甘肃南部7种高寒杜鹃生物量分配的异速生长关系

生物量分配模式影响着植物个体生长和繁殖到整个群落的质量和能量流动等所有层次的功能, 揭示高寒灌丛的生物量分配模式不仅可以掌握植物的生活史策略, 而且对理解灌丛碳汇不确定性具有重要意义。该研究以甘肃南部高山-亚高山区的常绿灌丛——杜鹃(Rhododendron spp.)灌丛的7个典型种为对象, 采用全株收获法研究了不同物种个体水平上各器官生物量的分配比例和异速生长关系。结果表明: 7种高寒杜鹃根、茎、叶生物量的分配平均比例为35.57%、45.61%和18.83%, 各器官生物量分配比例的物种差异显著; 7种高寒杜鹃的叶与茎、叶与根、茎与根以及地上生物量与地下生物量之间既有异速生长关系, 也有等速生长关系, 异速生长指数不完全支持生态代谢理论和小个体等速生长理论的参考值; 各器官异速生长关系的物种差异显著。结合最优分配理论和异速生长理论能更好地解释陇南山地7种高寒杜鹃生物量的变异及适应机制。     

干热河谷草本植物生物量分配及其对环境因子的响应

以干热河谷6种草本植物为对象,研究了水分、养分、刈割对生物量在根、茎、叶的分配及异速生长关系的影响.结果表明:刈割处理叶生物量质量分数从25.1%显著增加到31.2%,茎生物量质量分数从43.7%显著降低到34.2%;养分添加处理根生物量质量分数从34.0%显著降低到30.8%;水分处理对生物量分配没有显著影响.物种对根、茎、叶生物量分配有显著影响,适应贫瘠土壤的物种将更多生物量分配给叶和根,对茎生物量的分配相对较低.物种与环境因子存在显著的互作效应,表明环境因子对不同物种的生物量分配影响不同.适应贫瘠土壤的物种叶-茎标度指数和异速生长常数大于其他物种,而茎-根标度指数和异速生长常数小于其他物种.养分显著增加了叶-茎和叶-根的异速生长常数,刈割显著降低了茎-根的标度指数,水分处理则没有显著效应.环境因素对器官间异速生长关系的影响存在种间差异.生物量分配的种间差异及其对环境因素的响应特征可能对植物适应环境变化产生重要影响.     

密度对尖头叶藜生物量分配格局及异速生长的影响

植物器官指示植物不同的功能,而植物器官生物量分配比例的变化表征了植物对资源获取能力的调整。在植物生长发育过程中,植物各器官呈一种明显的异速生长规律。利用异速生长分析方法,通过模拟不同密度(16、44.4、100、400株/m~2)下尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)的生长特性,研究密度对尖头叶藜器官生物量分配格局及异速生长的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,尖头叶藜地上和地下器官都存在不同程度的竞争:其中,根和主茎生物量分配增加,茎和地上生物量分配减少,而叶和繁殖生物量分配不随密度变化而变化。研究发现,尖头叶藜各器官间具有显著的异速生长关系:其中叶∶主茎、根∶地上部分、根∶茎、根∶主茎、繁殖器官∶地上部分及繁殖器官∶根生物量间的异速生长不随密度变化而变化,属于表观可塑性;而叶∶地上部分、叶∶根、叶∶茎、茎∶地上部分、主茎∶地上部分、繁殖器官∶茎、繁殖器官∶主茎生物量间具有极显著的异速生长关系,异速指数和个体大小显著受密度变化影响,属于真正可塑性,这表明密度能够影响尖头叶藜各器官的生长变化。尖头叶藜叶∶主茎、叶∶根及主茎∶地上部分生物量间的异速指数在D4-密度时与3/4差异不显著(P0.05),符合生态代谢理论,而在D1—D3密度时与3/4差异显著(P0.05),表明充分竞争的植株更符合代谢理论,而竞争不激烈的植株对资源的投入具有物种特异性。     

