春小麦早期胚胎发育进程及细胞融合(cytomixis)的观察

观察了小麦胚和胚乳初期的发育进程,得到如下结果:授粉后2小时,二个精子已分别进入卵核和极核;6小时,极核已经完成受精,卵核与另一精子的融合正在进行。授粉后24小时为二细胞原胚,6天时部分胚胎开始分化。授粉后3天,胚乳核开始形成细胞,至6天时,胚乳细胞充满胚囊。开花前充分发育的反足细胞授粉后开始解体,第4天已失去细胞结构,仅留下核仁和染色质团块,第8天几乎完全消失。在珠心、胚乳、子房壁和原胚以及分化胚的胚柄中都观察到细胞融合现象,而且在原胚附近出现较多。     

Fuerte和Hass品种油梨的花粉管生长、受精与早期胚和胚乳发育的光学显微镜研究

用光学显微镜对Fuerte和Hass品种油梨的花粉管生长、受精与早期胚和胚乳发育进行了研究。授粉后24小时,花粉管穿入胚珠。当花粉管到达子房时,花粉管贴着子房内壁表面生长,然后沿着珠柄,穿过内珠被形成的珠孔,在珠心顶端的乳突细胞之间生长。它经过一个助细胞进入胚囊。授粉后48小时在胚囊中可见到精核,精核与极核融合后,精卵才融合。胚乳核先分裂,接着细胞壁形成。授粉后5—6天,合子第一次分裂。Fuerte品种授粉后1—2天的胚珠中,虽然在珠被或珠心处经常看到花粉管,但是只有不到20%的胚囊有花粉管进入。在Hass品种中,有60%的胚囊有花粉管穿入。可以认定,Fuerte品种之所以低产可能与花粉管很少进入胚囊有一定的关系。     

杂交石竹授粉受精及其胚胎发育过程的观察

以‘杂交石竹’为试验材料,利用荧光显微镜观察其授粉后花粉萌发、花粉管生长情况,采用石蜡切片法对其受精及胚胎发育过程进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)授粉后1h母本柱头上少量花粉开始萌发;授粉后4h大量花粉萌发,花粉管生长至柱头中部有胼胝质出现;授粉后6h花粉管生长至子房组织并有少量与胚珠结合;授粉后15h柱头中出现大量胼胝质,花粉管与胚珠结合数增多;授粉后24h胚珠周围出现多条花粉管,其中1条花粉管进入胚珠,部分进入胚囊的花粉管卷曲盘绕生长并产生胼胝质;精细胞与极核的融合主要发生在授粉后17~48h,与卵细胞融合主要于授粉后1~3d。(2)杂交石竹胚发育经过原胚、球形胚、棒状形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶形胚阶段。(3)杂交障碍表现为:只有游离的胚乳核而无胚发育的胚囊、合子未分裂、两极核未融合、球形胚败育。研究表明,杂交石竹存在受精前和受精后障碍,这是导致其结实率低的主要原因。     

白桦雌花发育、大孢子发生及胚胎发育的解剖学观察

白桦雌花从开花到雌性器官的成熟需经历1个月左右的时间,解剖学观察表明：四月下旬越冬的雌蕊原基开始了活跃的分裂和分化。子房和柱头开始生长。四月末开花,五月初授粉。此后胚珠开始长大。五月中旬即分化形成珠被,珠心,珠被为单层珠被,胚珠为厚珠心胚珠,胚珠倒生,五月中下旬,珠心内产生大孢子母细胞,一周左右发育为成熟胚囊-七细胞八核胚囊,五月末完成双受精,白桦胚胎发育经过合子,原胚,球形胚,心形胚和鱼雷形胚等时期最后发育成熟,胚乳发育与胚胎同步,即受精的极核进行几次分裂后形成核型胚乳,胚乳核不断增多,在形成心形胚后胚乳细胞形成细胞壁。     

