亚麻酸对肝癌细胞HepG2节律的调控研究

目的:探讨多不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸对肝癌细胞HepG2节律钟的影响。方法:通过50%的马血清刺激诱导HepG2细胞同步化,利用亚麻酸处理同步化后的HepG2细胞。进一步利用荧光定量PCR和western-blot检测节律钟关键基因的变化。结果:HepG2细胞经过亚麻酸处理后节律钟关键基因芳烃受体核转位蛋白3(brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1,BMAL1)和蓝光受体蛋白1(Cryptochrome 1,CRY1)在转录水平的表达水平有所降低。与此一致的是,在蛋白质水平CRY1和BMAL1的表达同样受到亚麻酸的抑制。同时发现,CRY1的转录水平的节律周期有明显的缩短。进一步研究发现,亚麻酸对HepG2细胞的脂肪酸合成关键基因脂肪酸合酶(Fatty acid synthase,FASN)和硬脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶(Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1,SCD1),以及免疫促炎因子白细胞介素-6(Interleukelin-6,IL-6)和白细胞介素-8(Interleukelin-8,IL-8)的mRNA的表达具有明显的抑制效应。结论:亚麻酸影响了肝癌HepG2细胞水平的节律基因的表达水平以及缩短了节律基因的周期,并且对于HepG2细胞的脂肪酸合成以及免疫促炎因子有明显的抑制效应。     

SIRT3在心血管疾病中的作用

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶类3(silent mating type information regulation2 homolog-3,SIRT3)是一种依赖于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide,NAD)的III类去乙酰化酶。SIRT3主要定位于线粒体,广泛分布于肾脏、脑、心脏及肝脏等富含线粒体的组织器官中,其可对组蛋白和非组蛋白去乙酰化在调控细胞代谢、细胞周期、细胞凋亡及细胞寿命方面起着重要的作用。SIRT3通过去乙酰化相关靶蛋白调节其生物活性,在抵抗氧化应激反应,改善血管内皮细胞功能等多种心血管疾病中,都起到了保护性作用。该文旨在对SIRT3在常见的心血管疾病中的作用的研究进展进行综述。     

SIRT7在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展

Sirtuins蛋白家族是一类高度保守的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶。哺乳动物中的Sirtuins包括七种亚型:SIRT1-SIRT7,作为Sirtuins蛋白家族成员之一,SIRT7定位于核仁,是一种高度特异性的H3K18Ac(组蛋白H3的乙酰化赖氨酸残基18)去乙酰化酶。SIRT7的作用底物包括组蛋白和非组蛋白,底物的多样性决定着它参与体内多种细胞活动,如:细胞增殖、细胞新陈代谢、DNA损伤和应激反应等,并与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。SIRT7在乳腺癌、甲状腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和肝细胞癌等多种肿瘤中高表达;而在头颈部鳞癌和胰腺癌中的低表达又提示其可作为抑癌基因发挥作用。本文旨从SIRT7的基因组组成、作用底物及相关肿瘤作用机制等方面阐述SIRT7的研究进展,而其致癌或抑癌作用有可能使其成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

啤酒酵母复制衰老的分子机制

 复制衰老是啤酒酵母衰老形式之一,表现出芽痕累积、细胞体积变大、不对称分裂丧失、不育、核仁脆裂和代谢变化等特征.染色体外rDNA环累积是啤酒酵母复制衰老的重要原因,而组蛋白去乙酰化酶家族成员Sir2蛋白在调节染色体外rDNA环累积、啤酒酵母衰老和寿命方面起到核心作用.作为去乙酰化反应底物的NAD+正性调节Sir2组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性,NAD+代谢产物尼克酰胺对Sir2有负性调节作用,而有尼克酰胺参与的NAD+补救合成途径对于Sir2活性十分重要.目前,已经在人等动物细胞中发现参与这些调节过程的相关蛋白的同源基因,在功能上也表现出一定的相似性.啤酒酵母的衰老机制研究将为人体衰老的认识提供重要线索.     