江西常绿阔叶林木本植物不同冠层高度当年生小枝茎构型对叶生物量的影响

以江西阳际峰自然保区69种木本植物为对象,采用标准化主轴回归(SMA)的方法,对不同冠层高度当年生小枝的构件生物量(叶生物量、茎生物量、小枝生物量)与茎构型特征(茎直径、茎长度、茎宽长比、茎体积和茎密度)进行了分析,研究当年生小枝茎构型对叶生物量的影响.结果表明:不同冠层高度及生活型间叶生物量、茎生物量、小枝生物量、茎直径、茎长度、茎宽长比及茎体积均无显著差异,而茎密度差异显著.不同冠层高度及生活型间,叶生物量与茎生物量及总生物量之间均呈显著等速生长关系.小枝叶生物量分别与茎直径、茎体积呈显著异速生长关系,且该异速生长指数在不同冠层高度无显著差异.茎长度、茎宽长比及茎密度对当年生小枝叶生物量变异的解释力较小(<24%).冠层高度和生活型对小枝叶-茎生物量的等速分配关系影响不显著.小枝茎构型中,相比于茎长度、茎宽长比以及茎密度,茎的直径与体积对当年生小枝叶生物量的影响更大,冠层高度对当年生小枝茎构型与叶生物量间的异速分配模式无显著影响.     

云南哀牢山两种常见半寄生植物的生态化学计量特征及其与寄主的关系

为深入探究半寄生植物与其寄主间的养分关系, 在云南哀牢山徐家坝地区选取两种常见半寄生植物椆树桑寄生(Loranthus delavayi)和柳叶钝果寄生(Taxillus delavayi), 研究其寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片间的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征关系。结果表明: 1)两种半寄生植物的寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片这一连续体的C、N、P生态化学计量特征变化趋势并不完全相同, 具有物种自身的特性。2)同一半寄生植物的寄主枝条具有相似的C、N、P生态化学计量特征, 寄主物种对半寄生植物的生态化学计量特征没有显著影响。3)寄主枝条的C、N、P生态化学计量特征间具有紧密的相关关系, 吸器弱于寄主枝条, 寄生枝条弱于吸器, 寄生叶片的N、P含量相关关系不显著。4)寄主枝条与寄生叶片间的C含量存在极显著负相关关系。5)吸器与寄主枝条间的C、N、P生态化学计量特征存在紧密的相关关系, 但在生态化学计量特征的数值上吸器与寄生枝条更为接近。吸器作为连接寄主与寄生植物的关键部位, 其与寄主枝条极为显著的相关关系体现了寄主枝条养分对寄生植物的重要性, 而吸器在元素含量、计量比的数值以及相互关系上与寄生枝条更为相似, 则体现了吸器作为寄生植物器官具有与寄生枝条相似的生理功能。通过对寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片C、N、P生态化学计量特征的分析, 为深入研究半寄生植物的养分利用策略与生态适应性提供了重要的基础资料。     

云南哀牢山两种常见半寄生植物的生态化学计量特征及其与寄主的关系

为深入探究半寄生植物与其寄主间的养分关系,在云南哀牢山徐家坝地区选取两种常见半寄生植物椆树桑寄生(Loranthus delavayi)和柳叶钝果寄生(Taxillus delavayi),研究其寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片间的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征关系。结果表明:1)两种半寄生植物的寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片这一连续体的C、N、P生态化学计量特征变化趋势并不完全相同,具有物种自身的特性。2)同一半寄生植物的寄主枝条具有相似的C、N、P生态化学计量特征,寄主物种对半寄生植物的生态化学计量特征没有显著影响。3)寄主枝条的C、N、P生态化学计量特征间具有紧密的相关关系,吸器弱于寄主枝条,寄生枝条弱于吸器,寄生叶片的N、P含量相关关系不显著。4)寄主枝条与寄生叶片间的C含量存在极显著负相关关系。5)吸器与寄主枝条间的C、N、P生态化学计量特征存在紧密的相关关系,但在生态化学计量特征的数值上吸器与寄生枝条更为接近。吸器作为连接寄主与寄生植物的关键部位,其与寄主枝条极为显著的相关关系体现了寄主枝条养分对寄生植物的重要性,而吸器在元素含量、计量比的数值以及相互关系上与寄生枝条更为相似,则体现了吸器作为寄生植物器官具有与寄生枝条相似的生理功能。通过对寄主枝条-吸器-寄生枝条-寄生叶片C、N、P生态化学计量特征的分析,为深入研究半寄生植物的养分利用策略与生态适应性提供了重要的基础资料。     

