成虫饲料中糖与奶粉不同配比对家蝇繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响

本文研究了成蝇饲料中糖与奶粉不同配比对家蝇繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响,旨在为家蝇Musca domestica大规模高效养殖提供技术支持。结果表明,随着成蝇饲料中奶粉比例提高,单雌产卵量逐渐提高,且差异显著,但当饲料中奶粉比例达到和超过80%以后,单雌产卵量又显著减少,其中以60%奶粉+40%白糖饲养雌蝇产卵量最高(1935.83粒/雌),用100%白糖饲养产卵量最低(328.17粒/雌)。当成蝇饲料中白糖的添加比例为20%~60%时,雌虫寿命和产卵期差异均不显著,但用100%奶粉或80%以上的白糖饲养,雌虫寿命和产卵期显著缩短;雄虫寿命则随饲料中白糖比例的增加而延长;奶粉与白糖配比的变化对雌蝇产卵前期无显著影响。卵孵化率随饲料中白糖比例的增加而下降,尤其当饲料中白糖比例超过60%以后,卵孵化率下降更为明显。进一步测定卵黄蛋白的结果表明,雌蝇取食含糖量越高的饲料,其每日合成的卵黄蛋白及羽化后15 d内合成的总卵黄蛋白也越少,尤其是雌蝇完全摄取白糖,其每日合成的卵黄蛋白均维持在一个较低的水平,而蛋白质补充过多(如奶粉在饲料中的比例超过60%),雌蝇每日合成的卵黄蛋白及羽化后15 d内合成的总卵黄蛋白,基本不随饲料中奶粉的增加而增加。综合以上结果,作者认为用60%奶粉+40%白糖作为家蝇成虫的营养补充料,其不仅能保持雌蝇良好的繁殖力,同时也能有效降低成蝇养殖成本。     

不同饲料对小峰熊蜂工蜂群发育的影响

糖和花粉对熊蜂的生长发育和繁殖起重要作用。本研究测定和分析了2种糖源（白砂糖、蜂蜜）和5种花粉（杏花粉、油菜花粉、向日葵花粉、玉米花粉、茶花粉）的饲料组合对小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita的无王工蜂群寿命、产卵前期时间、产卵量、幼虫拖出数、卵杯数、雄蜂出房时间和子代雄蜂数量的影响。结果表明： 只饲喂糖类食物时, 工蜂寿命显著短于有花粉的饲料组, 而且工蜂不产卵。含有花粉的各饲料组之间工蜂寿命存在显著差异, 饲喂玉米花粉的工蜂寿命小于其他4种花粉组。在工蜂产卵前期时间和卵杯数量方面, 10种含有花粉的饲料组之间差异不显著; 但在产卵量、幼虫拖出数、雄蜂出房时间和子代雄蜂数量等方面, 各饲料组之间差异较大。白砂糖和杏花粉组的产卵量最高; 杏花粉组和茶花粉组的幼虫拖出数量显著低于其他花粉组; 油菜花粉组和杏花粉组的雄蜂出房时间显著短于其他花粉组; 杏花粉组的子代雄蜂数量显著高于其他饲料组。结果显示不同饲料组合对小峰熊蜂工蜂群的发育影响很大。因此建议在熊蜂的人工繁育过程中, 在不同的发育阶段应给予不同的饲料配方。     

大灰食蚜蝇成虫室内饲养研究

在室内分别用油菜鲜花粉fresh pollen of rape、玉米花粉pollen of maize、大麻花粉pollen of hemq、油菜蜂花粉bee pollen from rape及玉米蜂花粉bee pollen from maize饲养大灰食蚜蝇成虫,表明大灰食蚜蝇的产卵量、孵化率、产卵前期、产卵期及成虫寿命均受花粉种类及其新鲜程度的影响.用玉米花粉、油菜蜂花粉和玉米蜂花粉饲养产卵量均显著高于大麻花粉,用油菜蜂花粉饲养产卵前期最短,用油菜鲜花粉饲养能明显延长产卵期及成虫寿命.     

