肺炎克雷伯菌KPC-2酶的临床调查

目的:了解从中国医科大学附属第一医院临床患者分离的肺炎克雷伯菌产生KPC酶的情况。方法:筛选亚胺培南或(和)美洛培南的最小抑菌浓度2~4μg/m L或(和)抑菌环直径16~21mm肺炎克雷伯菌,采用CLSI推荐的改良Hodge试验进行碳青酶烯类抗菌药物耐药的表型检测,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行KPC-2的基因型检测。结果:从临床分离出的18株肺炎克雷伯菌中有2株Hodge试验阳性,但KPC-2的PCR结果阴性。结论:医大一院临床已经存在对碳青霉烯酶类抗生素耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌,但具体是哪一类酶尚不清楚,有待进一步研究。     

肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶基因的检测

摘要：目的 了解余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况和碳青霉烯酶耐药基因类型。方法 收集2014年3月至12月耐亚胺培南和厄他培南的肠杆菌科细菌18株,进行Hodge试验确认。对于阳性试验菌株采用PCR法检测blaKPC、blaNDM-1、blaMH、blaGES、blaSME、blaNmcA和blaSHV-387种基因。结果 18株耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌经改良Hodge试验确认阳性11株,占61.1%。经PCR检测显示11株均携带有blaKPC基因,其中肺炎克雷伯菌6株,大肠埃希菌3株,阴沟肠杆菌2株。结论 余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药机制主要是blaKPC型碳青霉烯酶。     

耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌腹腔感染患者的临床特征及预后

目的研究耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌所致腹腔感染患者的临床特征、感染危险因素、治疗方案及临床预后。方法回顾性调查2011年1月至2014年10月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院住院患者中由耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌所致腹腔感染患者的基础疾病、临床表现、实验室指标、微生物学检测结果等临床特征;了解腹腔感染发生前的侵入性操作、手术、抗菌药物使用、免疫抑制剂使用等高危因素;分析腹腔感染的治疗措施及抗菌药物的使用情况,患者对治疗的临床反应及30d病死率。目标变量使用单因素、多因素分析,χ2检验及风险评估进行分析。结果本研究入选43例腹腔感染患者,其病原菌均为亚胺培南耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌。病例年龄17~92岁,平均(54.8±15.9)岁;男性31例(72.1%);APACHEⅡ评分22~33分,平均(27.7±2.2)分。全部患者在其样本培养阳性前2周内有侵入性操作,其中100.0%的患者留置腹腔引流管、95.3%的患者留置导尿管、93.0%的患者留置中心静脉管、76.7%的患者气管插管或切开;有36例患者(83.7%)感染前90d内有手术史(均为经腹腔手术);32例(74.4%)患者曾有30d内ICU入住病史;38例(88.4%)患者在其标本培养阳性前2周内曾接受抗生素治疗。发热(74.4%)为腹腔感染耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌的主要临床表现,其次为腹痛(44.2%)。分别有13例(30.2%)和6例(14.0%)患者合并血流感染和/或痰液中检出耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌,17例(37.2%)患者出现感染性休克。在多因素分析中,感染性休克是30d病死唯一的危险因素(OR:0.693,95%CI:1.591~30.245,P=0.010)。累计30d病死率为37.2%,存活时间2~28d,平均(12.3±9.4)d;合并血培养阳性者的病死率为46.2%。使用替加环素治疗后30d病死率较未用替加环素治疗低(19.0%vs 54.5%,P=0.027)。结论腹腔感染耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌患者的病死率较高,感染性休克是30d内病死的危险因素。使用替加环素进行抗菌治疗能降低30d病死率、改善临床预后。     

高龄患者血液感染常见革兰阴性杆菌及其耐药性分析

目的分析本院80~100岁高龄患者血液感染常见革兰阴性杆菌的种类及其耐药状况,为本院合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法采用BacT/Alert 3D血培养仪对血液标本进行阳性鉴定;VITEK-2Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪进行鉴定;K-B纸片扩散法对抗菌药物进行敏感性测定;使用WHONET 5.4分析软件分析数据。结果本院高龄患者血液培养阳性标本中共分离出革兰阴性杆菌108株,以肠杆菌科细菌为主,其次为非发酵菌,前者主要为大肠埃希菌52株(48.15%)和肺炎克雷伯菌37株(34.26%),后者主要包括铜绿假单胞菌10株(9.26%)和鲍曼不动杆菌8株(7.41%)。其中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为1.92%和13.51%,两者对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛的耐药率均高于50.00%;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为20.00%和25.00%,后者对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均高于前者。结论碳青酶烯类抗生素可作为本院高龄患者常见革兰阴性杆菌所致血液感染的首选药物;但在治疗中应考虑细菌的耐药特点及患者的代谢特点合理选择抗生素。     

