赖氨酸乙酰化调控细胞代谢的机制

赖氨酸乙酰化是一种重要的翻译后修饰。细胞内的蛋白质,特别是代谢酶,广泛受乙酰化修饰的调控。乙酰化修饰由乙酰化酶和去乙酰化酶调节,对细胞的物质代谢和能量稳态进行多层次、复杂而又精细的调控。乙酰化酶和去乙酰化酶活性的发挥依赖中间代谢产物,且多种代谢物能够调控乙酰化酶和去乙酰化酶的催化活力。因此,乙酰化修饰是调控细胞代谢的重要机制。此外,乙酰化修饰能够调节自噬和营养物质感受通路,从而调控细胞的物质和能量稳态;乙酰化修饰对组蛋白的调节则能根据细胞的营养状态在表观遗传水平改变基因的表达,使细胞高效地应对不同的营养和压力状态。乙酰化修饰与代谢相关疾病的发生发展具有重要联系,对乙酰化调控的研究将极大增进人们对细胞代谢、表观遗传等生命活动的认识。     

核糖体蛋白SA介导猪链球菌2型毒力因子烯醇化酶损伤宿主细胞线粒体

【背景】正常生理状况下核糖体蛋白SA (ribosomal protein SA, RPSA)主要在细胞内表达,参与多种细胞功能。在发生感染性疾病时,RPSA往往会异位于胞膜,介导微生物的感染。【目的】全面揭示RPSA在猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis serotype 2, SS2)感染宿主过程中的作用。【方法】首先利用本课题组已有的脑脊液和血清蛋白组学数据库(SS2脑膜炎感染模型的仔猪和健康仔猪),借助生物信息学手段分别筛选脑脊液和血清中的差异表达蛋白(differentially expressed proteins, DEPs),并对其涉及的信号通路进行分析。通过体外烯醇化酶(enolase, ENO)刺激宿主细胞,检测宿主细胞线粒体膜电位、钙离子含量和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)等指标变化,揭示RPSA介导SS2-ENO对宿主细胞主要能量细胞器——线粒体功能的影响。【结果】生物信息学揭示SS2感染宿主后,RPSA和相关蛋白显著富集在代谢和糖酵解/糖异生等能量有关通路。SS2-ENO刺激导致宿主细胞线粒体膜电位下降、钙离子和ROS水平升高。封闭RPSA后缓解了ENO对线粒体膜电位、细胞活性氧和细胞内钙离子含量的影响。【结论】RPSA介导SS2毒力因子ENO损伤宿主细胞线粒体功能。本研究丰富了SS2感染时RPSA的作用机制,为SS2脑膜炎疾病的防治提供了理论基础。     

SIRT1与基因转录

 SIRT1（silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1）是一种具有NAD-依赖的蛋白去乙酰化酶活性的多功能转录调节因子.在体内通过对几种控制代谢及内分泌信号的转录因子去乙酰化作用来调节其活性.从而广泛参与调控哺乳动物细胞寿命的不同信号通路及糖代谢,胰岛素分泌等多条代谢通路,预示着SIRT1在医学临床应用和研究中可能极具应用价值.     

乙酰化对代谢的调控及其在代谢相关疾病中的作用

赖氨酸的乙酰化修饰是一种进化上高度保守的翻译后修饰机制.乙酰化酶和去乙酰化酶对特定蛋白的乙酰化状态进行动态调控.近年来的质谱研究发现,几乎所有的代谢酶都存在乙酰化修饰,表明乙酰化修饰对细胞代谢具有广泛的调控作用.除在转录水平进行调控外,乙酰化修饰还可以通过改变代谢酶的蛋白间相互作用、蛋白稳定性、催化活力和亚细胞定位等方式,对多种生物学过程如能量代谢、信号转导和氧化应激反应等进行调控.乙酰化对代谢途径的调控与代谢相关疾病如肿瘤、心血管疾病、糖尿病和肥胖等的发生和发展密切相关.本文总结了近年来乙酰化修饰调控代谢的相关研究进展,并着重阐述乙酰化修饰对代谢酶调控的具体分子机制.     