温度对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫寿命及繁殖的影响

双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica（Motschulsky）已成为新疆北疆棉区的一重大新害虫,在室内5个恒温下（19、22、25、28和31℃）研究了温度对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫寿命及生殖力的影响。结果表明,在19、22、25、28和31℃下雌雄成虫平均寿命分别为64.1、60.8、55.6、42.1和34.7d,雌虫平均寿命明显长于雄虫;温度对雌成虫产卵前期、产卵期及产卵量有影响,在前述19～31℃5个温度下,其平均产卵量分别为29.2、82.1、93.8、73.4和63.1粒/雌。     

大豆荚发育程度对点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命及生殖力的影响

【目的】为明确大豆荚发育程度对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris成虫存活及生殖力的影响。【方法】在室内24℃±1℃恒温下,用不同日龄(5, 15, 25, 35和45日龄)离体鲜豆荚饲喂点蜂缘蝽,测定成虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵期、单雌产卵量等生物学参数和不同日龄豆荚籽粒中脂肪、总蛋白和总糖含量,分析点蜂缘蝽成虫的生物学参数与不同日龄豆荚籽粒中主要营养成分含量之间的相关性。【结果】随着所取食豆荚日龄的增加,点蜂缘蝽成虫的平均寿命、产卵期、单雌产卵量呈先增加然后下降的趋势,而产卵前期的变化趋势则相反。当饲喂35日龄豆荚时,点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命最长(56.90±9.47 d),产卵前期最短(6.00±0.58 d),产卵期最长(29.67±6.61 d),单雌产卵量最高(129.56±36.53粒),且与取食其他日龄豆荚的成虫之间存在显著差异。点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命、产卵期、单雌产卵量均与豆荚籽粒脂肪和总蛋白含量呈显著正相关,产卵前期与豆荚籽粒脂肪和总蛋白含量呈显著负相关。【结论】大豆荚发育程度对点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命及生殖力等生物学参数具有显著的影响,35日龄豆荚对点蜂缘蝽成虫存活和繁殖最为有利。     

温度对家蝇广州种群成虫繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响

研究了不同温度对家蝇(Musca domestica L.)广州种群繁殖力及卵黄蛋白发生的影响,旨在为利用家蝇广州种群大规模高效养殖提供技术支持。选同一天刚羽化的健康雌、雄蝇,分别置于20、24、28、32和36℃环境下单对饲养,重复6次。每天测定成虫日产卵量、卵孵化率及死亡数等,统计家蝇单雌产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期;同时自雌蝇羽化第一日起,连续15 d,每天每个温度处理下取雌蝇3头,采用间接酶联免疫(indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay,ID-ELISA)法测定5种温度下雌蝇每日卵黄蛋白合成量及羽化后前15 d卵黄蛋白合成总量。结果表明,温度对家蝇成虫繁殖力影响显著。产卵量以24℃环境下最高(1 921.17粒/雌),24～28℃时产卵量显著下降。28℃时卵孵化率最高(93.48%),高或低于此温度,卵孵化率显著下降,当温度达36℃时,孵化率仅为60.78%。雌蝇在20～28℃范围内产卵期差异不显著,32℃及以上温度下,雌蝇产卵期显著缩短。产卵前期以20℃最长(9.83 d),28℃最短(3.00 d),高于28℃产卵前期又显著延长。雌、雄蝇寿命均随着温度升高而显著缩短。温度对广州种群雌蝇羽化后前15 d的卵黄蛋白合成影响显著,24℃下前15 d合成的总卵黄蛋白最高(1 683.15μg/雌),其次为28℃(1 591.95μg/雌),20℃最低(232.81μg/雌)。家蝇广州种群在24～28℃繁殖效率最高。     

梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

不同食物对普通钝绥螨发育和繁殖的影响

分别用丝瓜花粉、桔全爪螨、朱砂叶螨、丝瓜花粉+桔全爪螨、丝瓜花粉+朱砂叶螨作为食物,测定普通钝绥螨(Amblyseius vulgaris)在不同食物条件下的发育历期、繁殖力、死亡率及子代性比,并组建其实验种群生命表。结果表明,普通钝绥螨取食有丝瓜花粉存在的食物比单独取食桔全爪螨或朱砂叶螨发育快,产卵量大,子代雌性比高。在前者情况下,普通钝绥螨种群的内禀增长力(r_m)为0.209—0.259,净增率(R_0)为18.918—35.771,由于雌成螨产卵期长,其平均世代时间(T)较长,为15.295—19.529天;在后者情况下,种群内禀增长力为0.165—0.191。净增率为7.091—17.113。由于雌成螨产卵期短,其平均世代历期亦较短,为11.50—14.23天。本研究还分别用丝瓜、党参、七里香、养麦、紫云英、玉米、兰花、栎树、西瓜、油菜、向日葵和益母草等12种植物的花粉饲养普通钝绥螨。结果表明,只有兰花花粉不能使该螨发育至成螨;后5种花粉虽能使其发育至成螨,但不能产卵;其余6种花粉能使其完成发育并产卵,其中丝瓜、党参和七里香花粉饲养效果较好。     

