木瓜种质资源的植物学归类及管理原则

以<中国植物志>等专著为依据,对我国目前比较混乱的木瓜种类命名状况进行分析与澄清.认定单瓣观赏种中的贴梗海棠、四季贴梗海棠和复色贴梗海棠以及皱皮木瓜属于皱皮木瓜种;复瓣观赏种中的大富贵、红宝石、绿宝石、艳阳红属于木瓜种;光皮木瓜属于木瓜种,假光皮木瓜属于毛叶木瓜种.考证了各大木瓜产地的种源:曹州木瓜为木瓜种,沂州木瓜和宣木瓜为皱皮木瓜种,云南木瓜包括皱皮木瓜种、木瓜种、毛叶木瓜种、西藏木瓜种和野木瓜种.同时介绍了不同木瓜种的应用价值及其主要优良品种.另外,对今后如何改善混乱的命名现状提出了建议,并制定了大规模运用各地种源进行育种时所需遵循的基本原则.     

木瓜药理成分及产品开发研究进展

为了进一步研究和开发利用木瓜资源,介绍了不同种类木瓜的主要药理成分的功能作用、含量,比较了不同种类的木瓜在营养成分和生物功能物质上的差异,同时对木瓜资源可开发的相应产品进行了简单综述.并针对木瓜资源利用的制约因素进行分析.     

资丘木瓜

木瓜是蔷薇科木瓜属落叶灌木贴梗海棠的果实，商品名皱皮木瓜。资丘木瓜是湖北长阳名产，据《药材商品学》记载，资丘木瓜与浙江淳安木瓜、安徽宣城木瓜齐名，同为皱皮木瓜的三大道地药材。资丘木瓜《本草纲目》中不载；康熙五十七年编纂的《卯峒司志》，将其列入果部而非...     

木瓜苷抗炎作用研究进展

木瓜苷是从药食两用植物木瓜中提取的苷类成分,研究表明木瓜苷具有良好的抗炎作用。木瓜苷除对多种炎症模型都有明确的防治作用外,还可抑制炎症相关诱导酶类的合成以及多种炎症介质的释放。在抗炎的分子机制方面,已有研究表明,以木瓜苷为主要抗炎成分的木瓜提取物可抑制佛波酯和钙离子载体诱导的ERK、p38和JNK的激活。     

皱皮木瓜果实中有机酸成分的GC-MS分析

木瓜为常用中药,其原植物为木瓜属（Chaenomeles Lindl．）植物皱皮木瓜[Chaenomeles speciosa（Sweet）Nakai],又称贴梗海棠、贴梗木瓜等,中国南方各地均有栽培。其花可供观赏;果实入药,能驱风强壮、舒筋、镇痛消肿,民间常用于浸泡药酒;种仁富含油酸和亚油酸。对皱皮木瓜有机酸的脂肪性成分已有研究报道,但尚无其水溶性有机酸成分的研究报道。皱皮木瓜的药用功效主要为镇痛解痉,但至今未明确其主效成分,有机酸虽具有一定的镇痛功效,但有机酸的种类不同,功效也不相同。鉴于长期以来皱皮木瓜还是作为汤药服用,所以就其水溶性有机酸组成及含量开展研究,特别是与其有机酸中的脂肪性成分进行比较研究尤为必要,对于揭示皱皮木瓜主要功效成分具有重要的意义。     

苹果和木瓜的异属嫁接

苹果(Malus. pumila)和木瓜(Chaenomeles)为蔷薇科仁果类的不同属植物。一般来说,异属嫁接由于砧穗的亲缘关系较远,难于成活。但也有一些植物能够正常生长,开花结实。位于云南省西北部、西部的丽江、迪庆、怒江、保山等地区分布着许多以木瓜作砧木的苹果树,当地俗弥“木瓜苹果”。作砧的木瓜属植物一般为毛叶木瓜(C. Cathyensis)、皱皮木瓜(C. Speciosa)野木瓜(C. sp. ),接穗是金冠、元帅等品种。冬、春季切接、劈接或腹接,容易成活。     

垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠的气体交换参数对光的响应

以垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠为实验材料,用CIRAS-2型光合仪测定并计算垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、胞间(CO2)、浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、光饱和点、光补偿点、表观量子效率等光合参数,对两者的光合特性进行比较。结果表明,随着光强的升高,垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠的净光合速率和气孔导度都随着光强的增强而升高;垂丝海棠光补偿点较低、光饱合点较高,表明垂丝海棠对强光的适应性较强;垂丝海棠的表观量子效率比木瓜海棠的高,说明垂丝海棠叶片转化光能的效率高于木瓜海棠,并且对弱光的利用能力较强。这些数据为垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠在园林绿化中的合理配置与栽培提供了理论依据。     

资木瓜总黄酮的体内外抗氧化活性研究

采用70%乙醇回流提取,大孔吸附树脂纯化得到资木瓜总黄酮,进一步研究其体内外抗氧化活性。检测资木瓜对Fe3+的还原力,分析资木瓜对羟自由基、DPPH·自由基以及超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,检测对LPS诱导的氧化应激小鼠模型血液中SOD和MDA的影响。结果发现资木瓜总黄酮具有良好的还原能力,对·OH和DPPH·自由基的最大清除率分别是97.8%、69.8%,但对超氧阴离子的清除率较低仅为38.3%;在体内实验中资木瓜能增加小鼠血清中SOD活性、降低MDA浓度。说明资木瓜总黄酮通过直接清除自由基、增加机体抗氧化酶SOD的活性、减少脂质过氧化物的生成,产生抗氧化活性。     

宣木瓜中多糖含量测定

目的:建立宣木瓜中多糖含量的测定方法,并测定不同采收时期的宣木瓜多糖含量。方法:在同一种植基地定期采集同一宣木瓜品种果实,以葡萄糖为对照品,采用分光光度法,以苯酚—浓硫酸为显色剂,在490 nm波长处测定吸光度,计算样品中多糖含量。结果:宣木瓜果实在生长过程中,其多糖含量在2.51%~5.08%之间,并于7月8日含量最高为5.08%。结论:本文建立的宣木瓜多糖含量的测定方法简便灵敏,精密度高,重现性好,稳定可靠;若要利用多糖含量高的宣木瓜,应适宜于7月上旬或中旬采收。     

木瓜秀粉蚧取食不同木薯品种后体内保护酶活性差异分析

为深入探讨木瓜秀粉蚧的寄主选择性机理,采用紫外分光光度法测定分析了取食不同木薯品种叶片48 h后,木瓜秀粉蚧体内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的差异。结果表明,取食木薯品种C1115、瑞士F21和缅甸种的木瓜秀粉蚧雌成虫体内POD、PPO、SOD和CAT的活性较取食对照品种BRA900的木瓜秀粉蚧相同保护酶活性显著降低(P0.05),仅分别为对照的42.2%-44.0%,62.3%-63.5%,35.9%-52.9%和50.3%-55.7%,而取食木薯品种SC205和ZM9066的保护酶活性与对照相比无显著差异。上述结果说明,木薯品种C1115、瑞士F21和缅甸种对木瓜秀粉蚧雌成虫POD、PPO、SOD和CAT表现出较强的抑制作用,而BRA900、SC205和ZM9066对木瓜秀粉蚧保护酶活性无显著抑制作用,易于被取食为害。     

皱皮木瓜开花结果习性观察初报

对长阳所产皱皮木瓜的开花结果习性作了形态上的描述。先开花后展叶,花序为聚伞花序,花果枝为特化的短缩叶丛枝,梨果发育分两个时期:幼果发育期和果实生长期。     

Genetic variability of cultivated Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai based on AFLP analysis

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed to evaluate genetic relationships among 52 Chaenomeles speciosa accessions grown in China. A total of 208 polymorphic markers were generated from eight selective primer pair combinations. Genetic variations were remarkably observed in a wide range of dissimilarities, percent polymorphisms, and average polymorphism information. Genetic similarity values were calculated using Jaccard's coefficient between individuals of different flowering quince accessions; these values ranged from 0.296 to 0.931 with a mean of 0.597. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis were then performed on the basis of AFLP profiles. In our generated dendrogram, accessions were clustered into seven major groups. Mantel's test was performed to determine cophenetic correlation (r = 0.9); this result indicated a very good fit of the dendrogram. We conducted analysis of molecular variance and found greater variations within cultivars than among cultivars. AFLP analysis results further revealed relevant information regarding the genetic background of flowering quince accessions essential for future breeding programs related to plant improvement.     

GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN PEAR AND QUINCE: THE INFLUENCE OF METABOLITES OF CYDONIA OBLONGA ON SUSPENSION CULTURES OF PYRUS COMMUNIS

The fresh weights of suspension cultures of pear (Pyrus communis) and quince (Cydonia oblonga) increased exponentially for 30 to 40 days after subculturing. Transferring pear cultures to media in which quince cultures had grown for 10 days resulted in a 70% inhibition of callus growth. Transferring quince cultures to media in which pear cultures had grown for 10 days resulted in less than a 20% inhibition of growth. Addition of the cyanogenic glycosides amygdalin and prunasin (as 50 ppm CN ^_) killed pear cultures, while growth of quince cultures was inhibited by only approximately 50%. Addition of 50 ppm CN- severely inhibited growth of both cultures. These results indicate that 1) suspension cultures of quince release factor(s) that significantly inhibit growth of pear cultures, 2) quince cultures are relatively unaffected by metabolites released by pear cultures, 3) the severe inhibition of pear growth by quince metabolites is mimicked by the addition of cyanogenic glycosides ubiquitous to vegetative portions of quince, 4) direct cellular contact is not necessary to elicit incompatibility between pear and quince, and 5) incompatibility between pear and quince need not be associated with any particular stage of graft development.     

Uptake of sodium in quince, sugar beet, and wheat protoplasts determined by the fluorescent sodium-binding dye benzofuran isophthalate

The uptake of sodium into protoplasts of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill, clone BA29), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Monohill), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kadett) was determined by use of the acetoxy methyl ester of the fluorescent sodium-binding benzofuran isopthalate (SBFI-AM). In the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, little sodium was taken up in the cytosol of quince mesophyll cells compared to cytosols of sugar beet and wheat. Upon addition of 40 mM NaCl, approximately the same amount of sodium was taken up in leaf and root protoplasts of wheat, but no sodium was taken up in quince. However, in calcium-free medium, obtained by addition of ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA), quince protoplasts transiently took up sodium in the cytosol when 200-400 mM NaCl was added to the protoplast medium. Moreover, after cultivation of quince in the presence of 200 mM sodium for 4 weeks, the cytosol of isolated protoplasts did not take up any sodium at all from a calcium-free medium. The results show that protoplasts from salt tolerant quince only temporarily take up sodium in the cytosol and that they have a mechanism for fast extrusion of sodium from that compartment. These mechanisms are probably important for the high salt tolerance of quince. Calcium blocks the sodium uptake into the cytosol of both quince and wheat protoplasts.     

Genetic Diversity of Selected Iranian Quinces Using SSRs from Apples and Pears

An Iranian National Quince collection containing 40 quince genotypes, originating from six distinct geographic areas, was screened using 15 SSR markers developed originally for apple and pear genomes. Overall, 13 markers exhibited polymorphism, with an average of 5.36 putative alleles per locus and a mean PIC value of 0.76. An UPGMA analysis divided the quince genotypes into five major clusters. The same results were obtained when the principal coordinates were plotted. The assignment test successfully allocated 83% of individuals into their place of origin. These results agree somewhat with the geographic origin of the quince accessions, and we conclude that geographic isolation leads to considerable genetic differentiation among Iranian quince collections. A significant ratio of transferability with a mean of 87.86% was measured, and we deduced that STMS markers derived from pear and apple have enough potential to detect polymorphism and differentiation in quince.     

Inhibitory effect of hot-water extract of quince (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cydonia oblonga</Emphasis>) on immunoglobulin E-dependent late-phase immune reactions of mast cells

We evaluated the effect of a crude hot-water extract (HW) of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent late-phase immune reactions of mast cells using in vitro system. Mast cell-like RBL-2H3 cells were treated with quince HW and late-phase reaction was then induced by stimulation with IgE + Antigen. Quince HW reduced the elevation of interleukin-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression level. Furthermore, quince HW suppressed these cytokine expressions of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), a normal mast cell model. Leukotriene C₄ and prostaglandin D₂ production in BMMCs after 1 and 6 h of stimulation, respectively, were also reduced by treating the cells with quince HW. We found that the induction of intracellular cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression but not COX-1 expression in BMMCs was reduced by quince HW. These results suggest that quince HW has an inhibitory effect on broad range of the late-phase immune reactions of mast cells.     

