中国海菜花属植物隐种多样性

近20年来,随着分子生物学的兴起,越来越多的证据表明生命之树的各个分支中都存在大量的隐种多样性,占据未被发现的生物多样性的极高比例。准确地评估濒危类群的隐种多样性水平,不仅能更好地理解物种形成在生物多样性式样及过程中的异质性作用,而且也更有利于生物多样性的有效保护及管理。海菜花属(Ottelia)是我国二级重点保护植物,为泛热带水生植物类群,我国云贵高原及其邻近区域为该属重要的物种多样性中心之一。由于该属具有高度的表型可塑性,缺少明确的鉴别特征,致使其属下分类一直未能很好解决,这极大限制了相关保护措施的制定。因此,本研究在对我国海菜花属植物广泛采样的基础上,利用多位点联合贝叶斯方法对其进行物种划分研究。结果表明:我国海菜花属植物至少包括14种,分子证据支持将海菜花种下3个变种提升为种,同时海菜花(O. acuminata)和靖西海菜花(O. jingxiensis)内存在隐种现象。喀斯特地区的异质性生境及西南地区水系间的地理隔离可能是我国海菜花属特有类群快速分化的主要原因。基于本研究结果,我们建议将各分类群(包括存疑类群)分别作为独立单元就地保护。     

玉兰亚属多倍体植物DNA C-值流式细胞术测定体系的建立

通过对不同解离液和内标组合的筛选,采用流式细胞仪对木兰科玉兰亚属(subgen. Yulania) 6种多倍体植物的DNA C-值进行测定与分析。结果显示:在解离液和标样的筛选中,WPB解离液为玉兰亚属植物的最佳选择;以星花玉兰(Magnolia stellata(SieboldZucc.) Maxim.)为内标时,混合样品的峰图效果最好,DNA峰的变异系数(CV)均小于5.0%。紫玉兰(M. liliiflora Desr.)、多瓣紫玉兰(M. polytepala Law,R. Z. ZhouR. J. Zhang)、黄山玉兰(M. cylindrica E. H. Wilson)、白玉兰(M. denudata Desr.)、二乔玉兰(M.×soulangeana Soul.-Bod.)和渐尖玉兰(M. acuminata (L.) L.)的C-值大小范围在(3.92±0.02) pg到(5.85±0.03) pg之间,基因组大小从(3832.13±24.67) Mbp到(5964.17±56.06) Mbp。研究结果表明该优化的流式细胞术测定体系可以精确测定玉兰亚属多倍体植物的DNA C-值。     

毛茛科分子系统发育研究进展

毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)在被子植物的系统演化中占有十分重要的地位,其系统位置和科下演化关系一直备受争议。近20多年的分子系统学研究表明,以往基于形态学的分类系统与分子系统学研究结果存在巨大差异。通过形态学性状界定的绝大多数亚科都没有得到分子系统学支持。此外,通过形态学确定的一些属如升麻属(Cimicifuga)、黄三七属(Souliea)、獐耳细辛属(Hepatica)、白头翁属(Pulsatilla)和水毛茛属(Batrachium)等,根据分子系统学研究均应予以归并。而分子系统学研究也确立了一些类群的属级地位,如露蕊乌头属(Gymnaconitum)等。以中国分布的毛茛科植物为例,通过以往分子系统学研究,共有10个属被归并,2个属新被确立。然而,毛茛科分子系统学研究对于科下许多类群之间的关系目前仍然没有得到很好的解决,如毛茛亚科和翠雀族等类群的系统发育关系仍需要进行深入研究后方能确定。该文对近年来国内外有关毛茛科的分子系统学研究进展进行了综述,并对该科尚存的一些问题和未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

水车前属一新种及其核型

一、形态学特征出水水菜花新种图1 Ottelia emersa Z.C.Zhao et R.J.Luo sp.nov.     