Sirtuin家族对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

Sirtuin蛋白家族是烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸依赖性的去乙酰化蛋白酶类,通过对下游靶基因的调控,抵抗氧化应激,维持线粒体功能,参与调节细胞自噬及凋亡,与心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(MIRI)的发生发展密切相关。本文主要综述Sirtuin蛋白家族的心肌细胞保护机制及其在防治MIRI中的调控作用,为其在相关病理及生理机制的研究提供有益参考。     

NDRG2对胶质瘤U87-MG细胞组蛋白乙酰化的影响及机制研究

目的:探讨NDRG2对胶质瘤U87-MG细胞组蛋白乙酰化的影响,从代谢组学角度明确其抑癌机制,为胶质瘤治疗提供新思路。方法:利用慢病毒介导的外源性NDRG2基因在胶质瘤U87-MG细胞株中过表达,并采用MTT检测其对胶质瘤U87-MG细胞增殖的影响,采用Western blot技术研究其对胶质瘤U87-MG细胞组蛋白乙酰化及AKT-ACLY通路磷酸化状态的影响,并使用酶联反应检测胞内乙酰辅酶A的水平。结果:NDRG2在胶质瘤U87-MG细胞中外源过表达可降低AKT及下游分子ACLY的磷酸化水平,减少胞内乙酰辅酶A的合成,抑制组蛋白乙酰化。结论:NDRG2可能通过抑制AKT通路,减少组蛋白乙酰化,进而抑制胶质瘤U87-MG细胞增殖。     

SIRT1在雌性配子发生中的作用及相关疾病的研究进展

沉默信息调节因子1[Sirtuin(silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog)1,Sirt1]是依赖于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,可与FOX转录因子家族中的O亚家族(FOXOs)、P53等多种转录因子结合.Sirt1通过调控卵巢储备、卵泡形成发育...     

氨基酸可治疗缺血性心脏病

新近实验证明,谷氨酸、门冬氨酸、精氨酸和鸟氨酸能保护心肌免受低氧和缺血的损伤。在心脏缺氧时,由于氧化型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD~ )缺乏,磷酸甘油醛蓄积,糖酵解率仅短暂增加,不能适应心脏对能量的需要。某些无脊椎动物(如牡蛎)和潜水哺乳动物心脏具有不依靠乳酸脱氢酶,而使还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)氧化的作用,但这不是人正常的主要途径。NADH 被氧化为NAD~ ,可通过门冬     

组蛋白乙酰化参与NO信号激活人肝细胞内源FⅧ重表达的研究

通过对组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化的研究,探索NO信号激活LO2细胞中凝血因子FⅧ(coagulation factorⅧ,FⅧ)重表达的分子机制。建立L-精氨酸激活人肝细胞LO2内源凝血因子FⅧ重表达的分子细胞模型。取对数生长期人类永生化肝细胞LO2随机分为:正常组和L-精氨酸组、组蛋白乙酰化抑制剂组和组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂组。分别培养0、12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h。用RT-PCR方法检测各组中人FⅧ基因的转录水平。构建核转录因子(nuclear factor k B,NF-k B1)flag标签质粒,转染LO2细胞,用染色质免疫共沉淀(Ch IP)检测FⅧ基因启动子区域组蛋白乙酰化水平。实验显示L-精氨酸组和组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂组中有人FⅧ基因m RNA的转录,正常组和组蛋白乙酰化抑制剂组没有出现FⅧ基因m RNA的转录。Ch IP检测NF-k B1与FⅧ基因启动子区域结合时,FⅧ基因启动子区域组蛋白乙酰化水平提高。上述研究表明组蛋白乙酰化抑制剂能取消LO2细胞中内源人FⅧ基因的上调,而组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂能协同LO2细胞中内源人FⅧ基因的上调。NO信号在LO2细胞中通过调节FⅧ基因启动子区域组蛋白乙酰化,招募转录因子NF-k B1激活人FⅧ基因的重表达。     

Nampt在卵巢癌中的研究进展

尼克酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶(Nampt)是新近发现的一种主要由内脏脂肪细胞分泌的脂肪因子,结构复杂,存在基因多态性,具有多种生理功能:通过与胰岛素受体相互作用,在不同的情况下Nampt可表现出类胰岛素样作用;在细胞质中,能够催化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)的生物合成;作为分泌型的细胞因子,Nampt还可以诱导多种炎性因子的表达。最近发现,Nampt在卵巢癌中高表达,其与卵巢癌的发生发展可能有密切联系,它的发现为研究卵巢癌的发病机制增加了新内容,可能为卵巢癌的治疗提供一个新的靶点。     

The efficiency of (Na + K)-ATPase in tumorigenic cells

The efficiency of (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase (i.e. the amount of K⁺ pumped per ATP hydrolyzed) in intact tumorigenic cells was estimated in this study. This was accomplished by simultaneously measuring the rate of ouabain-sensitive K⁺ uptake and oxygen consumption in tumorigenic cell suspensions during the reintroduction of K⁺ to K⁺-depleted cells. The ATP turnover was then estimated by assuming 5.6–6 ATP/O₂ as the stoichiometry of NADH-linked respiration in these cells. In the three cell lines tested (hamster and chick embryo cells transformed with Rous sarcoma virus and Ehrlich ascites cells), the K⁺/ATP ratio was approximately 2, the same value as that found in normal tissues. Furthermore, only 20% of the total ATP production of these cells was used by (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase.     