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) peel polyphenols modulate LPS-induced inflammation in human THP-1-derived macrophages through NF-κB, p38MAPK and Akt inhibition

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of several pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and cancer. A wide range of anti-inflammatory chemicals have been used to treat such diseases while presenting high toxicity and numerous side effects. Here, we report the anti-inflammatory effect of a non-toxic, cost-effective natural agent, polyphenolic extract from the Tunisian quince Cydonia oblonga Miller. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of human THP-1-derived macrophages induced the secretion of high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the chemokine IL-8, which was inhibited by quince peel polyphenolic extract in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitantly, quince polyphenols enhanced the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 secreted by LPS-treated macrophages. We further demonstrated that the unexpected increase in IL-6 secretion that occurred when quince polyphenols were associated with LPS treatment was partially responsible for the polyphenols-mediated inhibition of TNF-α secretion. Biochemical analysis showed that quince polyphenols extract inhibited the LPS-mediated activation of three major cellular pro-inflammatory effectors, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), p38MAPK and Akt. Overall, our data indicate that quince peel polyphenolic extract induces a potent anti-inflammatory effect that may prove useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and that a quince-rich regimen may help to prevent and improve the treatment of such diseases.     

Effects of Ag Nanoparticles on Growth and Fat Body Proteins in Silkworms (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis>)

This growing interest in the cultivation of Japanese quince Chaenomeles japonica L. results from the potentially beneficial properties of its fruit. Fresh fruits are very firm and too acidic to eat raw, but their bioactive components, distinctive aroma, and high amount of dietary fiber make the fruits well suited for industrial processing. However, not all the properties of the fruit have been investigated. For example, there are no comprehensive reports about the mineral content or potentially harmful effects on liver metabolism. Hence, the purpose of our study was to examine fresh Japanese quince fruit in terms of (1) ascorbic acid, oxalate, fiber, macro- and micronutrients, dry matter, extract, total acidity, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compound levels; and (2) the effect of its extract on in vitro hepatocyte metabolism, measured by the concentration of lipid peroxides (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the severity of apoptosis and necrosis. The fruit of C. japonica had high levels of macro- and microelements, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, fiber, and low oxalate levels. Our analysis of macro- and microelements showed that the average content of Fe was 0.516 mg/g, Cu 0.146 mg/g, Zn 0.546 mg/g, Mg 16.729 mg/g, and Ca 22.920 mg/g of fresh fruit. A characteristic feature of the fresh fruit of C. japonica is a high level of polyphenols, which—combined with a high content of vitamin C—affect their high antioxidant potential. In the tested hepatocyte cultures incubated with extract of the Japanese quince, we observed a significant decrease in the concentration of lipid peroxides compared to the control. There were also no signs of increased formation of ROS in the mitochondria of hepatocytes incubated with the extract of quince. Malondialdehyde was strongly negatively correlated with the concentration of Japanese quince extract, which indicates the hepatoprotective properties of Japanese quince. In addition, our analysis of confocal microscopy images showed that the hepatocytes incubated with the extract of Japanese quince at any concentration did not show any signs of apoptosis or necrosis. The aqueous extract of quince fruit has antioxidative and antiapoptotic hepatocytes, thus exerting a hepatoprotective effect.     

Ultrastructural Aspects of Graft Incompatibility Between Pear and Quince In vitro

Callus cells of pear (Pyrus communis cv. ‘Bartlett’)underwent lethal cellular senescence in response to graftingwith callus cells of quince (Cydonia oblonga cv. ‘VanDeman’). Similar responses occurred when the cells werein direct contact and when they were separated by a porous membranefilter. These results indicate that direct cellular contactis not necessary to elicit graft incompatibility between pearand quince. Cydonia oblonga, grafting, incompatibility, pear, Pyrus communis, quince