适应辐射类群穇属的系统学研究进展

综合花序拓扑学、比较形态学、分子系统发育、细胞遗传学等资料,对适应辐射类群穆属(Eleusine Gaertn.)的系统学研究进展进行了述评.穆属系统位置--Eleusiinae亚族成员得到分子系统发育证据的支持.该属具有3种花序类型、7个基因组类型、多倍体均由二倍体杂交起源、C4植物高度适应半湿润-半干旱镶嵌气候等特征.据可靠化石记载和现代地理分布推断,穆属很可能起源于东非,时间是晚中新世,而适应辐射则发生在上新世-中新世间隔.总的来说,分子系统发育、细胞遗传学、古地质、古气候数据的整合研究能够为穆属多倍体起源和谱系多样化历史提供令人信服的证据.     

广义紫菀属(菊科紫菀族)系统学研究的现状

广义的紫菀属(Asters.l.)曾是个大包大揽的类群,产于北美和欧亚大陆.Nesom主要根据瘦果的形态和细胞学性状对Asters.l.进行了评价,将北美紫菀类植物从Aster中独立出去,使Aster成为欧亚特有类群.但是,在欧亚各国对Aster有定为一属和分为十多个属等不同的分类学处理,分歧较大.狭义紫菀属(Asters.s.)与从Asters.l.中分出的各属之间的系统学关系,以及后者中某些属与北美紫菀类和紫菀族其他亚族间的系统学关系,都存在很大疑问.过去一直认为北美是Aster的发源地,现在欧亚Asters.l.的起源与演化需要重新研究,而青藏高原是探讨Asters.l.物种多样性形成的关键地区.DNA尤其是DNA序列资料在研究Asters.l.的系统发育和分类上将发挥关键作用.     

海菜花(水鳖科)一新变种-嵩明海菜花

报道了海菜花一新变种—嵩明海菜花(Ottelia acuminata var.songmingensisZ.T.Jiang,H.Liet Z.L.Dao)。该变种与原变种的区别在于叶片带状厚纸质,不透明,叶尖钝圆或具短尖。     

花楸属3种植物的基因组大小与叶气孔特征分析

以糍粑沟花楸(Sorbus cibagouensis H.Peng&Z.J.Yin)、大理花楸(S.hypoglauca(Cardot)Hand.-Mazz.)和川滇花楸(S.vilmorinii C.K.Schneid.)为材料,采用流式细胞术对其基因组大小及倍性进行检测分析,同时应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对其气孔特征进行观察。结果显示,3种花楸属植物的基因组大小和倍性、气孔特征均存在一定差异。糍粑沟花楸、大理花楸和川滇花楸的基因组大小分别为:(1.480±0.039)pg、(1.513±0.041)pg、(2.675±0.065)pg,在此基础上推断糍粑沟花楸和大理花楸为二倍体、川滇花楸为四倍体植物。显微镜观测发现:3种花楸属植物的气孔器均分布于叶的下表皮,气孔不下陷,保卫细胞无“T”型加厚结构,气孔类型为无规则形;糍粑沟花楸和川滇花楸的气孔器外拱盖光滑,而大理花楸气孔器外拱盖具有短棒状蜡质纹饰;3种植物的气孔器大小存在极显著差异。研究结果表明花楸属植物的基因组大小与倍性呈显著正相关,可用于推断植物的倍性;而气孔器大小和密度与倍性的相关性不大,但气孔特性在种间变化显著,可为种的鉴定提供科学的理论依据。     