Immunolocalization of Na/K–ATPase and Na/K/2Cl cotransporter in the tubular epithelia of sea snake salt glands

The sublingual salt gland is the primary site of salt excretion in sea snakes; however, little is known about the mechanisms mediating ion excretion. Na⁺/K⁺–ATPase (NKA) and Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC) are two proteins known to regulate membrane potential and drive salt secretion in most vertebrate secretory cells. We hypothesized that NKA and NKCC would localize to the basolateral membranes of the principal cells comprising the tubular epithelia of sea snake salt glands. Although there is evidence of NKA activity in salt glands from several species of sea snake, the localization of NKA and NKCC and other potential ion transporters remains unstudied. Using histology and immunohistochemistry, we localized NKA and NKCC in salt glands from three species of laticaudine sea snake: Laticauda semifasciata, L. laticaudata, and L. colubrina. Antibody specificity was confirmed using Western blots. The compound tubular glands of all three species were found to be composed of serous secretory epithelia, and NKA and NKCC were abundant in the basolateral membranes. These results are consistent with the morphology of secretory epithelia found in the rectal salt glands of marine elasmobranchs, the nasal glands of marine birds and the gills of teleost fishes, suggesting a similar function in regulating ion secretion.     

The TRPC3/6/7 subfamily of cation channels

The mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins consist of a superfamily of Ca2+-permeant non-selective cation channels with structural similarities to Drosophila TRP. The TRP superfamily can be divided into three major families, among them the "canonical TRP" family (TRPC). The seven protein products of the mammalian TRPC family of genes (designated TRPC1-7) share in common the activation through PLC-coupled receptors and have been proposed to encode components of native store-operated channels in different cell types. In addition, the three members of the TRPC3/6/7 subfamily of TRPC channels can be activated by diacylglycerol analogs, providing a possible mechanism of activation of these channels by PLC-coupled receptors. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanism of activation of the TRPC3/6/7 subfamily, as well as the potential role of these proteins as components of native Ca2+-permeant channels.     

13C-nuclear magnetic resonance study of glycophorins AM and AN modified with various pyrylium salts

The environment of the N-terminal amino groups of glycophorins A^M and A^N has been studied using¹³C-NMR spectroscopy and pyrylium salts as amino-blocking agents. The extent of amino blocking was monitored by¹³C-reductive methylation of the residual free amino groups. The pyrylium ions reacted with the N-terminal amino groups of the two glycophorins at almost identical rates, which is thought to indicate that the overriding steric bulk of the pyrylium salt may determine the rate of the reaction. The difference in the rates of modification of lysine residues of glycophorins A^M and A^N by the pyrylium ions did indicate that there may exist an environmental difference around the lysine residues between the two glycophorins. This environmental difference may result from solution aggregation of the glycophorin A molecules or from some differences in the pK_a values of the five lysine residues found in glycophorins A^M and A^N.     

Identification and reconstitution of a Na/K/Cl cotransporter and K channel from luminal membranes of renal red outer medulla

Electrophysiological studies on renal thick ascending limb segments indicate the involvement of a luminal Na⁺/K⁺/Cl⁻ cotransport system and a K⁺ channel in transepithelial salt transport. Sodium reabsorption across this segment is blocked by the diuretics furosemide and bumetanide. The object of our study has been to identify in intact membranes and reconstitute into phospholipid vesicles the Na⁺/K⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter and K⁺ channel, as an essential first step towards purification of the proteins involved and characterization of their roles in the regulation of transepithelial salt transport. Measurements of ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake into membrane vesicles against large opposing KCl gradients greatly magnify the ratio of specific compared to non-specific isotope flux pathways. Using this sensitive procedure, it has proved possible to demonstrate in crude microsomal vesicle preparations from rabbit renal outer medulla two ⁸⁶Rb⁺ fluxes. (A) A furosemide-inhibited ⁸⁶Rb⁺ flux in the absence of Na⁺ (K⁺-K⁺ exchange). This flux is stimulated by an inward Na⁺ gradient (Na⁺/K⁺ cotransport) and is inhibited also by bumetanide. (B) A Ba²⁺-inhibited ⁸⁶Rb⁺ flux, through the K⁺ channel. Luminal membranes containing the Na⁺/K⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter and K⁺ channels, and basolateral membranes containing the Na⁺/K⁺ pumps were separated from the bulk of contaminant protein by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation. The Na⁺/K⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter and K⁺ channel were reconstituted in a functional state by solubilizing both luminal membranes and soybean phospholipid with octyl glucoside, and then removing detergent on a Sephadex column.     

