降钙素基因相关肽的心肌电生理作用

应用浮置微电极技术,记录和观察降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）对家兔正常及缺血心肌电生理反应的影响。实验表明,ＣＧＲＰ能够显著增加心室肌细胞静息电位,提高动作电位幅度。心肌缺血后,ＣＧＲＰ除有上述作用外,尚能明显延长复极化至３０％和５０％（ＡＰＤ＿(３０),ＡＰＤ＿(５０)）的时程,而缩短复极化至１００％（ＡＰＤ＿(１００)）的时程,从而逆转了心肌缺血的ＡＰＤ异常变化。结果表明,ＣＧＲＰ对心肌电活动具有调节作用,对缺血心肌的电生理具有稳定和保护作用。     

氧自由基致豚鼠心室肌细胞跨膜电位变化的离子电流基础

目的：旨在提示氧自由基参与缺血／再灌注性心委失常发生的离子电流基础。方法：采用膜片钳全细胞式记录技术,观察Ｈ２Ｏ２（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对豚鼠心室肌细胞跨膜电位和相关离子电流的影响。结果：Ｈ２Ｏ２使豚鼠心肌单细胞的静息电位（ＲＰ）降低,动作电位时程（ＡＳＤ）显著缩短,对动作电位幅度（ＡＰＡ）和超射（ＯＳ）及钠电流的峰值（ＩＮａ）均无明显影响;明显抑制内向整流钾电流（ＩＫ１）,尤其在超极化时;增强延迟外     

缺血对心室浦肯野纤维跨膜电位和起搏离子流的影响

采用细胞内微电极和双微电极电压箝制术观察缺血对绵羊心室浦肯野纤维跨膜电位和起搏离子流（Ｉｆ）的影响。结果：模拟缺血液灌流３０ｍｉｎ,浦肯野纤维最大舒张电位（ＭＤＰ）、动作电位幅度（ＡＰＡ）明显减少;动作电位时程ＡＰＤ５０,ＡＰＤ９０明显缩短（ｎ＝１５Ｐ＜０．０１）;起搏离子流（Ｉｆ）,幅度降低,激活曲线向超极化方向移位,最大激活时间及半最大激活时间延长（ｎ＝１３Ｐ＜０．００１）。上述结果表明：心肌缺血时,心室浦肯野细胞跨膜电位及正常起搏活动不是增强,而是减弱。提示缺血性室性心律失常不是由于正常心室自律活动异常增强引起     

脂布福吉宁、哇巴因对豚鼠心室肌细胞外K~＋活度及跨膜动作电位的影响

用离子敏感微电极和常规微电极研究脂布福吉宁（Ｒｅｓ）和哇巴因（Ｏｕａ）对豚鼠心室肌细胞外Ｋ＾＋活度和动作电位（ＴＡＰ）的影响。结果表明：Ｒｅｓ可降低静息电位,动作电位振幅、间期,最大上升速率,使ａ＾ｏＫ升高;并诱发延迟性后去极化（ＤＡＤ）;Ｒｅｓ的作用与Ｏｕａ相似;电剌激使Ｋ＾＋在细胞间积累,积累量与频率相关。     

脂布福吉宁、哇巴因对豚鼠心室肌细胞外K~＋活度及跨膜动作电位的影响

用离子敏感微电极和常规微电极研究脂布福吉宁（Ｒｅｓ）和哇巴因（Ｏｕａ）对豚鼠心室肌细胞外Ｋ＋活度（ａ）和动作电位（ＴＡＰ）的影响。结果表明：Ｒｅｓ（２６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可降低静息电位,动作电位振幅、间期,最大上升速率,使ａ升高;并诱发延迟性后去极化（ＤＡＤ）;Ｒｅｓ的作用与Ｏｕａ（２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）相似;电刺激使Ｋ＋在细胞间积累,积累量与频率相关。     

