米黑毛霉(M.miehei)天冬氨酸蛋白酶的研究

用硫酸铵分部盐析及离子交换层析技术从米黑毛霉半固体培养物的浸提液中提纯了天冬氨酸蛋白酶,酶活力收率为19.5％,,比活力达3080SU/mg蛋白,提纯8.5倍。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、SDS-凝胶电泳、等电聚焦、双向免疫扩散及免疫电泳等方法鉴定该酶均一。本文还报道了关于该酶生化性质、动力学性质及化学修饰的研究结果。该酶以天冬氨酸为其活性的必需基团,系一典型的天冬氨酸蛋白酶。     

亲和层析法分离纯化猪肺血管紧张素转换酶

亲和胶合成实验以双环氧化合物1,4-丁二醇-2-缩水甘油醚(1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether)为活化体及连接臂,在硼氢化钠(NaBH)存在的碱性条件下,将载体Sepharose CL―4B与雷诺普利(lisinopril)共价连接在一起,成功合成亲和层析胶,并利用亲和层析胶对猪肺血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE）进行分离提纯.猪肺组织匀浆经1.6～2.6 mol/L硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析平衡、亲和柱分离等步骤,从200 g猪肺中提纯得到0.79 mg ACE蛋白,酶活力回收11.9％,比活力38.8 U/mg.与层析前的酶液比较,亲和层析一步提纯可达264倍;与肺匀浆液比较提纯达808倍.SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳可见,提纯的猪肺ACE为一条带,分子质量约为180 ku.     

黄姑鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶的纯化及其某些性质

用亲和层析方法纯化了黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)肌肉胆碱酯酶。结合在膜上的胆碱酯酶用两种非离子型表面活性剂的混合液抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、再经一次亲和层析,共提纯11,800倍,最高比活力达2180活力单位/毫克蛋白,总活力回收约20%。纯化后的酶用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,除部分酶蛋白留在原点外,在凝胶内为单一蛋白染色区带,具有酶活力。SephadexG-200凝胶过滤得两个酶活力峰。亲和吸附剂在八个月内反复使用近20次,性能不变。对酶的一般性质作了初步的研究。根据酶的底物专一性、受真性酶专一性抑制剂抑制作用的敏感性及过量底物抑制作用的存在,可以认为黄姑鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶基本上具有真性酶的特征。     

黄姑鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶的纯化及其某些性质

用亲和层析方法纯化了黄姑鱼(Nibea albifiora)肌肉胆碱酯酶。结合在膜上的胆碱酯酶用两种非离子型表面活性剂的混合液抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、再经一次亲和层析,共提纯11,800倍,最高比活力达2180活力单位/毫克蛋白,总活力回收约20%。纯化后的酶用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,除部分酶蛋白留在原点外,在凝胶内为单一蛋白染色区带,具有酶活力。SephadexG-200凝胶过滤得两个酶活力峰。亲和吸附剂在八个月内反复使用近20次,性能不变。对酶的一般性质作了初步的研究。根据酶的底物专一性、受真性酶专一性抑制剂抑制作用的敏感性及过量底物抑制作用的存在,可以认为黄姑鱼肌肉胆碱酯酶基本上具有真性酶的特征。     

脂蛋白代谢的研究——Ⅰ.脂蛋白脂肪酶的分离、提纯及其某些性质的研究

脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)是脂蛋白代谢中的关键酶之一。它分解富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白中的甘油三酯为甘油和脂肪酸。本文利用Heparin-Sepharose-Cl-6B亲合层析法直接分离、提纯了牛奶中的LPL。本方法操作简单,流程较短,分离效果较佳,重复性较好。提纯倍数为7,300,比活为14,000单位/毫克蛋白,回收率为13%左右。经鉴定在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中呈现一主要蛋白带,分子量为65,000道尔顿。酶反应的最适底物浓度为4～8毫克,最适pH为8.3～8.5。该酶能被VLDL和HDL激活,LDL和apoA-I无影响。鱼精蛋白和1.0M NaCl有抑制作用。肝素有降低该酶对抑制剂等不利因素的敏感性。牛奶LPL已初步应用于人血清脂蛋白代谢的研究。     