蛋白质感染颗粒与二价铜离子

蛋白质感染颗粒（PrP）的错误折叠被认为是引起一些神经退化性疾病的主因,但其正常构象（PrP^C）的功能却一直不为人所知．近年来研究发现,在正常细胞中,尤其是脑细胞中,细胞膜PrP^C可通过内吞作用进入细胞质而将Cu²⁺载运至SOD1,从而参与调节SOD1 的活性及细胞铜代谢．另有研究表明,Cu²⁺对于PrP^Sc（错误构象）的蛋白水解酶K抗性的恢复及不同“病株”的形成也有很重要的作用.     

川楝素对K+、Ca2+通道活动及细胞内Ca2+浓度的调控

川楝素是我国学者从驱蛔中药中分离、鉴定的一个三萜化合物，已证明具选择地影响神经递质释放，有效地对抗肉毒中毒，促进细胞分化、凋亡，抑制肿瘤增殖，抑制昆虫发育和取食，影响K⁺、Ca²⁺通道活动等多种生物效应. 综述了证明川楝素抑制多种K⁺通道，选择地易化L型Ca²⁺通道和进而升高胞内Ca⁺浓度的研究资料，并对川楝素产生这些生物效应的机制进行了讨论.     

Monoclonal antibodies for the structural analysis of the Na/H antiporter NhaA from Escherichia coli

Since their advent some 25 years ago, monoclonal antibodies have developed into powerful tools for structural and functional analysis of their cognate antigens. Together with the respective antigen binding fragments, antibodies offer exclusive capacities in detection, characterization, purification and functional assays for every given ligand.Antibody-fragment mediated crystallization represents a major advance in determining the three-dimensional structure of membrane-bound protein complexes. In this review, we focus on the methods used to generate monoclonal antibodies against the NhaA antiporter from Escherichia coli as a paradigm of secondary transporters. We describe examples on how antibodies are helpful in understanding structure and function relationships for this important class of integral membrane proteins.The generated conformation-specific antibody fragments are highly valuable reagents for co-crystallization attempts and structure determination of the antiporter.     

A nhaD Na/Hantiporter and a pcd homologues are among the Rhodothermus marinus complex I genes

The NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductase (Nqo) is one of the enzymes present in the respiratory chain of the thermohalophilic bacterium Rhodothermus marinus. The genes coding for the R. marinus Nqo subunits were isolated and sequenced, clustering in two operons [nqo₁ to nqo₇ (nqo_A) and nqo₁₀ to nqo₁₄ (nqo_B)] and two independent genes (nqo₈ and nqo₉). Unexpectedly, two genes encoding homologues of a NhaD Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (NhaD) and of a pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) were identified within nqo_B, flanked by nqo₁₃ and nqo₁₄. Eight conserved motives to harbour iron-sulphur centres are identified in the deduced primary structures, as well as two consensus sequences to bind nucleotides, in this case NADH and FMN. Moreover, the open-reading-frames of the putative NhaD and PCD were shown to be co-transcribed with the other complex I genes encoded by nqo_B. The possible role of these two genes in R. marinus complex I is discussed.     

In vivo and in vitro effects of copper and cadmium on the plasma membrane H+-ATPase from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) roots

The plasmalemma vesicles isolated from cucumber and maize roots were used to study the effect of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on the hydrolytic and proton pumping activities of ATPase. In vivo application of metal ions to the plant growth solutions resulted in stimulation of the proton transport in maize. In cucumber roots the action of metals was not the same: cadmium stimulated the H⁺ transport through plasmalemma whereas Cu²⁺ almost completely inhibited it. Copper ions decreased the hydrolytic activity of H⁺-ATPase in cucumber, without any effect on this activity in membranes isolated from maize roots. The effect of cadmium on the hydrolytic activities was opposite: ATP-hydrolysis activity in plasmalemma was not altered in cucumber, whereas in maize its stimulation was observed. The amount of accumulated metals was not the main reason of different influence of metals on H⁺-ATPase activity in tested plants. In in vitro experiments Cu²⁺ inhibited H⁺ transport in the cucumber, to a higher degree than Cd²⁺ and both metals did not change this H⁺-ATPase activity of plasmalemma isolated from corn roots. Cu²⁺ added into the incubation medium reduced the hydrolytic activity of ATPase in the plasma membrane isolated from cucumber as well as from corn roots. Cd²⁺ diminished the hydrolytic activity of ATPase in cucumber, and no effect of Cd²⁺ in the plasmalemma isolated from corn roots was found. Our results indicated different in vitro and in vivo action of both metals on H⁺-ATPase and different response of this enzyme to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in maize and cucumber.