腊梅的受精作用及胚胎发生

腊梅 (Chimonanthuspraecox)花两性 ,离心皮雌蕊着生在杯状花托上 ,柱头线形 ,干性。花粉经昆虫传播 ,落在柱头上 1d后萌发 ,第 8d从珠孔进入 ,第 1 4d左右完成双受精 ,为珠孔受精。胚乳为核型胚乳 ;初生胚乳核经短暂休眠进行核分裂 ,位于合点端的游离核首先形成细胞 ,并从合点向珠孔端细胞化 ,第 37d胚乳充满整个囊腔。合子经过近 2周的休眠后开始分裂 ,随着胚的发育 ,大部分胚乳降解 ,为胚的发育提供营养。合点端的胚乳细胞则侵入合点珠心组织 ,为胚进一步发育提供营养。其胚胎发生为柳叶菜型。     

腊梅的受精作用及胚胎发生

腊梅(Chimonanthus praecox)花两性,离心皮雌蕊着生在杯状花托上,柱头线形,干性。花粉经昆虫传播,落在柱头上1 d后萌发,第8d从珠孔进入,第14d左右完成双受精,为珠孔受精。胚乳为核型胚乳;初生胚乳核经短暂休眠进行核分裂,位于合点端的游离核首先形成细胞,并从合点向珠孔端细胞化,第37d胚乳充满整个囊腔。合子经过近2周的休眠后开始分裂,随着胚的发育,大部分胚乳降解,为胚的发育提供营养。合点端的胚乳细胞则侵入合点珠心组织,为胚进一步发育提供营养。其胚胎发生为柳叶菜型。     

文冠果有性生殖特征的观察研究

该研究以文冠果花发育不同时期采集的花药和胚珠为材料,采用光学及电子显微技术对花的性系统特征、胚珠发育及自交败育等有性生殖特征进行观察分析,以揭示文冠果开花多、结果少的内在机理。结果显示:(1)文冠果植物产生大量雄花和很少的两性花,表现隐形雌雄同株的性系统类型。(2)文冠果花拥有5个独特的金黄色角状附属物;成熟花粉粒球形,3孔沟,沟在花粉极面不相连,花粉表面有疣状纹饰;花主要以风媒传粉。(3)柱头3裂,开花时柱头表面布满丝状乳突细胞,属于干燥型。(4)卵球形弯生胚珠内有一弯曲的长胚囊,胚囊被厚珠心包围。胚珠受精后,珠孔与合点之间的珠柄侧外珠被的局部细胞平周和垂周分裂产生一个径向突起,伸向胚囊,与胚囊纵轴略成直角;受精后水和可溶性物质不断进入膨大的胚囊;幼胚的两子叶从胚囊珠孔端的管状部位进入合点端大的腔室中。(5)在胚发育早期,两片子叶是对称的,但在授粉35d后,具有较大半径的一子叶比另一子叶的体积大;授粉后23d以前,胚囊内的液态内容物含有游离核胚乳和少量细胞化胚乳,这个时期的胚珠可以鲜食。(6)自交传粉后,胚珠与幼果在合子形成后的不同时期败育。研究表明,文冠果与无患子科的其它植物有很多相似的有性生殖特征,但文冠果也具有一些异常特征,如花存在附属物及每子房室中有较多的胚珠等。     

小麦×节节麦杂种发育的胚胎学研究

用石蜡切片法,对小麦经节节麦花粉授粉后不同时间固定的子房进行了细胞胚胎学观察。结果表明,节节麦花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的２３８个小麦子房中,１０５０％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;４６２％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;３７８％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为１８９０％;成胚率为１５１２％。本文还报道了小麦与节节麦远缘杂交时雌雄性核的结合及杂种胚和胚乳的发育情况,探讨了小麦与节节麦杂交结实率低在胚胎学方面的原因     