家蝇和大头金蝇在麦麸和猪瘦肉上的产卵选择和发育差异

在中国许多地区, 大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala F.已侵入过去由家蝇Musca domestica L.占绝对优势的垃圾生态位, 逐渐成为城市蝇类的优势种. 为了解单独和混合饲养时食物种类对家蝇和大头金蝇幼虫生长发育的影响, 在室内观察了野外大头金蝇和家蝇F1代在湿麦麸、猪瘦肉以及两者混合物上的产卵选择和生活史. 结果显示: (1)大头金蝇嗜在含有猪瘦肉的基质上产卵, 而家蝇嗜在含有麦麸的基质上产卵;(2)初孵家蝇和大头金蝇幼虫都能在含有瘦肉的食物上发育至成虫. 在麦麸上, 初孵家蝇幼虫能发育至成虫, 而初孵和2龄大头金蝇幼虫在进入下一龄期前全部死亡, 但少数3龄大头金蝇幼虫能发育至成虫;(3)等量初孵家蝇与大头金蝇在含有猪瘦肉的食物上共同生长时, 与家蝇相比, 大头金蝇的发育历期较短、存活率较高. 与家蝇在麦麸上共同生长时, 与在麦麸上独立生长的同龄大头金蝇相比, 大头金蝇的发育历期较短、存活率较高. 这些结果表明, 共生时家蝇可促进大头金蝇对植物质营养的利用, 这也许是大头金蝇能成功侵入家蝇占绝对优势的垃圾生态位的一个重要原因.     

双斑截尾寄蝇成虫生物学特性

双斑截尾寄蝇Nemorilla maculosa Meigen (双翅目：寄蝇科)是草地螟Loxostege sticticalis和其他鳞翅类昆虫的重要寄生天敌,但国内外对其生物学特性知之甚少。为了揭示双斑截尾寄蝇的生物学特性,在22℃,光周期16L∶8D的室内条件下对成虫羽化时期,交配持续时间,产卵量和寿命及其与补充营养的关系等进行了实验观察。结果表明： 双斑截尾寄蝇主要在08: 00－10: 00和14: 00－16: 00羽化。雄蝇比雌蝇早羽化1 d,雌蝇羽化后可立即进行交配,但雄蝇羽化1 d后才可交配; 交配持续时间为10～54 min,但多数为20～30 min; 平均产卵量为154.1粒,雌蝇平均寿命26.6 d,雄蝇为10.2 d,雌雄寿命差异显著。取食10%蜂蜜水的平均产卵前期为3.8 d,平均产卵历期为15.4 d; 而且取食10%蔗糖水、葡萄糖水或蜂蜜水之间的成虫产卵量没有显著差异,但均显著高于取食清水或纯饥饿空白对照的;同时,取食补充营养的雌蝇寿命均显著高于取食清水或空白对照的,但雄蝇的寿命则不受补充营养的影响。取食补充营养的雌蝇寿命与产卵量为正相关,即雌蝇的寿命越长,产卵量越大。最后,就这些结果的应用价值进行了讨论。     

营养物质和水分对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫繁殖和寿命的影响

【目的】研究韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga成虫对营养物质的选择补充习性,找出对其产卵繁殖起重要作用的关键因子,为其有效防控提供依据。【方法】通过室内成虫单独配对试验,研究不同营养物质(花粉、蜂蜜、维生素、糖、醋、酒)和水分对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫繁殖和寿命的影响。【结果】随着花粉、蜂蜜和维生素浓度的增加,成虫的繁殖力下降;糖醋酒液单一成分和混合液对成虫繁殖和寿命的影响与水分相近;补充供试营养物质和水分对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的繁殖力均明显高于干燥对照。补充水分的成虫繁殖力最高,产卵率超过70%,单雌平均产卵量达70粒,雌雄成虫寿命最长均超过3 d。土壤湿度对产卵有显著影响,土壤相对湿度为40%和50%时,成虫的落卵率超过25%,落卵量大于480粒,显著高于其它湿度(P<0.05)。【结论】水分是影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫繁殖和寿命的关键因子,供试的营养物质对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊繁殖没有促进作用,因此在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫盛发期可以通过控制田间土壤湿度来影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊繁殖。     