特异性抗原诱发致敏豚鼠心室乳头肌早期后除极和触发活动的研究

采用微电极细胞内记录和电子计算机实时采样技术,研究了特异性抗原（卵白蛋白０．２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对致敏豚鼠心室乳头肌动作电位的影响。特异性抗原激发后,致敏心肌动作电位发生了下列改变：２ｍｉｎ左右ＡＰＤ＿（５０）、ＡＰＤ＿（９０）明显延长;５ｍｉｎ后,ＡＰＤ＿（５０）、ＡＰＤ＿（９０）、３期时程明显缩短;２０ｍｉｎ以后,上述改变逐渐恢复。心性过敏反应可诱发早期后除极（发生率５５％）和触发活动,形成快速自发动作电位（发生率４０％）,早期后除极在低频驱动（０．２－１．０Ｈｚ）时易于发生,且在２ｍｉｎ左右多见。结果提示,心性过敏反应诱发的动作电位时程的变化、早期后除极和触发活动,可能和超敏反应时发生的快速自律型心律失常有关。     

特异性抗原诱发致敏豚鼠心室乳头肌早期后除极和触发活动的…

采用微电极细胞内记录和电子计算机实时采样技术,研究了特异性抗原对致敏豚鼠心室乳头肌动作电位的影响。特异性抗原激发后,致敏心肌动作电位发生了下列改变：２ｍｉｎ左右ＡＰＤ５０、ＡＰＤ９０明显延长;５ｍｉｎ后,ＡＰＤ５０、ＡＰＤ９０、３期时程明显缩短;２０ｍｉｎ以后,上述改变逐渐恢复。心性过敏反应可诱发早期后除极（发生率５５％）和触发活动,形成快速自发动作电位（发生率５０％）,早期后除极在低频驱动时易于     

9—蒽羧酸对豚鼠心室动作电位和L型Ca电流的影响

目的：研究９－蒽羧酶（９－ＡＣ）对豚鼠以肌动作电位（ＡＰ）和Ｌ型Ｃａ电流（Ｌｃａ）的影响。方法：电流钳配合制霉菌素膜等孔方法记录心室肌动作电位,用全细胞式膜片钳（Ｗｈｏｌｅ ｃｅｌｌ ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ）技术记录Ｌｃａ。结果：在低ＣＩ＾－状态下,β肾上腺素能受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素（ＩＳＯ）可使动作电位时程（ＡＰＤ）明显延长。９－ＡＣ单独使用时对ＡＰ无作用,但在ＩＳＯ的作用下,蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂９－Ａ     

铜对异丙肾上腺素致损豚鼠心室肌细胞L型钙通道电流的影响

目的和方法：本实验采用全细胞膜片钳技术,以Ｌ型钙通道电流为指标,分别观察正常时、异丙肾上腺素（Ｉｓｏｐｒｅｎａｌｉｎｅ,ＩＳＯ）致损时及先加铜后致损时的豚鼠心室肌细胞钙电流的变化。结果：正常豚鼠心室细胞有一内向的电压依赖性钙电流,其最大峰电流（Ｉｐｅａｋ）为４６０±９８ｐＡ,可被维拉帕米阻断;细胞经１μｍｏｌ／ＬＩＳＯ损伤后,可使此内向钙电流明显增强,Ｉｐｅａｋ为１７００±４６０ｐＡ,与损伤前相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５,ｎ＝４）,同时此电流的ＩＶ曲线峰值左移,镜下细胞出现明显的形态学改变。先给予１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸铜溶液灌流２０ｍｉｎ后,由ＩＳＯ损伤引起的内向钙电流的幅度降低,Ｉｐｅａｋ为６８５±１２０ｐＡ,与ＩＳＯ损伤相比,差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５,ｎ＝４）。结论：ＩＳＯ可使豚鼠心室肌细胞Ｌ型通道电压依赖性钙电流明显增强,铜离子可对抗由ＩＳＯ引起的钙电流增强,从而对豚鼠心室肌细胞发挥一定的保护作用     

川芎嗪加强豚鼠乳头状肌慢内向电流的作用

川芎嗪剂量依赖性地平加正常豚鼠乳头状肌收缩力（ＦＣ）,延长快反应动作电位时程（ＡＰＯ）。川芎嗪使氯化钡或组织胺诱发的慢反应电位（ＳＡＰ）的动作电位幅值（ＡＰＡ）,ＡＰＤ,最大除极速率（Ｖｍａｘ）及ＦＣ呈剂量依赖性增加。３．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的川芎嗪可直接诱发高钾除极化,钠通道失活的豚鼠乳头状肌的ＳＡＰ和收缩,加入１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ维拉帕米后１０ｍｉｎ内,ＳＡＰ及收缩逐步消失,但川芎嗪不能在儿茶酚胺耗竭或普     