普通小麦与球茎大麦杂交后受精及胚胎发育的细胞形态学研究

普通小麦(2n=6x=42)品种及其杂种F_1为母本与四倍体球茎大麦(2n=4x=28)杂交,发现属间杂交的受精过程和胚胎生长发育比小麦自交时缓慢。球茎大麦花粉给小表授粉后4小时精子进入卵接触卵核,6小时初生胚乳核开始形成。杂合子第一次有丝分裂和授粉后22小时胚乳核的分裂中出现染色体落后及微核,授粉后9天胚乳核出现解体现象,10天后幼胚局部细胞也出现解体。13天后胚囊成为空腔,已观察不到细胞轮廓。在北京田间于授粉后9—10日即须将幼胚离体培养。     

甘薯胚胎及果实发育的研究

本文研究甘薯的胚胎发育及果实的形成。授粉后10—30分钟花粉粒在柱头上萌发,2小时花粉管抵达珠孔,5—12小时左右完成双受精。授粉后12小时胚乳核开始第一次有丝分裂;15小时合子开始第一次有丝分裂,18小时形成顶细胞和基细胞;尔后分化成原胚,球形胚,心形胚,鱼雷形胚,成熟胚。在适宜温度下21天左右胚胎发育完成。果为蒴果,其内含有1—4粒种子。授粉后3—4天子房开始膨大形成果实,21—30天蒴果与种子成熟。     

Studies on Seed Development and Embryogenesis in Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg

Embryogenesis, seed formation and the relationship between pollination and seeding rate were investigated by means of artificial pollination, X-ray analysis, routine paraffin-embedded sectioning technique and fluorescence assay. Pollen germinated two hours after artificial pollination and the peak germination rate reached by six hours. The stigma vitality lasted about thirty hr. The pollen tube grew into the stigma canal through the secretion between the stigma hairs, then passed the style canal, obturator and nucellar cap and finally reached the embryo sac where porogamy was conducted. Two weeks after artificial pollination, ab initio cellular endosperm was formed first as a narrow tissue of two to three cells in thickness, but six weeks later it filled the entire embryo sac, along with the disappearance of the nucellus. The spherical or cordate-like embryo appeared during the seventh to the eighth week. The cotyledon was formed during the fourteenth to the sixteenth week. By the twenty-second weeks the seed became matured, containing abundant endosperm, the seeding rate of an individual plant with natural pollination was less than 1%; after artificial pollination, however the highest seeding rate of an individual fruit could reach 39%, the average rate of nine fruits being 17.7%.     

广东高州普通野生稻生殖特性的研究Ⅱ.胚囊育性、胚囊发育、胚胎发生和胚乳发育

利用整体染色激光扫描共聚焦显微镜术（WCLSM）,对采自广东省高州市6个地点共141个编号的高州普通野生稻的成熟胚囊育性和胚囊形成发育特点等进行研究。结果表明,供试的绝大多数高州普通野生稻材料成熟胚囊均存在不同程度的育性异常现象,包括雌性生殖单位退化、极核位置异常、极核数目异常、胚囊退化等。这些异常结构的胚囊由于没有正常的卵细胞,不能正常受精,影响子粒结实。141个编号平均异常胚囊频率为11．11％,最高异常率为67．86％。高州普通野生稻胚囊发育过程与正常栽培稻一致,属寥型。对一些结实率偏低材料的研究,发现在胚囊发育过程的不同时期存在一些异常现象,包括功能大孢子退化,二至八核胚囊发育异常等。对柱头上的花粉量调查,发现观察的69个编号中,多数编号柱头上花粉量偏少。研究表明,花粉量偏少影响受精是导致结实率偏低的最主要原因之一。本文对导致结实率偏低的综合因素进行了讨论。     

On the Fertilization of Oryza sativa L. × Sorghum vulgare Pets.

