a gregarious parasitoid, Apanteles glomeratus contained ellipsoid particles of ca. 130 × 200 nm. These calyx fluid particles did not appear to be embedded in a fibrous outer layer on the surface of eggs in the lateral oviduct. They were not observed on the surfaces of the eggs 3 to 4 hr after being deposited into the host haemocoele. Oviposition experiments indicated that the occurrence of haemocytic defence reactions of the late 2nd instar larvae of the Pieris rapae crucivora against 1 st instar larvae of the parasitoid increased with a decreasing number of the parasitoid eggs introduced into a host, and that more than 5 to 9 parasitoid eggs were needed for suppressing the ability of the host to encapsulate its parasitoid larvae immediately after hatching. When eggs with calyx fluid obtained from egg reservoir were injected into the host, they were found to be encapsulated 1 to 2 days after the injection. They could not start their embryonic development. When calyx fluid-free 3-hr-old eggs were injected in a number of more than 5 eggs into a 5th instar larva of Pieris, 58% of 31 eggs injected had normally hatched without evoking encapsulation reactions by the host. Both electron microscopic observations of parasitoid eggs in the host haemocoele and the experimental results suggested that calyx fluid or calyx fluid particles of the parasitoid might not be involved in the encapsulation-inhibiting activity of the parasitoid eggs. Rather it was anticipated that a substance (or substances) might be secreted by the parasitoid eggs into the haemocoele of the host, which suppressed defence reactions of the host.     

黄腹潜蝇茧蜂寄生因子的特性及其对寄主的生理效应

初步研究了黄腹潜蝇茧蜂Opius caricivorae Fischer寄生因子的特性及其对寄主美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard幼虫的生理效应。黄腹潜蝇茧蜂携带的主要因子是毒液。毒液器官是由一个土黄色的锥形毒囊和7个透明的椭圆形的毒腺及导管构成的;毒液的电泳图谱显示约有12条蛋白带,其中绝大多数低于100 kD,含量最高的3条蛋白带为43.5、25.9和20.1 kD;杜氏腺约有15条左右蛋白质条带,其中有5条含量很高（121.4、77.0、51.5、42.7和36.5 kD）。通过透射电镜观察,在黄腹潜蝇茧蜂毒腺分泌细胞和卵巢表皮细胞中新发现存在一种类病毒颗粒,这些球状颗粒直径大约为50 nm。雌蜂经Co60辐射处理后再寄生（即假寄生）3龄寄主幼虫,被寄生后的寄主依然能正常化蛹,但不能羽化;7 h后寄生体壁开始出现红斑;脂肪体形态结构无显著变化;绝大多数的蜂卵没有被包囊。推测在正常寄生的情况下可能是毒液抑制了寄主的包囊作用,而新发现的类病毒颗粒是否参与了这一过程目前还不清楚。     

Effects of the parasitization of a braconid, Apanteles, on the blood of its host, Pieris

Parasitization of a braconid wasp, Apanteles glomeratus, of larvae of a common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, caused changes in differential haemocyte count (DHC), total haemocyte count (THC), and encapsulative capacity against dead eggs of Apanteles in the fourth and fifth instar host larvae.However, no correlation could be found between the number of Apanteles eggs deposited and THC of the middle fourth instar host larvae or between the number of parasitoid larvae and specific gravity of the haemolymph from the late fifth instar host larvae.From the changes in DHC and in THC of both non-parasitized and parasitized Pieris larvae, an increase in the number of plasmatocytes of non-parasitized Pieris larvae in the early fourth instar period was supposed to be due to transformation of prohaemocytes into plasmatocytes, and a low population of plasmatocytes of parasitized larvae in the comparable period was assumed to be due to a suppression of transformation of prohaemocytes by some factor released from the parasitoid eggs.Failure of the parasitized fourth instar Pieris larvae to encapsulate injected dead eggs of Apanteles indicated that the parasitoid embryos were, in some way, actively inhibiting the encapsulation reactions of the host.The increase in THC of the parasitized fifth instar larvae could not be ascribed to a decrease in the volume of host haemolymph. Rather it could be interpreted by a suppression of adhesive capacity of haemocytes in the host haemocoel to tissue surfaces.Reduced encapsulative capacity of the parasitized fifth instar larvae might be attributed either to a depression of the adhesive activity of plasmatocytes resulting from a depletion of energy source for haemocytes in the host haemolymph by parasitization, or from an active suppression of adhesiveness of the plasmatocytes by secretions from ‘giant cells’ (teratocytes) originated from the parasitoid.