肺炎克雷伯菌产碳青霉烯酶特性与耐药趋势研究

目的探讨临床分离的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem-resistant,CRKP)的耐药机制及耐药趋势,为抗感染治疗提供依据。方法收集2008-2013年分离的CRKP 178株,分别运用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌分析仪和K-B纸片法检测菌株对药物的敏感性,改良Hodge试验确定是否产碳青霉烯酶以及EDTA抑制试验确定是否产金属酶,用PCR扩增和基因测序技术检测耐药基因。结果临床分离出肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumonia,Kpn)中CRKP的比例从2008年0.1%升至2013年2.2%,呈明显上升趋势;药敏结果显示,其对碳青霉烯类高度耐药外,对头孢曲松、氨曲南、环丙沙星等多种抗菌药物呈现出多重耐药;改良Hodge试验阳性170株(阳性率为95.5%);EDTA双纸片协同试验阳性1株(阳性率为0.6%)。PCR共检出150株携带KPC-2酶基因(blaKPC-2),阳性率为84.3%(150/178),1株肺炎克雷伯菌同时携带blaKPC-2和blaIMP-4,占0.6%(1/178)。结论台州医院分离的CRKP比例逐年升高,对多种抗菌药物高度耐药,产KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶是分离菌株对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药主要原因。     

磷霉素、米诺环素等抗生素对bla_(KPC-2)肺炎克雷伯杆菌的体外药敏研究

目的研究筛选治疗产KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶的肺炎克雷伯杆菌的敏感性抗生素。方法用氯霉素、多西环素、磷霉素、米诺环素和替加环素对已知blaKPC-2菌株进行体外药敏试验。结果氯霉素、多西环素米诺环素、磷霉素和替加环素耐药率分别为20%、17%、15%、6%和5%。结论本研究所选用抗生素的耐药率明显低于常规抗生素,为治疗产blaKPC-2菌株提供新参考方案     

2012-2014年锁骨下静脉导管感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解锁骨下静脉导管感染病原菌的分布及其耐药情况,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析我院2012年1月至2014年12月锁骨下静脉导管培养出的病原菌分布及其耐药性。结果送检的332份标本中,培养阳性123份,阳性率为37.0%。检出的病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌82株(66.7%),革兰阳性球菌36株(29.3%),真菌5株(4.0%)。前3位的细菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌,分别占36.6%、23.6%、8.1%。检出的鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、头孢他啶、阿米卡星的耐药率均75%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素的耐药率略低,分别为46.7%、48.9%。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中MRCNS(耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌)占比82.8%,未发现对达托霉素、利奈唑胺、万古霉素耐药的革兰阳性球菌。肺炎克雷伯杆菌中产ESBLs菌株占80.0%,耐碳青霉烯类菌株占20.0%。结论我院锁骨下静脉导管感染的病原菌耐药性严重,临床医生应规范操作、合理用药,减少耐药株的产生。     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型和耐药性研究

超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrumβ-lactamase,ESBLs)与细菌耐药性密切相关,为了揭示产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型和耐药性,本研究在2017年1月至2018年9月期间,共检测了466例肺炎克雷伯菌感染的患者标本,并分析了产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型和耐药性。研究结果显示,466例患者中共检出562个肺炎克雷伯菌菌株。其中,呼吸内科的检出数最多(212株,37.72%),其次为重症监护科(106株,18.86%)。对于不同标本来源,痰液中检出菌数最多(331株),占总数的58.90%。562株肺炎克雷伯菌中共检测出237株产ESBLs(42.17%)。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对阿莫西林(89.03%)、替卡西林(87.34%)、氨苄西林(81.43%)的耐药率最高;而对替加环素(9.28%)、阿米卡星(6.75%)、亚胺培南(1.27%)和美罗培南(0.84%)的耐药率最低。237株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株中,53.59%扩增出CTX-M型,48.95%扩增出TEM型,40.93%增出SHV型。另外,237株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌菌株中,产两个及以上的ESBLs的菌株共111株(46.84%)。     

肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染特点及其耐药性分析

目的:探讨肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染分布特点和耐药情况,并指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。方法:对128例肺炎克雷伯菌感染者的临床资料及药敏试验结果进行分析。结果:肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染者平均年龄68.5岁,其中>60岁92例(71.9%);临床送检标本中痰液(54.69%)、尿液(24.22%)、血液(9.38%)标本分离菌株数多,发生肺炎克雷伯菌感染的科室主要分布于ICU(28.91 %)、呼吸消化科(19.53%)、血液内分泌科(14.06%)、干部病房(11.72%);产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株40.62%;除亚胺培南和美罗培南外,所有受试菌株对其余抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药,产ESBLs菌株对所测试的抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株;49.72%的产ESBLs菌株呈多重耐药性。结论:初步了解了肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染特点,其耐药现象较严重,ESBLs检出率较高,多重耐药现象突出。临床应重视监测肺炎克雷伯菌流行情况,合理使用抗菌药物。     

米诺环素对泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的体外药敏分析

初步探讨米诺环素对泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌体外药敏。将各种标本分离获得的鲍曼不动杆菌,进行米诺环素药敏试验,并将检测结果进行统计和分析。2009年1月至2011年9月共检出鲍曼不动杆菌471株,其中米诺环素敏感的鲍曼不动杆菌2009年5株、2010年12株、2011年23株;亚胺培南、美洛培南敏感其他耐药的0株,亚胺培南、美洛培南、米诺环素敏感其他耐药的0株;米诺环素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦同时敏感的236株,占总数的50.1%。米诺环素对泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌在体外有很好的抗菌活性,特别是联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗泛耐株鲍曼不动杆菌的感染是一个不错的选择。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.