黑带食蚜蝇成虫室内的饲养方法

对黑带食蚜蝇成虫所需的饲养空间、光照及补充营养物初步进行了筛选 ,并探讨了蚜虫、寄主植物及补充营养物对其成虫产卵的影响。结果表明 ,在 3 0cm× 3 0cm× 3 0cm养虫笼内同时提供大麻、玉米和油菜 3种鲜花粉并辅以光照饲养效果最佳 ,平均每雌产卵量 468粒 ,最高达 70 1粒 ,孵化率88 4%,产卵前期 1 1 5d ,雌雄成虫寿命分别为 5 5 5和 5 6 8d。试验还表明 ,提供蚜虫及其寄主植物可使成虫正常产卵 ,带蚜的莲花白叶片作为其成虫产卵载体植物着卵量最高     

Contribution of natural food sources to reproductive behaviour, fecundity and longevity of Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris and C. capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The influence of food sources comprising the natural diet on the reproductive behaviour, fecundity and longevity of three African fruit flies Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), C. fasciventris (Bezzi) and C. capitata (Wiedemann) was investigated. Three natural food sources, varying in protein and sugar content, were evaluated. These included bird droppings (farm chicken), aphid honeydew and guava (Psidium guajava L.) juice. For C. fasciventris and C. capitata, flies fed on a protein-rich diet displayed higher frequency of calling, mating and oviposition than flies fed on a protein-poor diet, whilst for C. cosyra, quality of diet significantly influenced the mating behaviour of the flies, but not the calling and oviposition behaviour. Net fecundity rates were lowest for C. fasciventris and C. capitata when fed only on guava juice (0.1, 2.6 eggs per female, respectively), and higher for those on a diet of honeydew only (9.5, 33.8 eggs per female, respectively) and a combined diet of guava, honeydew and chicken faeces (11.8, 25.8 eggs per female, respectively). For C. cosyra, due to low numbers of eggs collected, no significant differences in fecundity between diets could be detected. All species fed only on a diet of chicken faeces since emergence died within the first three days of adult life without laying eggs, but when carbohydrates were provided by addition of guava juice and honeydew, the longevity of the flies was sustained for more than four weeks after adult emergence. The practical implications of these findings for control purposes are discussed.     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂的繁殖生物学研究

对椰心叶甲啮小蜂羽化、求偶、交配、产卵、繁殖现象进行了观察研究。结果表明,补充营养对雌蜂的寿命和繁殖力均有影响。没有补充营养的情况下,雌蜂的平均寿命为2.48 d,一生可产21.43粒卵;每天补充10%蜜糖水,且雌蜂与寄主(椰心叶甲初蛹)比例为1:3时,雌蜂平均寿命为13.43 d,一生可产53.6粒卵;每天补充10%蜜糖水,且雌蜂与寄主(椰心叶甲初蛹)比例为1:1时,雌蜂平均寿命为14.78 d,一生可产42.5粒卵。椰心叶甲啮小蜂对水椰八角铁甲蛹的寄生率为82.25%,平均每寄主出蜂量为12.24头。     

Effects of contact kairomone and experience on initial giving-up time

Reproduction and longevity of the anthocorid predators Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Orius albidipennis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) were studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Three different diets were tested: eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, E. kuehniella eggs plus pollen, and pollen only. Small rooted plants of Spanish pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Creta, long red) served as oviposition substrate and moisture source. In all treatments, total fecundity, oviposition period and female longevity of O. laevigatus were greater than that of O. albidipennis. When a diet of E. kuehniella eggs was supplemented with pollen, total fecundity of O. albidipennis was increased by about 40%. Female O. albidipennis fed only pollen laid five times less eggs than those fed flour moth eggs and pollen; also, longevity of females was shorter when only pollen was offered as food. Fecundity and longevity of O. laevigatus were not influenced when supplementing a diet of E. kuehniella eggs with pollen. Females of O. laevigatus receiving only pollen reduced egg production by about 60% but had a similar longevity as those receiving a diet including flour moth eggs. In either species, preoviposition period and egg hatch were not affected by diet. The ability of both anthocorids to use pollen as an alternative or additional food is discussed in relation to their practical use in integrated control programmes.     

Influence of adult diet on the fecundity and survival of the predator,Chrysopa scelestes [Neur.: Chrysopidae]

Studies were conducted in the laboratory to determine the most suitable diet for adults ofChrysopa scelestes Banks that would result in the maximum fecundity and longevity, without adversely affecting hatchability. Out of 6 adult diets tested, the died containing 40% honey and pollen grains of castor,Ricinus communis L. has influenced upon the female for production of more eggs. On an average, 796 eggs were laid in 36.83 reproductive days, this was followed by Protinex^? + fructose + pollen grains and honeydew of mealy bug,Planococcus citri (Risso) + pollen grains. The diet consisting of 40 % honey had little effect either on the per day reproduction or on the effective ovipositional period for total number of egg production. Pre-ovipositional period was observed to be extended in 40% honey followed by honeydew ofP. citri + pollen grains. Hatching of larvae was found to be not affected by various diets.