人肌型和脑型肌酸激酶的提纯与性质的比较

本文报道人肌型和脑型肌酸激酶的提纯方法和某些性质的比较。两种同工酶的提纯倍数分别达30.7和110倍,活力回收为48.3%和26%,比活力为113.5和90单位/毫克蛋白。提纯酶制剂在醋酸纤维薄膜电泳酶活力鉴定,均可见一条萤光带,在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳蛋白染色时,肌型为一条带,脑型为两条带。肌型和脑型肌酸激酶对底物ADP的k_m分别为0.5和0.25mM,对CrP的K_m分别为9.5和4.2mM。温度对它们影响的差别十分显著,将酶制剂在不同温度处理15分钟,在30～45℃间NMCK酶活力能保持在90%以上,而BBCK活力则呈直线下降。在45℃时BBCK则全部失活。如在37℃保温不同时间,MMCK保温8小时活力仍有80%,而BBCK半小时后活力即迅速下降,4小时后全部丧失。用碘代乙酸和酶作用时,发现两者活力均能显著被抑制。抑制作用在25分钟内均呈一级反应。但MMCK酶活力的半衰期为14分,而BBCK为5分。两种同工酶制剂在相似的蛋白浓度下随IAA浓度的增加MMCK的活力不能完全被抑制,而BBCK则可完全被抑制。ADP具有保护IAA抑制这两种同工酶酶活力的作用,但作用不完全相同。还比较了三种巯基化合物(DTT、巯基乙醇、CyS)对这两种同工酶的激活作用,发现这三种化合物对MMCK激活作用大于BBCK,尤以DTT为最显著。     

人肌型和脑型肌酸激酶的提纯与性质的比较

本文报道人肌型和脑型肌酸激酶的提纯方法和某些性质的比较。两种同工酶的提纯倍数分别达30.7和110倍,活力回收为48.3%和26%,比活力为113.5和90单位/毫克蛋白。提纯酶制剂在醋酸纤维薄膜电泳酶活力鉴定,均可见一条萤光带,在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳蛋白染色时,肌型为一条带,脑型为两条带。肌型和脑型肌酸激酶对底物ADP 的K_m 分别为0.5和0.25mM,对CrP 的K_m 分别为9.5和4.2mM。温度对它们影响的差别十分显著,将酶制剂在不同温度处理15分钟,在30～45℃间MMCK 酶活力能保持在90%以上,而BBCK 活力则呈直线下降。在45℃时BBCK 则全部失活。如在37℃保温不同时间,MMCK 保温8小时活力仍有80℃,而BBCK 半小时后活力即迅速下降,4小时后全部丧失。用碘代乙酸和酶作用时,发现两者活力均能显著被抑制。抑制作用在25分钟内均呈一级反应。但MMCK 酶活力的半衰期为14分,而BBCK 为5分。两种同工酶制剂在相似的蛋白浓度下随IAA 浓度的增加MMCK 的活力不能完全被抑制,而BBCK 则可完全被抑制。ADP具有保护IAA 抑制这两种同工酶酶活力的作用,但作用不完全相同。还比较了三种巯基化合物(DTT、巯基乙醇、CyS)对这两种同工酶的激活作用,发现这三种化合物对MMCK 激活作用大于BBCK,尤以DTT 为最显著。     

猕猴桃果实细胞中超氧化物歧化酶的纯化及性质研究

本文采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex G-100、DEAE-纤维索层析,首次从猕猴桃果实细胞中提纯了超氧化物歧化酶。并从不同角度鉴定了酶制备物的纯度,认为它达到均一程度,酶比活力为每毫克蛋白质1340单位;SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳为一条带,氨基酸末端为丙氨酸;酶亚基含氨基酸16种,大约由157种氨基酸残基组成;紫外可见光区最大吸收峰分别为270nm和676nm,同时,用金属Co和Zn对CuZn—SOD中金属离子进行了取代研究。     

铜离子螯合亲和层析纯化人铜锌超氧化物歧化酶

用铜离子螯合亲和层析对人红细胞铜锌超氧化物歧化酶进行了纯化．3次实验的结果表明,此项层析具有重复使用率高和蛋白结合量大的显著优点．提纯的人铜锌超氧化物歧化酶的比活性为3037U每毫克蛋白,并经活性染色和SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证实其纯度均一．纯化中,探索了用紫外260nm与280nm的A比值判断酶纯度的简便方法．     

BamHI DNA甲基化酶的提纯及物理化学性质

 通过硫酸铵盐析,DEAE-纤维素柱层析,磷酸纤维素亲和层析及SephadexG-100凝胶过滤法,从噬淀粉芽孢杆菌HI(Bacillus amyloliguefaciens HI)提纯了DNA甲基化酶。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检查,已达电泳均一,比活力提高了326倍。并用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳和Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤法测得其天然酶的分子量为273000,又用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得它的亚基分子量为34500,故该酶有8个分子量相同的亚基。用凝胶电聚焦法测得其pI_(22 c)=9.0。     