缺氧诱导因子-1的调控及其转录后修饰(英文)

缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1)是一种异源二聚体转录因子,由结构表达型β亚基和氧调节型α亚基组成。在低氧环境下,HIF-1调控一系列促进细胞成活的基因,这些基因涉及血管生成、铁代谢、葡萄糖代谢和细胞增殖与存活。α亚基主要受到诸如乙酰化、羟基化、磷酸化和相扑化等转录后修饰,这些修饰可以稳定或激活HIF-1的活性。除氧环境外,胞内氧化还原稳态、铁代谢、线粒体代谢物和生长因子还可通过影响转录后修饰进而调节HIF-1的活性。此外,近来的研究表明HIF-1在病原学方面也发挥重要作用,在中风和神经退行性疾病这样的脑紊乱疾病中提供潜在神经保护作用。本文总结了HIF-1研究的最新进展,谨以此文献给忻文娟教授80周年诞辰。     

研制首个杀灭HIV的“仿生杀手”

“乙酰化修饰”——即在蛋白质分子链上嫁接上一个乙酰基分子,是蛋白质最主要的修饰方式之一。修饰后的蛋白质可以对细胞内的各类通路进行精确的调节与控制,完成对基因所发出的“指令”的执行过程。复旦大学生物医学研究院分子细胞生物学研究室的赵世民和雷群英等分别研究了乙酰化对蛋白质进行修饰以及对代谢通路进行调控的问题,开辟了代射研究的薪领域。他们鉴定出大量乙酰化化修饰蛋白质,并且首次发现乙酰化普遍能修饰代谢酶,调节代谢通路及代谢酶的活性。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)在调节机体能量代谢过程中的作用

蛋白质的乙酰化修饰在基因转录调控过程中发挥着重要作用,组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetyl transferases,HATs)和去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs)分别催化蛋白质的乙酰化和去乙酰化修饰反应。HDACs在调节机体能量代谢过程中的重要性已被越来越多的研究所证实,深入理解HDAC各亚型在不同生理及病理状态下的作用将为代谢性疾病的预防和治疗提供新的理论参考。     

植物烯醇化酶基因ENO2的功能研究进展

烯醇化酶ENO2是糖酵解过程中的一个限速酶,广泛存在于动植物体中。近年来,发现ENO2除了参与糖酵解途径以外,还具有多种其他功能。在植物体中,ENO2能够影响植物的生长和生殖发育、应答非生物胁迫,并且具有转录调控功能。尤其是,该基因能够进行选择性翻译产生ENO2和MBP-1两种蛋白。因此,本文详细阐述了植物ENO2基因的多样化功能及相关研究进展,并指出了未来研究的重点和方向,以期为相关领域的科研人员提供借鉴和参考。     

组蛋白乙酰基转移酶1在肝癌细胞中介导的蛋白质乙酰化修饰谱分析

赖氨酸乙酰化是重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰之一,广泛存在于细胞的生理和病理过程。组蛋白乙酰基转移酶1（HAT1）作为第一个被鉴定的蛋白ε-氨基赖氨酸乙酰基转移酶,具有介导组蛋白和非组蛋白乙酰化的作用。然而,在肝癌细胞中HAT1介导的乙酰化蛋白质及其修饰位点目前仍不清楚。本研究首先揭示了HAT1在肝癌组织中呈高表达,并且与预后呈负相关。在建立HAT1敲除HepG2肝癌细胞系的基础上,应用乙酰化修饰蛋白质组学,对肝癌细胞的蛋白质乙酰化修饰谱进行了鉴定和分析,结果鉴定出HepG2肝癌细胞中547种蛋白质上的858个乙酰化修饰位点,发现HAT1影响了68种蛋白质上74个位点的赖氨酸乙酰化修饰。生物信息学分析确定了HAT1修饰的底物蛋白质与多种信号通路有关,涉及疾病发生过程、RNA生物学、剪接体和核小体组装、氧化应激、各种信号通路以及代谢途径等。我们进一步验证了HAT1介导的蛋白质乙酰化修饰能够促进肝癌细胞的异常脂代谢。应用CCK8、克隆形成和Edu细胞增殖检测等方法证实,HAT1对肝癌细胞的增殖具有明显的促进作用。为此,本研究揭示的肝癌细胞中HAT1介导的蛋白质乙酰化修饰位点,对进一步阐明肝癌发病的分子机制具有重要的理论意义,并为开发抗肝癌药物提供了精准的靶标。     

蛋白质乙酰化修饰在细胞自噬中的作用进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰与细胞自噬的关系是近几年来的研究热点.自噬的发生需要多类蛋白质协同完成.在此过程中,蛋白质的乙酰化修饰对细胞自噬起着十分重要的调节作用.本文就近年来的研究从两个角度进行了总结:一方面总结了蛋白质乙酰化修饰与自噬关系的功能性研究,主要涉及组蛋白、转录因子以及与乙酰辅酶A代谢过程中相关酶的研究进展;另一方面概括了细胞自噬过程中蛋白质乙酰化修饰组学的研究进展.乙酰化酶/去乙酰化酶是蛋白质乙酰化修饰水平的主要调控者,阐明酶与底物的关系将是深入探讨乙酰化修饰与细胞自噬关系的关键所在.这些研究结果必将为揭开细胞自噬机制提供理论基础.     