基于流式细胞术和K-mer分析的银缕梅属(Parrotia C.A.Mey.)植物基因组大小测定

金缕梅科(Hamamelidaceae)银缕梅属(Parrotia C.A.Mey.)仅包含银缕梅(Parrotia subaequalis(H.T.Chang)R.M.Hao&H.T.Wei)和波斯铁木(Parrotia persica(DC.)C.A.Mey.)两种落叶阔叶乔木,其中银缕梅是我国华东地区特有的Ⅰ级濒危珍稀保护植物,属东亚第三纪孑遗成分;其姊妹种波斯铁木则间断分布于伊朗北部,属北极第三纪孑遗植物类群。本研究首次利用流式细胞术和K-mer分析方法对银缕梅属两姊妹种的基因组大小进行了测定,建立和优化了以萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.‘Saxa’)为内标、WPB(Woody plant buffer)为细胞核解离液的两种植物单倍体基因组的DNA含量(DNA C值)流式测定的适宜体系,旨在为金缕梅科银缕梅属植物的全基因组测序、基因组学研究、种质资源开发和利用以及物种保育等提供前期基础数据参考;同时也可为金缕梅科其他属、种的基因组大小测定提供借鉴。主要研究结果如下:(1)通过流式测定银缕梅基因组大小约为971.45±13.91 Mb,波斯铁木基因组大小约为890.52±24.69 Mb;(2)K-mer分析估测银缕梅基因组大小为951.70 Mb,杂合率为1.740%,重复序列比例为77.50%;波斯铁木基因组大小为858.50 Mb,杂合率为0.695%,重复序列占74.30%;(3)银缕梅属于高杂合和高重复基因组,波斯铁木则属于微杂合和高重复基因组。本研究的结果为银缕梅属植物后续基于DNA三代高通量测序技术的全基因组测序、组装及去冗余处理等工作提供了重要的数据参考。     

根据ITS序列证据重建防己科蝙蝠葛族的系统发育

研究了国产防己科蝙蝠葛族tirb．Menispermeae9属20种和外类群青牛胆族trib．Tinosporeae 2属3种植物完整的ITS(包括5.8S rDNA)序列。trib．Menispermeae的ITS长527～601 bp,排序后长667bp。当gap处理为missing时具281个有信息位点。PAUP软件分析结果表明：①trib．Menispermeae是一个单系类群,该分支得到hootstrap l00％的支持;②确定了存疑种Pachygone valida的系统学位置,该种是Coc—culus属的成员;③Sinomenium和Menispermum两属有很近的系统学关系,组成族内稳定的一支,它们的ITS序列同源性极高,ITS1比族内其它属长41～73bp;④Stephania和Cyclea也是系统发育关系很近的两个类群。前者具两个主要分支,其IIS1、ITS2的G+C含量差异较大,在种类组成上,该两大支与传统上Stephania属内处理的2个亚属——千金藤亚属subgen．Stephania和山乌龟亚属subgen．Tuberiphania基本一致;Cyclea属内种间的ITS序列差异小,同源性极高。     

Nuclear DNA C-values in 30 species double the familial representation in pteridophytes

Nuclear DNA C-values and genome size are important biodiversity characters with fundamental biological significance. Yet C-value data for pteridophytes, a diverse group of vascular plants with approx. 9000 extant species, remain scarce. A recent survey by Bennett and Leitch (2001, Annals of Botany 87: 335-345) found that C-values were reported for only 48 pteridophyte species. To improve phylogenetic representation in this group and to check previously reported estimates, C-values for 30 taxa in 17 families were measured using flow cytometry for all but one species. This technique proved generally applicable, but the ease with which C-value data were generated varied greatly between materials. Comparing the new data with those previously published revealed several large discrepancies. After discounting doubtful data, C-values for 62 pteridophyte species remained acceptable for analysis. The present work has increased the number of such species' C-values by 93 %, and more than doubled the number of families represented (from 10 to 21). Analysis shows that pteridophyte C-values vary approx. 450-fold, from 0-16 pg in Selaginella kraussiana to 72.7 pg in Psilotum nudum var. gasa. Superimposing C-value data onto a robust phylogeny of pteridophytes suggests some possible trends in C-value evolution and highlights areas for future work.     