压力负荷性心衰小鼠左心室跨壁L-型钙电流的变化

为了观察正常和心衰时心内膜下和心外膜下心肌细胞L-型钙电流(ICa-L)的差别,我们采用主动脉弓狭窄的方法建立小鼠压力超负荷性心衰模型,采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录了正常、主动脉狭窄(band)及假手术对照(sham)组动物左心室游离壁内、外膜下心肌细胞的动作电位时程(action potential duration,APD)和ICa-L。结果显示:(1)与sham组同龄的正常小鼠左心室心内膜下细胞动作电位复极达90％的时程(APD90)为(38．2±6．44)ms,较心外膜下细胞的APD90(15.67±5.31)ms明显延长,二者的比值约为2．5:1;内膜下细胞和外膜下细胞ICa-L密度没有差异,峰电流密度分别为(-2.7±0.49)pA/pF和(-2.54±0．53)pA/pF;(2)Band组内、外膜下细胞的动作电位复极达50％的时程(APD50)、APD90均较sham组显著延长,尤以内膜下细胞延长突出,分别较sham组延长了400％和360％,内、外膜下细胞APD90的比值约为4.2:1;(3)与sham组相比, band组内膜下细胞ICa-L密度显著减小,在+10 mV～+40 mV的4个电压下分别降低了20．2％、21．4％、21.6％和25.7％(P< 0．01),但其激活电位、峰电位和翻转电位没有改变;band组外膜下细胞的ICa-L密度与同期sham组相比无明显变化;band组钙通道激活、失活及复活的动力学特征与sham组相比没有改变。以上结果提示,生理状态下小鼠左心室内、外膜下细胞ICa-L密度不存在明显差别,提示ICa-L与APD跨壁异质性的产生无关;心衰时左心室内、外膜下细胞APD明显延长,以内膜下细胞延长尤为突出,内膜下细胞ICa-L密度明显减少,而外膜下细胞ICa-L密度无明显改变,这种ICa-L的非同步变化在心衰时可能起到对抗APD延长、减少复极离散度的有益作用。     

Effect of acidosis on transient outward potassium current in isolated rat ventricular myocytes

The effect of acidosis on the transient outward K(+) current (I(to)) of rat ventricular myocytes has been investigated using the perforated patch-clamp technique. When the holding potential was -80 mV, depolarizing pulses to potentials positive to -20 mV activated I(to) in subepicardial cells but activated little I(to) in subendocardial cells. Exposure to an acid solution (pH 6.5) had no significant effect on I(to) activated from this holding potential in either subepicardial or subendocardial cells. When the holding potential was -40 mV, acidosis significantly increased I(to) at potentials positive to -20 mV in subepicardial cells but had little effect on I(to) in subendocardial cells. The increase in I(to) in subepicardial cells was inhibited by 10 mM 4-aminopyridine. In subepicardial cells, acidosis caused a +8.57-mV shift in the steady-state inactivation curve. It is concluded that in subepicardial rat ventricular myocytes acidosis increases the amplitude of I(to) as a consequence of a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation.     

血小板活化因子对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和钾通道的影响

应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了血小板活化因子(platelet activatingfactor,PAF)对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和钾电流的影响.结果发现,当电极内液ATP浓度为5 mmol/L(模拟正常条件)时,1 μmol/L PAF使APD90由对照的225.8±23.3 ms延长至352.8±29.8ms(n=5,P＜0.05);使IK尾电流在指令电压 30 mV由对照的173.5±16.7 pA降至152.1±11.5 pA(P＜0.05,n=4);使Ikl在指令电压为-120 mV时由对照组的-6.1±1.3 nA降至-5.6±1.1 nA(P＜0.05,n=5);但PAF在生理膜电位范围(-90mV～ 20mV)对IK1没有影响.当电极内液ATP浓度为0mmol/L时,IK·ATP开放(模拟缺血条件),1 μmol/LPAF却显著缩短APD90,由对照的153±24.6 ms缩短至88.2±19.4 ms(n=5,P＜0.01).而用1 μmol/L格列本脲(IK·ATP的特异阻断剂)预处理后,恢复了PAF可显著延长动作电位时程的作用.结果提示,PAF可能扩大缺血心肌和正常心肌细胞动作电位时程的不均一性,是缺血/再灌注性心律失常发生的重要原因.     