Enolase activates homotypic vacuole fusion and protein transport to the vacuole in yeast

Membrane fusion and protein trafficking to the vacuole are complex processes involving many proteins and lipids. Cytosol from Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a high Mr activity, which stimulates the in vitro homotypic fusion of isolated yeast vacuoles. Here we purify this activity and identify it as enolase (Eno1p and Eno2p). Enolase is a cytosolic glycolytic enzyme, but a small portion of enolase is bound to vacuoles. Recombinant Eno1p or Eno2p stimulates in vitro vacuole fusion, as does a catalytically inactive mutant enolase, suggesting a role for enolase in fusion that is separate from its glycolytic function. Either deletion of the non-essential ENO1 gene or diminished expression of the essential ENO2 gene causes vacuole fragmentation in vivo, reflecting reduced fusion. Combining an ENO1 deletion with ENO2-deficient expression causes a more severe fragmentation phenotype. Vacuoles from enolase 1 and 2-deficient cells are unable to fuse in vitro. Immunoblots of vacuoles from wild type and mutant strains reveal that enolase deficiency also prevents normal protein sorting to the vacuole, exacerbating the fusion defect. Band 3 has been shown to bind glycolytic enzymes to membranes of mammalian erythrocytes. Bor1p, the yeast band 3 homolog, localizes to the vacuole. Its loss results in the mislocalization of enolase and other vacuole fusion proteins. These studies show that enolase stimulates vacuole fusion and that enolase and Bor1p regulate selective protein trafficking to the vacuole.     

Haematology of the Australian eastern quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus--II. Red cell enzymes and metabolic intermediates

1. The activity of 21 red cell enzymes and three red cell metabolic intermediates were measured in adult Dasyurus viverrinus and compared with published data on other marsupials. 2. Phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPD) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) were elevated in comparison to other marsupials. 3. Enolase (ENO) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) were lower than in other marsupials.     

B族G蛋白偶联受体PAC1可调控表达体系的建立

PAC1是神经肽垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide,PACAP)的特异受体,属于B族G蛋白偶联受体,介导PACAP的神经递质、神经调质、神经保护、抗神经损伤及调控神经再生等功能,PAC1高表达和神经损伤、肿瘤等生理病理过程密切相关。为了深入了解PAC1的功能,构建PAC1可调控表达的细胞系,通过优化的四环素控制表达系统实现PAC1在中国仓鼠卵巢(Chinese hamster ovary,CHO)细胞的强力霉素(doxycycline,Dox)依赖的可控表达。首先通过双酶切将编码PAC1和增强型黄色荧光蛋白(EYFP,enhanced yellow fluorescent protein)的融和基因PAC1-EYFP克隆到pTRE-Tight载体上,获得重组载体pTRE-PAC1-EYFP;基因测序鉴定正确后将新型的四环素调节元件载体pTet-on advanced和反应元件载体pTRE-PAC1-EYFP分别转入CHO细胞中,G418和潮霉素(Hygromycin)双抗筛选阳性克隆PAC1-Tet-CHO,使用梯度浓度四环素类似物强力霉素Dox诱导PAC1-EYFP表达,48 h后检测受体表达水平,并通过MTT法检测不同PAC1表达水平的细胞增殖活性。荧光检测和Western印迹结果显示,成功获得了具有良好诱导性的Dox依赖的PAC1可控表达的细胞系,这些细胞株在传10代后仍能稳定地可控表达PAC1。MTT结果显示PAC1表达水平越高,细胞增殖活性越强。成功所构建的Dox依赖的PAC1可控表达细胞系,为PAC1的生物学功能的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Effects of cyclopeptide C*HSDGIC* from the cyclization of PACAP (1-5) on the proliferation and UVB-induced apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that confers potent neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Cyclopeptide C*HSDGIC* (CHC), which results from the cyclization of PACAP (1-5) with disulfide, has been demonstrated to represent a potent agonist for the PACAP-specific receptor PAC1 which mediates the majority of PACAP's effects. In this study, the expression of PAC1 in a rat retinal ganglion cell line (RGC-5) was confirmed using a western blot analysis, and it was determined that CHC promoted the proliferation of RGC-5 cells using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the treatment of CHC attenuated the decrease of cell viability in cells exposed to UVB irradiation. Flow cytometry and a JC-1 assay revealed that the CHC treatment protected the RGC-5 cells against UVB-induced apoptosis. In addition, similar to PACAP, the anti-apoptotic effect of CHC was related to the down-regulation of caspase-3. In summary, these results demonstrate for the first time that PAC1 is present in RGC-5 cells and that CHC, a cyclopeptide from PACAP, promotes RGC-5 cell proliferation and attenuates UVB-induced apoptosis.     