血管紧张素转换酶纯化与性质研究

为了深入了解猪肺血管紧张素转换酶 (angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)的性质和功能 ,对猪肺 ACE的分离纯化以及部分酶学性质进行了研究 .猪肺组织匀浆经 1 .6～ 2 .6mol/L硫酸铵分级沉淀等步骤后 ,利用亲和胶进行亲和层析分离 .2 0 0 g猪肺组织中提纯出 0 .79mg ACE,比活力 38.8U/mg,SDS- PAGE电泳鉴定为一条带 ,分子量约 1 80 k D,等电点 (p I)为 p H4.5,糖含量约 2 3.6% ,氨基酸组成分析发现猪肺 ACE分子中含有 1 346个氨基酸 ,其中酸性氨基酸含量较高 ,碘乙酸的修饰结果表明猪肺 ACE中巯基基团未参与酶的催化反应 .酶反应动力学结果显示 ,ACE催化 Fa PGG底物反应时的最适 p H大约为 p H 7.6,反应活化能 Ea=4.37× 1 0 4 J/mol,酶活性部位附近的组氨酸和具有类似 α-氨基性质的氨基酸可能参与了 ACE催化反应 .有关猪肺 ACE的基本生化性质、氨基酸组成以及酶学性质的结果 ,为今后深入研究奠定了基础 .     

Purification and study of the physicochemical properties of angiotensin converting enzyme from the human liver

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from human liver was first purified 9000-fold by chromatofocusing with 22% yield. The enzyme had a specific activity of 10 U/mg. The enzyme molecular weight was 150000, as determined by electrophoresis in a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme pI determined by chromatofocusing was 4.2-4.3. KM of human liver ACE, measured using hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-histidyl-L-leucine as substrates, was 5 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively. Human liver ACE was inhibited by SQ 20881 with IC50 equal to 1.8 X 10(-8) M.     

Isolation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) binding protein from human serum with an ACE affinity column.

Immobilized angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was utilized as an affinity ligand to isolate a naturally occurring ACE binding protein from normal human serum. The enzyme was isolated from solubilized bovine lung membrane preparations by lisinopril affinity chromatography. It had an estimated molecular weight of 180 000 and was recognized by the anti-ACE antibody for the rabbit testicular ACE in immunoblots. ACE was immobilized onto epoxy Sepharose as well as Affi-Gel 15. Immobilized ACE on Affi-Gel 15 had higher catalytic activity (0.176 U/mL) compared with the enzyme immobilized on epoxy Sepharose (0.00005 U/mL). Immobilized ACE served as the affinity ligand for the identification of the ACE binding protein in human serum with an estimated molecular weight of 14 000 as observed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The identification and further characterization of ACE binding proteins in serum and tissues may facilitate the greater understanding of the endogenous regulation of this key enzyme, which is involved in blood pressure homeostasis.     

Purified guanylate cyclase: characterization, iodination and preparation of monoclonal antibodies

Guanylate cyclase was purified from the soluble fraction of rat lung using a modification of procedures published previously. The purified enzyme exhibited specific activities, at pH 7.6, of 219-438 nmoles/mg protein/min and 34-60 nmoles/mg protein/min with Mn2+ and Mg2+ as cation cofactors, respectively. The specific activity changed as a function of the protein concentration due to a change in Vmax with no alteration of the Km for GTP. The enzyme migrated as a single band coincident wih guanylate cyclase activity on nondenaturing polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing gels (isoelectric point = 5.9). Purified guanylate cyclase had an apparent molecular weight of 150,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed a single subunit of 72,000 daltons, suggesting that the enzyme is a dimer of an identical subunit. The purified enzyme could be activated by nitric oxide, indicating that this compound interacts directly with the enzyme.     

Isolation and properties of the angiotensin-converting enzyme from human lungs

Using chromatofocusing, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) has been isolated from human lung. The procedure allows for 24 300-fold purification of the enzyme. The enzyme specific activity is 36.3 u. per mg protein; Mr as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 150 000. The lung enzyme after solubilization by trypsin treatment was found to be heterogeneous. Four isoforms of the enzyme with pI 5.3, 4.9, 4.8 and 4.6 were identified. The pH-optimum for the enzyme with respect to hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine hydrolysis lies at 8.3; Km = 2.8 mM. The effect of Cl- on the enzyme activity was studied. It was found that the bradykinin-potentiating factor (SQ 20 881) inhibits the human lung angiotensin-converting enzyme (I50 = 1.6 X 10(-8) M).     

Purification of soluble guanylate cyclase from rat lung.