Postnatal development has a marked effect on ventricular repolarization in mice

To better understand the mechanisms that underlie cardiac repolarization abnormalities in the immature heart, this study characterized and compared K(+) currents in mouse ventricular myocytes from day 1, day 7, day 20, and adult CD1 mice to determine the effects of postnatal development on ventricular repolarization. Current- and patch-clamp techniques were used to examine action potentials and the K(+) currents underlying repolarization in isolated myocytes. RT-PCR was used to quantify mRNA expression for the K(+) channels of interest. This study found that action potential duration (APD) decreased as age increased, with the shortest APDs observed in adult myocytes. This study also showed that K(+) currents and the mRNA relative abundance for the various K(+) channels were significantly greater in adult myocytes compared with day 1 myocytes. Examination of the individual components of total K(+) current revealed that the inward rectifier K(+) current (I(K1)) developed by day 7, both the Ca(2+)-independent transient outward current (I(to)) and the steady-state outward K(+) current (I(ss)) developed by day 20, and the ultrarapid delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(Kur)) did not fully develop until the mouse reached maturity. Interestingly, the increase in I(Kur) was not associated with a decrease in APD. Comparison of atrial and ventricular K(+) currents showed that I(to) and I(Kur) density were significantly greater in day 7, day 20, and adult myocytes compared with age-matched atrial cells. Overall, it appears that, in mouse ventricle, developmental changes in APD are likely attributable to increases in I(to), I(ss), and I(K1), whereas the role of I(Kur) during postnatal development appears to be less critical to APD.     

Action potential characterization in intact mouse heart: steady-state cycle length dependence and electrical restitution

Transgenic mice have been increasingly utilized to investigate the molecular mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias, yet the rate dependence of the murine action potential duration and the electrical restitution curve (ERC) remain undefined. In the present study, 21 isolated, Langendorff-perfused, and atrioventricular node-ablated mouse hearts were studied. Left ventricular and left atrial action potentials were recorded using a validated miniaturized monophasic action potential probe. Murine action potentials (AP) were measured at 30, 50, 70, and 90% repolarization (APD(30)-APD(90)) during steady-state pacing and varied coupling intervals to determine ERCs. Murine APD showed rate adaptation as well as restitution properties. The ERC time course differed dramatically between early and late repolarization: APD(30) shortened with increasing S1-S2 intervals, whereas APD(90) was prolonged. When fitted with a monoexponential function, APD(30) reached plateau values significantly faster than APD(90) (tau = 29 +/- 2 vs. 78 +/- 6 ms, P < 0.01, n = 12). The slope of early APD(90) restitution was significantly <1 (0.16 +/- 0.02). Atrial myocardium had shorter final repolarization and significantly faster ERCs that were shifted leftward compared with ventricular myocardium. Recovery kinetics of intracellular Ca(2+) transients recorded from isolated ventricular myocytes at 37 degrees C (tau = 93 +/- 4 ms, n = 18) resembled the APD(90) ERC kinetics. We conclude that mouse myocardium shows AP cycle length dependence and electrical restitution properties that are surprisingly similar to those of larger mammals and humans.     

Effects of Taurine–Magnesium Coordination Compound on Ionic Channels in Rat Ventricular Myocytes of Arrhythmia Induced by Ouabain

Taurine-magnesium coordination compound (TMCC) has anti-arrhythmic effects. The aim of the present study was to explore the targets of the anti-arrhythmic effect of TMCC and the electrophysiological effects of TMCC on ouabain-induced arrhythmias in rat ventricular myocytes. Sodium current (I(Na)), L-type calcium current (I(ca, L)), and transient outward potassium current (I(to)) were measured and analyzed using whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique in normal rat cardiac myocytes and rat ventricular myocytes of arrhythmia induced by ouabain. In isolated ventricular myocytes, I(Na) and I(to) were blocked by TMCC (100, 200, 400 μM) in a concentration-dependent manner, and the effects of TMCC (400 μM) were equal to that of amiodarone. However, I (ca, L) was moderately increased by TMCC (400 μM) while significantly decreased by amiodarone. Ouabain (5 μM) significantly decreased sodium, L-type calcium, and transient outward potassium currents. TMCC (100 μM) relieved abnormal sodium currents induced by ouabain through facilitation of steady-state inactivation. TMCC (200 and 400 μM) relieved abnormal L-type calcium currents induced by ouabain through facilitation of steady-state activation and retardation of steady-state inactivation. TMCC failed to further inhibit abnormal transient outward potassium currents induced by ouabain. However, amiodarone inhibited the decreasing sodium, L-type calcium, and transient outward potassium currents further. These data suggest that I(Na), I(ca, L), and I(to) may be the targets of the antiarrhythmic effect of TMCC, which can antagonize ouabain-induced changes of ionic currents in rat ventricular myocytes.     