A structure–function study of PACAP using conformationally restricted analogs: Identification of PAC1 receptor-selective PACAP agonists

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has widespread physiological/pathophysiological actions and there is increased interest for its use therapeutically, especially in the CNS (neuroprotection). Unfortunately, no selective PACAP-analogs exist for PACAP-preferring PAC1-receptors, primarily because of its high sequence identity to VIP and particularly, because of the inability of structure–function studies to separate the pharmacophore of PAC1-R from VPAC1-R, which has high affinity for PACAP and VIP. The present study attempted to develop PAC1-R-selective agonists primarily by making conformationally restricted PACAP-analogs in positions important for receptor-selectivity/affinity. Forty-six PACAP-related-analogs were synthesized with substitutions in positions 1–4, 14–17, 20–22, 28, 34, 38 and receptor-selectivity determined in PAC1-R,VPAC1-R,VPAC2-R-transfected or native cells from binding or cAMP-generation experiments. Fifteen PACAP-analogs had 6–78-fold higher affinities for PAC1-R than VPAC1-R and 13 were agonists. Although binding-affinities correlated significantly with agonist potency, the degree of receptor-spareness varied markedly for the different PACAP-analogs, resulting in selective potencies for activating the PAC1 receptor over the VPAC1 receptor from 0- to 103-fold. In addition, a number of PACAP-analogs were identified that had high selectivity for PAC1-R over VPAC2-R as well as PACAP-analogs that could prove more useful therapeutically because of substitutions known to extend their half-lives (substitutions at potential sites of proteolysis and attachment of long-chain fatty acids). This study provides for the first time a separation of the pharmacophores for PAC1-R and VPAC1-R, resulting in PACAP-related analogs that are PAC1-R-preferring. Some of these analogs, or their modifications, could prove useful as therapeutic agents for various diseases.     

The N-Terminal HSDCIF Motif Is Required for Cell Surface Trafficking and Dimerization of Family B G Protein Coupled Receptor PAC1

PAC1 is PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) preferring receptor belonging to class B G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mediating the most effects of PACAP. The important role of G protein coupled receptor homo/heteromerization in receptor folding, maturation, trafficking, and cell surface expression has become increasingly evident. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay were used in this research to confirm the dimerization of PAC1 for the first time. The structure-activity relationship focused on the N-terminal HSDCIF motif, which locates behind the signal sequence and has high homology with PACAP (1–6), was assayed using a receptor mutant with the deletion of the HSDCIF motif. The fluorescence confocal microscope observation showed that the deletion of the HSDCIF motif impaired the cell delivery of PAC1. The results of BiFC, BRET and westernblot indicated that the deletion of HSDCIF motif and the replacement of the Cys residue with Ala in HSDCIF motif resulted in the disruption of receptor dimerization. And the exogenous chemically synthesized oligopeptide HSDCIF (100 nmol/L) not only down-regulated the dimerization of PAC1, induced the internalization of PAC1, but also inhibited the proliferation of CHO cells expressing PAC1 stably and decreased the activity of PACAP on the cell viability. All these data suggested that the N-terminal HSDCIF motif played key role in the trafficking and the dimerization of PAC1, and the exogenous oligopeptide HSDCIF had effects on the cell signaling, trafficking and the dimerization of PAC1.     

Overexpression of let-7d explains down-regulated KDM3A and ENO2 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is the leading cause of maternal death; however, the causative molecular basis remains largely unknown. Recent studies have revealed the important role microRNAs (miRNAs) play in PE. We aimed to explore the effects of let-7d on trophoblast proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis in PE and its underlying mechanism. Placental tissues were collected from PE patients and healthy pregnant women, and it was found that let-7d expression was increased, while KDM3A and ENO2 expression was decreased in PE tissues and cells. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the interaction among let-7d, KDM3A and ENO2, confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay; ChIP experiment identified methylated modification to ENO2 by KDM3A. With gain- and loss-function method, silencing of let-7d increased KDM3A expression and enhanced the binding between KDM3A and ENO2. Furthermore, overexpression of let-7d suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblasts, and induced apoptosis of trophoblasts, while these capacities were restored upon additional treatment of overexpressed ENO2. PE rat models were established to explore the effects of let-7d and ENO2 on PE in vivo. The results established that the silencing of let-7d alleviated the tissue injury and PE-related symptoms when reducing urine protein, TUNEL-positive cells and increasing ENO2, and KDM3A expression in rats. Cumulatively, let-7d suppressed cell progression of trophoblasts, and induced apoptosis through the down-regulation of KDM3A to promote ENO2 methylation, thereby promoting progression of PE. Such an epigenetic network of let-7d, KDM3A and ENO2 in the pathogenesis of PE might provide novel insight into targeted therapy against this disorder.