1.The pollen germination of Sorghum vulgate appeared normal on the stigma of the Oryza sativa, but the pollen tubes grew slowly in the style. Some of the pollen tubes may become enlarged in their tips or sometimes bursting, while others have continued to grow and entered the embryo sacs. 2. The growth rate of the pollen tubes varied widely. A few pollen tubes were observed in the embryo sacs of the materials 2 hours after pollination, but most of them entered the embryo sacs much later. 3. The zygote associated with a paucity of endosperm nuclei was observed in the materials 1 day after pollination. The double fertilization and 8–12-celled proembryo associated with a number of the free nuclei of the endosperm appeared with a rather high frequency (10.3%) in the materials 3 days after pollination. Some of them are normal in appearance and others may show more or less abnormalities. 4. No division figure was found except in one single case in which mitoses have occurred in both the proembryo and the endosperm. It is most likely that in such case the proembryo and the endosperm if left intact might develop further. 5. A 80-celled embryo was the biggest one which appeared in the materials 5 days after pollination. In general, no cells were ever formed in the endosperm, except in one instance among the 7 days materials the endosperm became cellular in micropylar end. In all other cases the endosperm either ceased to develop early or disorganized. The disorganized endosperm materials are considered to be utilized by the embryo. 6. In certain instances the free nuclei of the endosperm were not distributed at random. They were not equal in size and might fuse into giant nuclelei. 7. The most striking feature is that in the embryo sacs, in which double fertilization or proembryo and endosperm have occurred, a dark stained pollen tube was commonly present. This fact leads us to the conviction that in general only if a healthy pollen tube entered the embryo sac, double fertilization can take place and further development can proceed. 8. In certain cases the protoplasm of the embryo cells appeared scanty. It is apparently that the normal metabolism of the embryo was disturbed owing to the lack of nutrient, and the death of the embryo ensued. 9. No differentiated embryo was observed and no mature seeds were produced. The materials fixed 12 days after pollination showed a variety of abnormalities and collapses. The authors believe that the failure of seed production of rice X kaoliang was primarily due to the fact that the pollen tubes in the style grew too slowly to reach the embryo sacs in time. The consequence is that the double fertilization took place only in a late stage while the male and female gametes may have already become unhealthy. In addition, in this late stage the stored starch in the maternal tissues having gradually disappeared, the nutrient supply to the embryo sac was therefore limited and the young embryo and endosperm were finally in starvation.     

Cytological study of pollen tube growth and early seed development inPetunia inflata

Pollen tube growth from the stigma into the ovule, and the early fruit and seed development following fertilization were examined using fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy inPetunia inflata. After growing intercellularly in the transmitting tract for 24–36 hr, the pollen tubes emerged into the top part of the ovary cavity and grew along the surface of the septum to reach the ovule. It grew around the furnicle and penetrated the micropyle to enter the embryo sac for fertilization. After fertilization, the endosperm nucleus divided first before the embryo, and the cell wall formation occurred following the division, exhibiting the pattern of cellular type of endosperm development. The first division of the zygote did not occur until 3 days after pollination. At 6 days after pollination, the seeds grew considerably and the endosperm has gone through multiple rounds of cell division. High starch formation in the integument, especially around the embryo sac, was also observed.     

Evidence of Dichogamy in Santalum album L.

Flowering, fruit set, embryological development, and pollination trials were Investigated In Santslum album L. Each ovary may have three to four ovules. Mlcrosporogenesls and megasporogenesls In the same flower were synchronized at the earlier stages of flower development. However, at anthesls, when pollen was mature, the magaspore had developed only to the stage of a one- to two-nucleus embryo sac. As the eight-nucleus embryo sac developed, some mamelon cells began to undergo programmed cell death, forming holes Into which the eight-nucleus embryo sacs extended, becoming ＂N＂ or ＂S＂ shaped. The development from a two-nucleus embryo sac to a matured eight-nucleus embryo sac lasted up to 10 d. Fruit-set from open pollination was less than 2%. The endosperm develops prior to division of the zygotic embryo and one to three embryos and endosperms were formed In the same fruit. A mature seed usually germinates to produce one seedling; however, two and three seedlings from one seed were also observed, albeit at a low frequency. Pollination trials showed that no seed sets when Inflorescences were covered with s bag; however, artificial pollination could Improve fruit set. Our pollinaUon trials and embryological studies proved that the flower of S. album Is dlchogamous and fruit set has high heterozygosity.     