禾本科植物基因组大小与种子特性的相关性分析

在检索植物C值数据库和种子数据信息库的基础上,对禾本科282种植物的基因组参数（倍性、染色体数、C值、GS值和平均每条染色体DNA含量）和种子特性（千粒重、含油量和蛋白含量）进行了统计分析。分析结果表明,禾本科植物C值在0.35～19.7 pg,大多位于1.6～3.2 pg之间,呈偏正态分布,种子千粒重在0.05～252 g,绝大多数位于0.05～20.0 g,呈偏态分布,二者平均值分别为4.14 pg和7.1 g。随着染色体倍性增加,C值在二倍体到八倍体之间显著增加,而GS值和平均每染色体DNA含量在二倍体到六倍体之间显著下降（p<0.05)。雀麦属和羊茅属随着倍性增加,C值显著增加,表现与禾本科相似的变化规律,GS值下降却不明显。相关性分析表明,禾本科植物C值与倍性、染色体数、GS值及平均每条染色体DNA含量均呈极显著正相关（p<0.01),与种子千粒重无相关性。GS值与染色体数、倍性呈极显著负相关,而与千粒重呈极显著正相关。C值与种子含油量呈显著负相关,但与种子蛋白含量之间无相关性。以上结果表明,禾本科植物在系统演化和进化过程中,主要通过倍性和染色体的增加来增大C值,可能通过某种删除或丢失机制来降低GS值,从而保持较高的适应环境能力和进化速率。     

Nuclear DNA content estimates in multicellular green, red and brown algae: phylogenetic considerations

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Multicellular eukaryotic algae are phylogenetically disparate. Nuclear DNA content estimates have been published for fewer than 1 % of the described species of Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. The present investigation aims to summarize the state of our knowledge and to add substantially to our database of C-values for theses algae. METHODS: The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and RBC (chicken erythrocyte) standard were used to estimate 2C values with static microspectrophotometry. KEY RESULTS: 2C DNA contents for 85 species of Chlorophyta range from 0.2-6.1 pg, excluding the highly polyploidy Charales and Desmidiales with DNA contents of up to 39.2 and 20.7 pg, respectively. 2C DNA contents for 111 species of Rhodophyta range from 0.1-2.8 pg, and for 44 species of Phaeophyta range from 0.2-1.8 pg. CONCLUSIONS: New availability of consensus higher-level molecular phylogenies provides a framework for viewing C-value data in a phylogenetic context. Both DNA content ranges and mean values are greater in taxa considered to be basal. It is proposed that the basal, ancestral genome in each algal group was quite small. Both mechanistic and ecological processes are discussed that could have produced the observed C-value ranges.     

不同生活型被子植物功能性状与基因组大小的关系

基因组大小在被子植物物种之间存在着巨大的变异, 但目前对不同生活型被子植物功能性状与基因组大小的关系缺乏统一的认识。本研究基于被子植物245科2,226属11,215个物种的基因组大小数据, 探讨了不同生活型物种种子重量、最大植株高度和叶片氮、磷含量4个功能性状与基因组大小之间的关系。结果表明, 被子植物最大植株高度和种子重量与基因组大小间的关系在草本和木本植物中存在显著差异。草本植物最大植株高度与基因组大小的关系不显著, 但种子重量与其呈极显著的正相关关系。木本植物最大植株高度与基因组大小显著负相关, 但种子重量与其关系不显著。木本植物叶片氮含量与基因组大小呈显著正相关, 但其他生活型植物的叶片氮、磷含量与基因组大小均无显著相关性。本研究表明被子植物功能性状与基因组大小的相关性在不同生活型间存在差异, 这为深入研究植物多种功能性状和植物生活型与基因组大小的权衡关系在植物演化和生态适应中的作用提供了重要依据。     

