内蒙古典型草原不同围封年限样地访花昆虫多样性

本文对内蒙古锡林郭勒退化典型草原围封样地,1983年围封禁牧区域(A样地)、1996年围封禁牧区域(B样地)和未围封的自由放牧区(C样地)的访花昆虫群落多样性及时序特征、访花频率进行了研究。结果表明:在3个样地共采集到访花昆虫成虫标本2131头,隶属7目71科,共183种;其中,A样地有7目60科154种1133头,B样地有6目59科158种847头,C样地有3目13科21种151头;A样地访花昆虫的数量最多,B样地访花昆虫的种类最多,C样地访花昆虫的种类与数量均最少;B样地7月份的访花昆虫Shannon多样性指数(3.12)、Pielou均匀度指数(0.86)和Margalef丰富度指数(7.16)均最高;C样地6月份的访花昆虫Berger-Parker优势度指数(0.15)最高。访花昆虫的Shannon多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数随月份的变化趋势一致,而与Berger-Parker优势度指数相反;通过Jaccard群落相似性系数计算可知,A样地与B样地的访花昆虫Jaccard群落相似性系数(0.25)最高;A样地与C样地的访花昆虫群落相似性系数(0.16)最低;不同样地各月份的优势开花植物的优势访花昆虫不同,访花频率也不同。     

荔枝果园植物群落动态变化及其对昆虫多样性的影响

果园生态系统的植物多样性是害虫天敌多样性的基础。以广西横县境内莲州路荔枝果园为样本,调查其中草本植物的种类和数量,从群落物种的4个特征指数(丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势集中性指数)来分析果园植被多样性状况及季节性变化规律;同时调查分析果园栖生昆虫的种类、数量和4个相关性指数,探讨果园植被多样性与昆虫多样性的相关关系。结果表明,4～9月间,果园植物多样性指数在0.842～1.370之间;物种均匀度指数在0.445～0.659之间;优势集中性指数在0.326～0.518之间。昆虫与植被多样性指数峰值出现的时间基本同步,都在5～6月间。植被多样性指数较小起伏可导致昆虫多样性指数较大波动,说明栖息地植被多样性变化对昆虫群落的结构和组成产生较大影响,昆虫多样性与栖息地植被多样性密切相关。     

武汉市湿地公园昆虫群落多样性及季节动态研究

本文系统调查了武汉市解放公园和月湖公园人工湿地区不同季节、不同植物类群昆虫群落多样性,共采集昆虫标本7313头,隶属于13目、81科、198种。群落特征研究结果显示9月为昆虫多样性最高的月份,Shan-non-Wiener指数分别为解放公园4.7949,月湖公园4.4611;昆虫群落的季节变化情况是温度升高,多样性指数升高,但温度过高会抑制昆虫多样性;不同植物种类间昆虫多样性差别很大,种类极不相似,昆虫群落多样性最高的植物群落是千屈菜。     

南京老山地区鞘翅目昆虫多样性及区系分析

南京老山地区动植物资源丰富,但迄今尚无对老山鞘翅目昆虫多样性的系统研究。为了解南京老山地区鞘翅目昆虫种类、群落结构及分布状况,于2020年和2021年在老山地区对鞘翅目昆虫种类的多样性进行调查,统计分析鞘翅目昆虫的种类及数量,并采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Simpson优势集中性指数对其群落多样性进行分析。结果显示,老山地区共鉴定出鞘翅目昆虫23科130属152种,从属种关系来看,该地区鞘翅目昆虫属内以单种为主。区系分析表明,该地区以东洋-古北界共有种和古北种为主,比例分别为46.05%和41.45%,东洋种最少,其比例为2.63%。对多样性、均匀度、丰富度及优势集中性的相关分析表明,老山地区鞘翅目昆虫群落结构稳定,物种丰富。本研究填补了老山地区鞘翅目昆虫资源及多样性调查的空白,为该地区鞘翅目昆虫的深入研究、多样性保护和害虫防治奠定了基础,可以为其它相关类群昆虫的调查、研究提供参考依据。     

沈阳地区稻田节肢动物群落结构及群落生态研究

通过对沈阳地区稻田生态系统节肢动物群落结构及群落生态研究。共查得。属昆虫纲的有10个目的29科66种,其中天敌昆虫种类有7目20科51种,属蜘蛛纲的有蜘蛛目10科20种。用空间及时间生态位分析了害虫与天敌两个营养阶层间的关系。稻田生态系统节肢动物的多样性指数、均匀度与优势度分析表明,各类群落受外界干扰都很敏感,且表现一致性。依据节肢动物群落的结构及规律,结合沈阳地区水稻生长、栽培条件,用最优分割方法将稻田群落分为4个阶段,并提出了不同阶段害虫群落特点及害虫防治对策。     