Disruption of endosperm development: an inbreeding effect in almond (Prunus dulcis)

A homozygous self-compatible almond, originated from self-fertilization of a self-compatible genotype and producing a reasonable yield following open pollination, exhibited a very high fruit drop rate when self-pollinated. To investigate whether fruit dropping in this individual is related to an abnormal development of the embryo sac following self-fertilization, histological sections of ovaries from self and cross-pollinated flowers were observed by light microscopy. Additionally, the presence of pollen tubes in the ovary and fruit set were determined for both types of pollination. Despite pollen tubes reached the ovary after both pollinations, differences in embryo sac and endosperm development after fertilization were found. Thus, while for cross-fertilized ovules a pro-embryo and an endosperm with abundant nuclei were generally observed, most self-fertilized ovules remained in a previous developmental stage in which the embryo sac was not elongated and endosperm nuclei were absent. Although 30 days after pollination fruit set was similar for both pollination types, at 60 days it was significantly reduced for self-pollination. These results provide evidence that the high fruit drop in this genotype is the consequence of a disrupted development of the endosperm, what could be an expression of its high level of inbreeding.     

Development of Embryo and Fruit in Ipomoea batatas Lam

This paper deals with the development of the embryo and the formation of the fruit for lpomoea batatas Lam. based on the observation of its flower bud differentiation, megasporogenesis and the development of the female gametophyte, microsporogenesis and the development of the male gametophyte. The pollen grain germinated on the stigma about 10–30 min. after pollination. The pollen tube penetrated the transmitting tissue in the middle of the style between 30–60 min. after pollination. After 2 hours the tip of the pollen tube reached the micropyle. Double fertilization completed after 5 or 12 hours then the zygote and the endosperm nucleus formed. The first mitotic division of the endosperm nucleus takes place about 12 hours after pollination, earlier about 3 hours than the first division of the zygote, the latter gives rise to a terminal cell and a basal cell by a transverse division. The second division is transverse in the terminal cell, forming two cells. The basal cell divides longitudinally into two adjoining cells. The terminal cell becomes the proembryo with four cells, and at the same time, the basal cell becomes the suspensor with four cells after 41–52 hours. The proembryo gradually becomes globular, cordate and torpedo-shaped, respectively about 96–120, 144–156, 168-192 hours after pollination. The cotyledons of the embryo gradually prolongate 10 days after pollination. The embryo almost completes its development within 21–30 days after pollination. he fruit is a capsule. The ovary gradually swells 3–4 days after pollination, then forms fruit, which ripens about 21–30 days after pollination, 2R.=4–8 mm. A fruit contains 1–4 seeds. 7,000 fruits were analysed in 1983, the results are as follows: 64.6% of then with only one seed in a capsule, 31.8% two seeds, 5.48% three seeds and 0.1% four seeds. The seeds are small, 2R. from 3.84 mm to 2.84 mm. The shape and the weight of the seeds are different from each other because of difference in number of seeds within a capsule.     

‘晚大新高’梨授粉及受精过程的显微动态研究

应用荧光显微法和石蜡切片解剖法对‘晚大新高’梨授粉受精过程进行了系统观察研究。结果表明：‘晚大新高’梨自花授粉不结实;异花最佳授粉品种为‘黄花’,其次为‘翠冠’和‘丰水’。与选用‘黄花’为异花授粉品种相比,自花和异花的授粉受精过程存在明显差异,自花花粉在授粉后2h开始萌发,8h花粉管生长至离柱头约1／3处停止生长,顶端膨大呈球形,表现出自交不亲和性;异花花粉在授粉后1h开始部分萌发,8h花粉管生长至花柱中部,24h到达花柱基部并进入子房,48h进入胚囊,72h完成双受精过程。