Characterization of two distinct depolarization-activated K+ currents in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes

Depolarization-activated outward K+ currents in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were characterized using the whole-cell variation of the patch-clamp recording technique. During brief depolarizations to potentials positive to -40 mV, Ca(2+)-independent outward K+ currents in these cells rise to a transient peak, followed by a slower decay to an apparent plateau. The analyses completed here reveal that the observed outward current waveforms result from the activation of two kinetically distinct voltage-dependent K+ currents: one that activates and inactivates rapidly, and one that activates and inactivates slowly, on membrane depolarization. These currents are referred to here as Ito (transient outward) and IK (delayed rectifier), respectively, because their properties are similar (although not identical) to these K+ current types in other cells. Although the voltage dependences of Ito and IK activation are similar, Ito activates approximately 10-fold and inactivates approximately 30-fold more rapidly than IK at all test potentials. In the composite current waveforms measured during brief depolarizations, therefore, the peak current predominantly reflects Ito, whereas IK is the primary determinant of the plateau. There are also marked differences in the voltage dependences of steady-state inactivation of these two K+ currents: IK undergoes steady-state inactivation at all potentials positive to -120 mV, and is 50% inactivated at -69 mV; Ito, in contrast, is insensitive to steady-state inactivation at membrane potentials negative to -50 mV. In addition, Ito recovers from steady-state inactivation faster than IK: at -90 mV, for example, approximately 70% recovery from the inactivation produced at -20 mV is observed within 20 ms for Ito; IK recovers approximately 25-fold more slowly. The pharmacological properties of Ito and IK are also distinct: 4-aminopyridine preferentially attenuates Ito, and tetraethylammonium suppresses predominantly IK. The voltage- and time-dependent properties of these currents are interpreted here in terms of a model in which Ito underlies the initial, rapid repolarization phase of the action potential (AP), and IK is responsible for the slower phase of AP repolarization back to the resting membrane potential, in adult rat ventricular myocytes.     

Thyroid hormone regulates mRNA expression and currents of ion channels in rat atrium

Atrial fibrillation is one of the common arrhythmias associated with hyperthyroidism. This study examined the effects of thyroid hormone (T3) on mRNA expression and currents of major ionic channels determining the action potential duration (APD) in the rat atrium using the RNase protection assay and the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, respectively. T3 increased the Kv1.5 mRNA expression and decreased the L-type calcium channel mRNA expression, while the Kv4.2 mRNA expression did not change. APD was shorter in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid myocytes. The ultrarapid delayed rectifier potassium currents were remarkably increased in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid myocytes, whereas the transient outward potassium currents were unchanged. L-type calcium currents were decreased in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid myocytes. T3 shifted the current-voltage relationship for calcium currents negatively. In conclusion, T3 increased the outward currents and decreased the inward currents. The resultant changes of ionic currents shortened APD, providing a substrate for atrial fibrillation.     

Electrophysiology of cardiac myocytes of Aplysia brasiliana

The electrical properties of Aplysia brasiliana myogenic heart were evaluated. Two distinct types of action potentials (APs) were recorded from intact hearts, an AP with a slow rising phase followed by a slow repolarizing phase and an AP with a 'fast' depolarizing phase followed by a plateau. Although these two APs differ in their rates of depolarization (2.2 x 0.3 V/s), both APs were abolished by the addition of Co2+, Mn2+ and nifedipine or by omitting Ca2+ from the external solution. These data suggest that a Ca2+ inward current is responsible for the generation of both types of APs. Two outward currents activated at -40 mV membrane potential were prominent in isolated cardiac myocytes: a fast activating, fast inactivating outward current similar to the A-type K+ current and a slow activating outward current with kinetics similar to the delayed rectifier K+ current were recorded under voltage clamp conditions. Based on the effects of 4-AP and TEA on the electrical properties of ventricular myocytes, we suggest that the fast kinetic outward current substantially attenuates the peak values of the APs and that the slow activating outward current is involved on membrane repolarization.