Nuclear DNA C-values Complete Familial Representation in Gymnosperms

The gymnosperms are a monophyletic yet diverse group of woodytrees with approx. 730 extant species in 17 families. A recentsurvey showed that DNA C-values were available for approx. 16%of species, but for only 12 of the 17 families. This paper completesfamilial representation reporting first C-values for the fiveremaining families: Boweniaceae, Stangeriaceae, Welwitschiaceae,Cephalotaxaceae and Sciadopityaceae. C-values for nine Ephedraand two Gnetum species are also reported. C-values are now availablefor 152 (21%) species. Analysis confirms that gymnosperms arecharacterized by larger C-values than angiosperms (modal 1Cof gymnosperms = 15.8 pg compared with 0.6 pg in angiosperms)although the range (1C = 2.25–32.20 pg) is smaller thanthat in angiosperms (1C = 0.05–127.4 pg). Given completefamilial coverage for C-values and increasing consensus in gymnospermphylogeny, the phylogenetic component of C-value variation wasalso investigated by comparing the two datasets. This analysisrevealed that ancestral gymnosperms (represented by cycads and/orGinkgo; mean genome size = 14.71 pg) probably had larger genomes thanancestral angiosperms. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Gymnosperm DNA amounts, C-values, phylogeny, ancestral genome size, Cycadales, Ginkgo, Gnetales, conifers, Pinaceae     

Classification,distribution and phylogeny of the genus Ottelia

The genus Ottelia is one of the great genera of Hydrocharidaceae. About 25 species distributed in the Palaeotropics, extending from Africa through India and SE. Asia to Korea and Japan, Australia and New Caledonia, 1 species in Brazil; centres of specific devolopment are found in Central Africa and SE Asia. The present study is mainly based on the materials collected during the field explorations in the lakes of Yunnan and observations on the structure of the spathe and flowers, the variation of leaf of the plants cultivated in Kunming Bot. Garden. Instead of the wings of the spathe used by Dandy, by the characters such as uni-or bisexual flowers, this genus is divided into two subgenera, which by the number of the flowers in spathe and the number of the carpus in ovary again subdivided into 4 sections. They are as the following: A. Subg. Ottelia. Flowers bisexual. Sect. 1. Ottelia. Spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 6(—9) carpus. Sect. 2. Oligolobos (Gagnep.) Dandy. Spathe with many flowers; ovary with 3 carpus. B. Subg. Boottia (Wall.) Dandy. Flowers unisexual; the male spathe with 1-many flowers, the female spathe with many flowers. Sect. 3. Boottia. The male spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 9(—15) carpus. Sect. 4. Xystrolobos (Gagnep.) H. Li. The female spathe with (2-) many flowers; ovary with 3 or 9 carpus. The Chinense species of ottelia is in great need for revision. All of the species in China previousely described under Ottelia Pers, Boottia Wall., Oligolobos Gagnep, and Xystrolobos Gagen. are here combined into 3 species. They are O. alismoides, O. cordata, O. acuminata with 4 variaties. After a study of the geographic distribution and infer relation-ships among the floristic elements it has been proved that Ottelia is certainly an ancient genus, and the primitive types came into being and widely dispersed before the separation of Laurasia from Gondwana. During a considerable period of time the elements of the genus Ottelia in freshwater environment of different continents have been separately differentiated and evolved into more or less derived types. The structure of flowers in all of the asian species shows the following evolutionary tendenoes: 1. In this genus the plants with unisexual flowers have evolved from plants with bisexual flower; 2. In the groups with bisexual or unisexual flowers the number of stamens and styles reduced to 3-merous, but the number of flowers in spathe increased. So that the subgenus Ottelia is more primitive than the subgenus Bottia; While in the subgenus Ottelia O. alismoides is a more primitive than O. balansae and in the subgenus Boottia O. cordata is the most primitive, butO. alata seems to be the most advanced.     

Estimation of nuclear genome size of the genus Mycetophylax Emery, 1913: Evidence of no whole-genome duplication in Neoattini

Genome size estimates and their evolution can be useful for studying the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of a particular group. In the present study, the genome sizes of the three species that comprise the Mycetophylax genus were estimated by flow cytometry (FCM). There was little variation in genome size among them. The mean haploid genome size value of male and female individuals of Mycetophylax morschi was 312.96 Mbp (0.32 pg) and that of Mycetophylax conformis and Mycetophylax simplex females were 312.96 Mbp (0.32 pg) and 381.42 Mbp (0.39 pg), respectively. At first glance, this variation could be related with the heterochromatin content. Our results, together with other previous reports, have contributed to our knowledge about Attini genome size and will be useful to improve the understanding of the evolution of this tribe. It will help select potential model species in Attini for future genomic and sequencing projects.     