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Résumé Des études de laboratoire ont été menées dans le but de mettre au point un régime pourChrysopa scelestes Banks assurant une fécondité et une longévité maximales et n'affectant pas l'éclosion des jeunes larves. Parmi les 6 régimes essayés, celui qui contient 40 % de miel et du pollen de ricinRicinus communis L. a donné lieu à la ponte la plus abondante de la part des femelles. En moyenne, chaque femelle dépose alors 796 œufs en 36,8 j de ponte. Viennent ensuite les régimes constitués de Protinex^￡, fructose et pollen, puis du miellat de la cochenille farineusePlanococcus citri (Risso) et de pollen. La nourriture à base de 40% de miel aboutit à une fécondité totale très réduite, tant par une incidence sur la fécondité quotidienne que sur la durée de la ponte. La durée de la période de pré-oviposition subit l'allongement le plus considérable dans le cas de l'alimentation avec 40% de miel, suivi par celui que provoque le miellat deP. citri additionné de pollen. L'éclosion des jeunes larves n'a pas été influencée par les divers régimes imaginaux testés.

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Contribution No. 350/83 of I.I.H.R., Bangalore-89.     

Pollen as a source of food for egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The value of corn pollen as a food source for Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was assessed in the laboratory by testing the effect of different pollen diets on the longevity, capacity of parasitism and other life-table parameters. T. brassicae females that fed on corn pollen and water (wet filter paper dusted with pollen) lived significantly longer (4.97 days) than females that fed on water alone (2.67 days), but significantly shorter than those feeding on honey alone (8.37 days) or corn pollen and honey (8.23 days), respectively, in the absence of host eggs. The presence of European corn borer eggs (Ostrinia nubilalis Huebner, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) significantly increased longevity. With host eggs available, female T. brassicae that fed on corn pollen and water lived significantly longer (4.9 days) than on water alone (2.60 days), but significantly shorter than on honey alone (12.33 days) or corn pollen and honey (12.17 days), respectively. The cumulative lifetime fecundity was 82.53 offspring pupae when fed on pollen and water, which was significantly higher than 61.70 for water alone but lower than feeding on honey alone (95.70) or corn pollen and honey (99.97), respectively. Compared to water alone, corn pollen and water increased the net reproduction rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), and finite rate of increase (λ), and reduced the doubling time (T₂), but had no effects on the emergence rate, sex ratio, and mean generation time (T_c). In another set of experiments, 13 out of 30 females reduced the number of pollen grains offered to them. The average number of pollen grains utilized per female in this 48-h test 2.46±0.40 (mean±SE). Hence, T. brassicae used corn pollen as food that significantly increased longevity and fecundity of the tested females. Pollen and honey supplied a complete diet for T. brassicae, compared to pollen and water or water alone.     

The effects of temperature, diet, and other factors on development, survivorship, and oviposition of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Developmental rate and survivorship of small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), life stages were measured across different temperatures (21, 25, 28, 32 and 35 degrees C) and diets, which included natural and artificial pollen, honey, and bee pupae. Temperature affected hatch success, time to hatching, and larval growth. Eggs hatched in 61 h at 21 degrees C but in < 22 h at 35 degrees C. Larvae achieved peak weight in < 8 d at 35 degrees C but needed 17 d at 21 degrees C. Diet had comparatively little effect on larval survivorship or maximum weight, although larvae fed only bee pupae had lower survivorship. Access to soil influenced pupation success. Duration of the life stage spent in the soil, during which pupation occurs, was also affected by temperature: adults emerged after 32.7 d at 21 degrees C but after only 14.8 d at 35 degrees C, albeit with high mortality. Minimum temperature for development was estimated at 13.5 degrees C for eggs, and 10.0 degrees C for larvae and pupae. Temperature influenced adult longevity and oviposition: on a honey and pollen diet average adult lifespan was 92.8 d at 24 degrees C but only 11.6 d at 35 degrees C. Beetles lived longer at 28 degrees C or lower but produced the most eggs per female, regardless of diet, at 32 degrees C. Beetle density influenced fecundity: beetles kept at three pairs per vial laid 6.7 times more eggs per female than those kept as single pairs. Overall, beetles fared best at 28-32 degrees C with mortality of all stages highest at 35 degrees C.