云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落多样性研究

为探究云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落结构及多样性,掌握昆虫群落多样性发展变化的时空动态,进一步明确紫花三叉白及害虫的种类和发生时间,为害虫防控提供理论参考依据,本研究采用棋盘式取样法,通过定时定点和大范围随机普查的方法,于2016年对云南省普洱市紫花三叉白及标记的样点进行了系统调查。调查期间共调查到节肢动物76种,分属于4纲12目56科。其中植食性节肢动物亚群落46种,分属于34科;捕食类节肢动物亚群落14种,分属于10科;寄生性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于8科;中性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于6科。其中科数及物种数最多为双翅目,个体数量最多的为膜翅目。对昆虫群落的多样性指数分析结果表明:双翅目昆虫群落丰富度最高,蜘蛛目优势度指数最高,多样性指数与均匀度均是膜翅目最高。时间上,6月物种数与多样性指数均最大,4月个体数量最多。不同类群分析结果为,植食性节肢动物群落物种数量最多,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定。通过黄板及扫网采集,物种数量的变化趋势与总群落变化趋势基本保持一致,总群落个体数与物种数的变化基本由黄板与扫网采集到的类群主导。通过调查及分析可知,紫花三叉白及节肢动物群落物种数量变化基本由植食类类群主导,节肢动物群落的稳定性较高,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定,非天敌亚群落的群落多样性与个体数量的变化趋势基本一致;物种丰富度与物种均匀度变化趋势基本一致;优势集中性与优势度随时间变化趋势基本一致。进入雨季之后,个体数量有较大幅度的降低,而持续性降雨与暴雨天气是导致个体数量迅速减少的重要因素。     

毛柄小勾儿茶伴生群落种类组成及多样性研究

通过野外实地调查对小勾儿茶变种毛柄小勾儿茶(Berchemiella wilsoniivar. pubipetiolata)伴生群落4个分布点(浙江省临安市湍口和马啸、安徽省霍山县马家河和舒城县万佛山)的种类组成及物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:(1)种类丰富,但含多属或多种的大科、大属的优势地位不明显,极小科(仅含1属)、极小属(仅含1种)所占比例大;(2)属的北温带分布类型最多,科的世界分布类型比例大,仅次于泛热带分布类型;(3)4个分布群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层优势度均很低;灌木层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较大,在4.13~4.49之间,乔木层和草本层较低。湍口、马家河、万佛山以灌木层Heip均匀度指数最大,马啸以乔木层均匀度指数最大;(4)马家河与万佛山之间的植物种类组成最相近,湍口与马啸也较相近;乔木层种类组成差异最大,灌木层最小。     

浙江主要桃产区桃园昆虫群落结构及多样性研究

为了探究浙江主要桃产区(嘉兴、富阳、奉化)桃园昆虫群落结构和多样性,本实验使用马来氏网法、灯诱法、黄盘法等采集各桃园昆虫,并鉴定到科、属、种,将其分为天敌类昆虫、害虫类昆虫,进而筛选出优势种等。结果显示,共采集昆虫标本23247号,其中嘉兴桃园13826号,富阳桃园5577号,奉化桃园3844号;鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、双翅目等为优势类群。不同桃园昆虫群落多样性(Shannon-Wiener)指数和均匀度指数为富阳奉化嘉兴,物种丰富度为富阳奉化嘉兴,优势集中性指数为富阳奉化嘉兴。稳定性分析的结果表明富阳桃园昆虫群落中,天敌类昆虫对害虫类昆虫能起到较好的调控,拥有较强的适应和抵抗外界干扰的能力。综合以上各项昆虫群落分析的结果,表明富阳桃园的昆虫群落稳定性最高。     

不同果园绿肥种植模式下昆虫功能团多样性分析

【目的】为明确苹果园种植绿肥后天敌昆虫与植食性害虫的发生动态。【方法】于2020年3-4月采用马氏网对陕西延安2种果园绿肥种植模式中的昆虫进行调查,并量化分析各昆虫功能团多样性及分布特征。【结果】共捕获4 428只昆虫,隶属于7目39科43种,其中绿肥油菜（YC）种植模式捕获26种1 046只昆虫,优势种为豌豆潜叶蝇Chromatomyia horticola。绿肥毛叶苕子（MS）种植模式捕获36种3 382只昆虫,优势种为瘿蚊Diarthronomyia chrysanthemi。油菜种植模式各功能团昆虫群落Shannon-Wiener多样性（F=24.68,P<0.000 1）及Sa/Si稳定性指数（F=16.24,P<0.000 1）均显著高于毛叶苕子种植模式。典范对应分析（CCA）表明毛叶苕子种植模式下捕食性天敌昆虫与植食性害虫物种数和个体数均高于油菜种植模式。【结论】油菜种植模式下昆虫群落稳定性更强;天敌昆虫与植食性害虫物种数相互制约,个体数存在相似消长规律。本研究明确了不同绿肥配置模式下果园昆虫分布特征及功能团多样性,为果园绿肥推广及有害生物绿色防控提供依据。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区实蝇多样性研究

2011年对南岭国家级自然保护区实蝇科昆虫进行了诱集采集,得到实蝇科昆虫标本1640号,隶属于2亚科11属19种。不同海拔高度实蝇科昆虫群落组成不同,在6个采样地中海拔最高点实蝇科昆虫种类和数量发生都较少。不同时间实蝇科群落组成及数量也呈现一定的差异。调查发现,7、8月份诱集的数量最多,分别为525头和537头。不同采样地和不同时间实蝇科昆虫的总体优势度指数（D）、多样性指数（H′）、物种丰富度指数（E）、均匀度指数（J）随时间的变化趋势基本一致。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。