鼻部固定型孢子丝菌病1例

报道1例猫抓后引起的固定型孢子丝菌病.患者男,16岁,皮损表现为鼻翼部位的增生物,其上覆有脓痂.临床上易与细菌感染混淆,但根据患者的病史、临床表现、病理、真菌镜检及培养诊断为申克孢子丝菌引起的孢子丝菌病.患者在应用7个月的碘化钾结合特比萘芬软膏外用治疗后,皮损完全消失.     

申克孢子丝菌菌丝相至酵母相转化的实验研究

目的观察申克孢子丝菌菌丝相向酵母相转化的形态学变化并初步研究连续传代后菌株转化为酵母相的百分率。方法将95株申克孢子丝菌临床株于脑心浸液琼脂培养基上连续传代至酵母相,利用显微镜及血细胞计数板计数菌丝和孢子比例并记录显微镜下形态。结果 95株申克孢子丝菌中,经1次传代即成功转化有23株,经2次传代有14株,经3次传代有10株,经4次传代有6株,4次传代后总计55.8%实验菌株转化为酵母相。结论部分申克孢子丝菌由菌丝相向酵母相转化需经过连续多次传代,连续传代增加了菌丝相至酵母相的转化率。     

Monoclonal antibodies against peptidorhamnomannans of Scedosporium apiospermum enhance the pathogenicity of the fungus

Scedosporium apiospermum is part of the Pseudallescheria-Scedosporium complex. Peptidorhamnomannans (PRMs) are cell wall glycopeptides present in some fungi, and their structures have been characterized in S. apiospermum, S. prolificans and Sporothrix schenckii. Prior work shows that PRMs can interact with host cells and that the glycopeptides are antigenic. In the present study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, IgG1) to S. apiospermum derived PRM were generated and their effects on S. apiospermum were examined in vitro and in vivo. The mAbs recognized a carbohydrate epitope on PRM. In culture, addition of the PRM mAbs increased S. apiospermum conidia germination and reduced conidial phagocytosis by J774.16 macrophages. In a murine infection model, mice treated with antibodies to PRM died prior to control animals. Thus, PRM is involved in morphogenesis and the binding of this glycopeptide by mAbs enhanced the virulence of the fungus. Further insights into the effects of these glycopeptides on the pathobiology of S. apiospermum may lead to new avenues for preventing and treating scedosporiosis.     

申克孢子丝菌毒力因子及宿主抗感染免疫的研究进展

申克孢子丝菌是一种重要的双相型真菌,其引起的孢子丝菌病是一种常见的侵袭性皮肤感染.研究该菌毒力因子及宿主对其抗感染免疫对于深入了解其致病性及防治该病具有重要意义.该文介绍了申克孢子丝菌毒力因子及宿主对其抗感染免疫方面的研究进展.     

Effect of genetic modifications by selection for immunological tolerance on fungus infection in mice

Two strains of mice genetically selected for extreme phenotypes of immunological tolerance to ovalbumin, susceptible (TS) and resistant (TR), were experimentally infected with Sporothrix schenckii. The objective was to observe whether the genetic modifications produced by the selection might be associated with interstrain differences in adaptive immune and innate responses to infection. Therefore, we evaluated the LD(50), CFU, phagocytic index, fungicidal activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, specific antibody titres, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity. TR mice were tenfold more susceptible to infection than TS mice, as shown by LD(50) (5 x 10(6) conidia i.v.). In TS mice, the resistance was a consequence of the tissue fungal load reduction, consistent specific T-cell-mediated immunity, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha activity at onset of infection. In TR mice, these responses were not precociously detected. Therefore, the absence of CD4(+) T-cell response in the first week of infection might explain the non-clearance of pathogen in TR mice. However, TR mice did show an increase in TNF level and delayed-type hypersensitivity response after the first week post-infection; there was also expansion and increase in granulomatous foci and CFU in the spleen. The expansion of granulomatous foci and the increase in TNF-alpha and tissue fungal load to damaging levels induced severe tissue destruction, general failure of the organs, cachexy and death in TR mice. The results show that genetic selection for extreme phenotypes of immunological tolerance also modified the responses to S. schenckii infection.     