长三角及邻近地区138种草本植物DNA C-值测定及其生物学意义

为了评估DNA C-值和基因组大小(genome size)在植物入侵性评估中的价值,应用流式细胞仪测定了长三角及邻近地区138种草本植物的核DNA含量,其中111种为首次报道。在此基础上比较了不同植物类群这两个值的差异,特别是入侵性与非入侵性植物这两个值的差异。结果表明:(1)138种草本植物平均DNA C-值为1.55 pg,最大者是最小者的37.17倍。127个类群平均基因组大小为1.08 pg,最大者是最小者的34.11倍;(2)统计了菊科(Asteraceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)、十字花科(Brassicaceae)、玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)、蓼科(Polygonaceae)、唇形科(Labiatae)和伞形科(Umbelliferae)的DNA C-值和基因组大小,发现禾本科植物的这两个值显著地大于其他7个科(P0.01)。单子叶的DNA C-值和基因组极显著地大于双子叶植物(P0.01);(3)杂草比非杂草具有更低的DNA C-值(P0.01)和基因组大小(P0.001);与DNA C-值相比,基因组大小在这两个类群之间的差异更为明显(P0.001),这种现象也体现在菊科植物中。随着基因组(X1)和DNA C-值(X2)由大变小,植物的杂草性(入侵性,Y)由弱变强,两者关系分别符合:Y=2.2334-1.2847 ln(X1)(r=0.4612,P0.01)和Y=2.4421-0.7234 ln(X2)(r=0.2522,P0.01),DNA C-值和基因组大小可以作为植物入侵性评估的一个指标;(4)多倍体杂草的基因组极明显地小于二倍体杂草(P0.01),前者为后者的0.63倍。在非杂草中,多倍体基因组比二倍体的略小,前者仅为后者的0.84倍,差异不显著(P0.5)。菊科植物中多倍体杂草的基因组也显著地小于二倍体杂草(P0.1)。基因组变小和多倍体化相结合,进一步增强了植物的入侵性。在多倍体植物入侵性评估中,基因组大小比DNA C-值更有价值。     

Cladogenetic correlates of genomic expansions in the recent evolution of actinopterygiian fishes

Genomic expansions via regional gene duplications and polyploidization events have been implicated as catalysts for rapid cladogenetic speciation in some fish taxa, but any general relationships between genome sizes and patterns of evolutionary radiation remain poorly characterized. Here we examine empirical correlations between genome size and species richness (number of extant species within a given clade) both across Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and within several large actinopterygiian clades. We conducted the analyses both without and with correction (by independent contrasts) for phylogenetic effects. Across the full suite of 461 surveyed genera, relatively small but significant positive correlations were present between species richness and evolutionary increases in C-value. Although many variables (including ecological and behavioural factors) clearly can influence speciation rates, the current results are consistent with the notion that genomic architecture may play a role in species proliferation as well.     

DNA amounts for five pteridophyte species fill phylogenetic gaps in C-value data

C-values are important biodiversity characters, yet data for pteridophytes are scarce. A recent survey showed that reliable C-value data were available for only 62 species. This paper reports C-value estimates for a further five pteridophyte species which were selected to fill phylogenetic gaps identified in previous work: Angiopteris lygodiifolia , of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae (1C = 7.10 pg); Lygodium japonicum , of the basal leptosporangiate fern family Schizaeaceae (1C = 11.66 pg); Marsilea quadrifolia , of the heterosporous water fern order Marsileales (1C = 4.01 pg); Isoetes lacustris (1C = 11.97 pg) and Lycopodium clavatum (1C = 2.86 pg), of the lycophyte families Isoetaceae and Lycopodiaceae, respectively. The C-value estimates are discussed in the context of other C-value data. Further, the range of C-values in lycophytes (0.16 pg – 11.97 pg), which comprise Selaginellaceae, Isoetaceae and Lycopodiaceae, is discussed in relation to nucleotypic constraints imposed by sperm flagella number.  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 140 , 169−173.