The soluble form of guanylate cyclase from rat lung has been purified approximately 23,000-fold to homogeneity by isoelectric precipitation, GTP-Sepharose chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis. A single protein-staining band is observed after analytical gel electrophoresis on either 4 or 7.5% polyacrylamide gels. The final purified enzyme has a specific activity of about 700 nmol of cyclic GMP formed/min/mg of protein at 37 degrees C in the presence of 4.8 mM MnCl2 and 100 micrometer GTP. Bovine serum albumin appears to slightly increase guanylate cyclase activity, but mainly stabilizes the purified enzyme; in its presence, specific activities in excess of 1 mumol of cyclic GMP formed/min/mg of enzyme protein can be obtained. When Mg2+ or Ca2+ are substituted for Mn2+, specific activities decrease to approximately 21 and 40 nmol of cyclic GMP formed/min/mg of protein, respectively. The apparent Michaelis constant for MnGTP in the presence of 4.8 mM MnCl2 is 10.2 micrometer. Kinetic patterns on double reciprocal plots as a function of free Mn2+ are concave downward. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 151,000 as determined on Sephacryl S-200; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results in two protein-staining bands with approximate molecular weights of 79,400 and 74,000. Thus, it appears that the soluble form of guanylate cyclase from rat lung exists as a dimer.     

Preparation of pancreatin and purification of lipase from hog pancreas

Pancreatin containing high activities of proteolytic enzymes, amylase and lipase was prepared from optimally autolyzed hog pancreas. About one hundred grams of pancreatin were obtained from one kilogram of hog pancreas. Lipase was purified from the pancreatin preparation through steps of mild alkaline solution extraction, removing proteolytic enzymes by affinity adsorption, first ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and secondary ammonium sulfate fractionation. By these steps, the purity of the enzyme increased 14 fold and the recovery of the enzyme activity was 33%. The purified lipase was not homogeneous and contained several contaminating proteins when examined by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Purification and renaturation of Dictyostelium recombinant alkaline phosphatase by continuous elution electrophoresis

A 1583 bp fragment of Dictyostelium alp cDNA (94% of the gene) was cloned in pET32a+. The enzyme was expressed in an inactive form in the inclusion body of the expression host BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL. The recombinant ALP constituted more than 50% of the total protein in the inclusion body and 25-30% of the total protein in the expression host after 3 h induction with IPTG at 37 degrees C. A continuous elution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedure was used to purify the recombinant enzyme. This technique yielded a homogeneous protein that retained enzymatic activity after dialysis without further treatment. A yield of 5mg per liter of culture broth was obtained with a specific activity of approximately 0.7 nmol/min/mg protein (0.7 mU/mg). Immunoinhibition studies using a polyclonal antibody produced against the recombinant protein showed complete inhibition of enzymatic activity when the enzyme was preincubated with the antibody at a 1:1000 dilution. The enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of approximately 9.0. The substrate specificity indicated that the Dictyostelium enzyme is a typical broad range alkaline phosphatase.     

PURIFICATION OF L-GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE FROM CATFISH BRAIN

—L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) from brain of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) has been purified to homogeneity by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, calcium phosphate gel and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purity of the enzyme preparation was established by showing that on both 7.5% regular and 3.7–15% gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme migrated as a single protein band which contained all the enzyme activity. The molecular weight of the purified GAD was estimated by gel filtration and gradient polyacrylamide gel to be 84,000 ± 2000 and 90,000 ± 4000, respectively. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three major proteins with molecular weights of 22,000 ± 2000, 40,000 ± 5000 and 90, 000 ± 6000 which may represent a monomer, dimer, and tetramer. Antibodies against the purified enzyme were obtained from rabbit after four biweekly injections with a total of 80 μg of the enzyme. A double immunodiffusion test using these antibodies and a crude extract from catfish brains showed only a single, sharp precipitin band which still retained the enzyme activity, suggesting that the precipitin band was indeed a GAD-anti-GAD complex. In an enzyme inhibition study, a maximum inhibition of 60–70% was obtained at a ratio of GAD protein/anti-GAD serum of about 1:1.6. Furthermore, the precipitate from the GAD-anti-GAD incubation mixture also contained the enzyme activity, suggesting that the antibody was specific to GAD and that the antigen used was homogeneous. Advantages and drawbacks of the purification procedures described here and those used for mouse brain preparations are also discussed.     

Purification and properties of peroxidase from Pinus pinaster needles

Peroxidase (Ec 1.11.1.7) was purified from needles of Pinus pinaster to apparent homogeneity by DE-52 cellulose chromatography with a final recovery of enzyme activity of about 85%. The purified enzyme (A402/A275 = 1.05) had a specific activity of about 948 U/mg of protein and ran as a single protein band both on SDS-PAGE and native PAGE with Mr of 37,000 and 151,000, respectively. Both native PAGE and isoelectric focusing gels of the purified enzyme were stained for activity which coincided with the protein band. The pI of the purified enzyme was found to be 3.2 by isoelectric focusing on an ultrathin polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme has an optimum pH of activity of 5.0 and temperature optimum of 30 degrees C. Stability studies of the enzyme as a function of pH and temperature suggest that it is most stable at pH 5.0 and 0-40 degrees C, respectively.