Variants of Sporothrix schenckii with attenuated virulence for mice

Strains of Sporothrix schenckii preserved under mineral oil were examined for virulence in BALB/c mice. The mice were inoculated with S. schenckii conidia and development of cutaneous lesions, signs of inactivity, weight loss, survival rates, number of viable yeast cells in lung and spleen, splenomegaly and organ lesions were evaluated. After intravenous injection of 7.5 x 10(6) conidia, two of five S. schenckii strains were unable to induce systemic disease and to kill the mice, only producing cord-like lesions on the tail that regressed with mouse maturation. Very small numbers of viable cells isolated from the spleen confirmed the lower invasive ability of these strains when compared with other strains studied here. These results suggest a relationship between the attenuation of virulence and the storage method under mineral oil after long periods of time.     

申克孢子丝菌感染诊治1例

通过1例16岁女孩由申克孢子丝菌导致的皮下孢子丝菌病,口服伊曲康唑治疗有效,回顾申克孢子丝菌的实验室检验方法 ,以此来提高孢子丝菌感染的诊断水平。     

Sporotrichosis in patient with AIDS: report of a case and review

Although sporotrichosis is not an AIDS-defining infection, reports of sporotrichosis in individuals infected with HIV are increasing. We report an unusual case of this co-infection in a man with progressive deep cutaneous ulcerations with numerous pleomorphic yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii. In addition a review of the literature on this subject was carried out and commented upon.     

Cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in a HIV patient

A male patient with HIV and past history of tuberculosis and suspected neurotoxoplasmosis was admitted to the hospital with vomiting and small nodules through all his body. Few of the nodules were found forming chains of enlarged lymphatic vessels, especially on lesions located on the limbs. Some of the nodules were ulcerated with a serosanguineous discharge. Collected samples from ulcerated and the nodular lesions showed the presence of Sporothrix schenckii in culture. Although all hemocultures were negative, a spinal fluid collected from this patient and cultures from the cutaneous lesions were both positive for S. schenckii. The patient showed improvement after treatment with Amphotericin B. Sadly, he later died of complications not related to the S. schenckii infection. This case of disseminated sporotrichosis is a remainder that in patients with immunological disorders exotic forms of this fungal clinical entity could be expected.     

Immune Response Against Sporothrix schenckii in TLR-4-Deficient Mice

For many fungal diseases, macrophages are the major cell population implicated in host protection, primarily by their ability to eliminate the invading fungal pathogen through phagocytosis. In sporotrichosis, this remains true, because of macrophages’ ability to recognize Sporothrix schenckii through specific receptors for some of the fungus’ cellular surface constituents. Further confirmation for macrophages’ pivotal role in fungal diseases came with the identification of toll-like receptors, and the subsequent numerous associations found between TLR-4 deficiency and host susceptibility to diverse fungal pathogens. Involvement of TLR-4 in immune response against sporotrichosis has been conducted to investigate how TLR-4 signaling could affect inflammatory response development through evaluation of H2O2 production and IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β release during the course of S. schenckii infection on TLR-4-deficient mice. The results showed that macrophages are largely dependent on TLR-4 for inflammatory activation and that in the absence of TLR-4 signaling, increased TGF-β release may be one of the contributing factors for the abrogated inflammatory activation of peritoneal exudate cells during mice sporotrichosis.     

伊曲康唑联合特比萘芬治疗孢子丝菌病疗效及其对病原真菌体外抗菌活性研究

目的 初步探讨伊曲康唑和特比萘芬联合治疗孢子丝菌病的疗效,评价两药体外联合对申克孢子丝菌菌丝相和酵母相的抗菌活性.方法 口服伊曲康唑200mg/d和特比萘芬250mg/d治疗孢子丝菌病;体外联合药敏试验采用棋盘微量稀释法,计算分数抑菌浓度(FIC)指数判定两药相互作用具有协同、拮抗或无关作用.结果 伊曲康唑和特比萘芬联...     

Taxonomy and phylogeny of new wood- and soil-inhabiting Sporothrix species in the Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii complex

Sporothrix, one of the anamorph genera of Ophiostoma, includes the important human pathogen S. schenckii and various fungi associated with insects and sap stain of wood. A survey of fungi from wood utility poles in South Africa yielded two distinct groups of Sporothrix isolates from different geographical areas. DNA sequence and morphological data derived in this study showed that isolates in these groups represent two novel species in the S. schenckii-O. stenoceras species complex. A new species isolated from pine poles and rosebush wood and phylogenetically closely related to S. pallida is described here as Sporothrix stylites. Phylogenetic analyses also confirmed the synonymy of S. albicans and S. nivea with S. pallida. Sporothrix stylites and S. pallida also are related closely to the isolates from soil, previously treated as "environmental" isolates of S. schenckii. Soil isolates are clearly distinct from human isolates of S. schenckii. We describe the former here as Sporothrix humicola. The isolates from eucalypt poles group peripheral to most other species in the S. schenckii-O. stenoceras complex and are newly described as Sporothrix lignivora. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of isolates from soil and wood together with those of clinical isolates showed that the human-pathogenic strains form an aggregate of several cryptic species.     

Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from environmental samples in Venezuela

The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis frequently found in Latin America. The isolation of this fungus from the environment and other sources has been widely reported. Nevertheless, to our knowledge this fungus has not been isolated from the endemic areas of Venezuela. In studies related to a clinical case of sporotrichosis in "Colonia Tovar", produced by traumatism after manipulating soil samples, the fungus was isolated from the soil of that particular area. This is the first report of the isolation of S. schenckii from environmental sources in an endemic area of Venezuela.     

Interaction with Pantoea agglomerans Modulates Growth and Melanization of Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii

Mycopathologia - Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii stand as the most virulent agents of sporotrichosis, a worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis. The origin of Sporothrix...     

Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Case Report from Extreme Southern Italy

Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infection rarely encountered in European countries, including Italy. We describe lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent 64-year-old male Italian mason. The patient had linear nodules along the right upper arm with severe lymphadenopathy in the same arm. Sporothrix schenckii was identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. Treatment with itraconazole and methylprednisolone followed by administration of itraconazole alone successfully cured the infection. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of sporotrichosis from Calabria and Sicily, extreme southern Italy.     

Sporotrichosis in Iran

This report describes a 23 year-old male florist gardener diagnosed with subcutaneous sporotrichosis caused by the dimorphic pathogenic soil fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The patient had several small skin lesions over the left upper arm with ascendant chains of enlarged lymph nodes.Sporothrix schenckii was detected from clinical samples by direct microscopy and culture and its ability to switch from mould to yeast form at 37 degrees C. The patient was successfully treated with long-term potassium iodide and advised to wear gloves and long sleeves when handling any kind of plant material.     

申克孢子丝菌酵母相和菌丝相cDNA消减文库的构建

目的 筛选与申克孢子丝菌酵母相与菌丝相双相转换相关的差异表达基因,为探讨其双相转换的分子的机制奠定基础.方法 应用抑制性消减杂交技术,构建高特异性的申克孢子丝菌菌丝相（mycelium,M）和酵母相（yeast,Y）的正反cDNA消减文库,并对其差异表达的基因进行生物信息学分析.结果 M＋Y文库获得751条表达序列标签,平均长度为690.98 bp,经拼接后获得101条非冗余序列.Y＋M文库获得875条表达序列标签,平均长度为575.9 bp,拼接获得249条非冗余序列.经BLASTN比对,这些差异表达基因中,某些结构基因和功能不明的细胞分子类基因可能与双相转换有关.结论 成功构建了高特异性的申克孢子丝菌菌丝相和酵母相的正反cDNA 消减文库,为进一步筛选申克孢子丝菌的双相转换基因奠定了基础.     

Fungicin M4: a narrow spectrum peptide antibiotic from Bacillus licheniformis M-4

The strain Bacillus licheniformis M-4 produces a 3.4 kDa hydrophilic peptide with antifungal activity, named fungicin M4. Analysis of the purified peptide shows that it contains the amino acids Glu (8), Arg (5), Pro (4), Tyr (8), Val (3), Met (2) and Orn (4). Its inhibitory spectrum is restricted to Microsporum canis CECT 2797, Mucor mucedo CECT 2653, Mucor plumbeus CCM F 443, Sporothrix schenckii CECT 2799, Bacillus megaterium and Corynebacterium glutamicum CECT 78. Fungicin M4 exerts biocidal activity on liquid cultures of Sporothrix schenckii CECT 2799.     

儿童孢子丝菌病的临床分析及致病菌的基因型检测

目的 对吉林省扶余县35例儿童孢子丝菌病进行临床分析并对部分菌株进行基因测定,了解该地区孢子丝菌病的致病菌菌株基因是否发生变异而致致病力增强及发病率增高.方法 收集2011年1月1日～4月30日来自扶余县就诊于我科并确诊为孢子丝菌病的患儿35例,进行临床分析;从中选取8株菌,对其核糖体保守区及内转录间隔区(ITS)、非转录间隔区(NTS)区进行基因测定,了解基因水平上的异同.结果 8株孢子丝菌菌株中5株NTS区可见较大范围的碱基缺失.结论 吉林省扶余县孢子丝菌菌株可能由于NTS区碱基较大范围缺失而致致病力增强,导致该地区短时间内发病率增高.