煤矸石山不同种植年限香根草生物量分配及异速生长分析

香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)是一种良好的矿业废弃地生态修复物种,研究其生物量分配和异速生长关系,有助于深入了解香根草在矿区的生存策略与生态功能。该研究以贵州省六盘水市大河煤矿煤矸石山种植年限为4、5、8和15 a的香根草为对象,采用挖掘法和称重法对不同种植年限香根草的器官生物量、分配比例及异速生长关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)随种植年限的增加,根、茎、叶生物量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,且均在种植年限为5 a时最大,15 a时最小。(2)茎生物量分配比在种植年限15 a时最大(37.3%),叶生物量分配比在种植年限5 a时最大(36.1%),根生物量分配比不随种植年限的增加而发生变化,基本保持在30%左右。(3)种植年限为4、5、8 a时,地上部总生物量与根生物量、叶生物量呈异速生长关系;种植年限为5 a时,叶面积与根、叶生物量呈异速生长关系,与茎生物量呈等速生长关系。不同种植年限间的生物量分配及异速生长关系虽然没有一致规律,但体现了香根草在煤矸石基质中生物量分配的特点,且显示了其特别的生长方式和资源分配策略,为今后香根草在煤矸石山生态治理方面提供了参考依据。     

Nitrogen addition affects plant biomass allocation but not allometric relationships among different organs across the globe

全球尺度上氮添加影响植物生物量分配但不影响不同器官间的异速生长关系 生物量在不同器官间的分配是植物对环境变化响应的一个关键生态生理学过程。然而,在全球尺度上有关不同陆地生态系统植物生物量分配对氮沉降响应的认识还比较欠缺。本文通过整合分析333篇已发表文章的5474个观测值,基于“最优分配假说”和“异速分配假说”,评估了全球尺度上氮添加对植物生物量及其在不同器官间分配的影响。结果表明：(1)氮添加显著增加了整株植物或不同器官的生物量,降低了根冠比和根质量分数,但对叶质量分数和茎质量分数无显著影响;(2)氮添加对不同器官质量分数的影响受实验条件、植物功能性状、纬度、氮添加率等因子单独或交互作用的调控;(3)氮添加对生物量在不同器官间的异速分配率无显著影响,表明氮添加导致的根冠比和根质量分数减少是在异速分配模式下由整株植物生物量增加而致。虽然氮添加改变了地上和地下部分的质量分数,但不同器官生物量间异速分配模式的稳定性表明“异速分配假说”能更好地描述植物生物量分配对氮添加的响应规律。该研究结果将有助于深入认识氮沉降环境下植物生物量的分配规律,同时表明将生物量分配纳入有关氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响的预测模型中的重要性。     

檵木生物量分配特征

生物量是生态系统最基本的数量特征,其在各器官间的分配反映了植物适应环境的生长策略,是物种进化、生物多样性保护和生态系统碳循环研究的核心问题。檵木(Loropetalum chinense)灌丛是中国亚热带灌丛生态系统最具优势的一种灌丛类型。该研究以该灌丛建群种檵木为研究对象,采用整株收获法在个体水平上研究了器官间的异速生长、生物量在各器官间的分配以及与个体大小、灌丛更新起源和生境因子之间的关系。研究发现:檵木地上-地下相对生长关系符合等速生长规律,但随径级增大其等速生长关系可能发生变化;较小径级檵木叶-茎、叶-根为等速生长,随径级增大转换为异速生长。不同灌丛起源间,檵木叶-茎、叶-根相对生长存在显著差异。器官间相对生长的尺度系数与生境因子无显著相关关系,灌木层盖度和坡度通过影响檵木生长初期器官间的相对生长影响其生物量在器官间的分配。檵木平均叶质比为0.11,茎质比为0.55,根质比为0.34,根冠比为0.65。随径级的增大,茎质比(0.50–0.64)逐渐增大,叶质比(0.12–0.08)、根质比(0.38–0.28)和根冠比(0.91–0.43)逐渐减小。在次生灌丛中,檵木叶质比为0.12,根质比为0.33;在原生灌丛中,檵木叶质比为0.07,根质比为0.36。生物量向地上部分的分配与灌木层盖度正相关,叶质比与坡度负相关,根质比与年平均气温正相关。研究结果表明:随个体增大,檵木器官间的相对生长关系由等速生长转换为异速生长,生物量向地上部分的分配增加,地上生物量更多地分配到茎干中;干扰通过影响器官间的相对生长影响生物量在各器官间的分配,干扰导致生物量向叶的分配增加,向根的分配减少;光照减少促进生物量向地上部分的分配,坡度增加导致生物量向叶的分配减少,年平均气温升高促进生物量向根系的分配,年降水量的变化对生物量分配无显著影响。檵木生物量分配策略在一定程度上支持了最优分配假说。     

基质养分对寄生植物南方菟丝子生长的影响

群落中各营养级的相互作用在群落结构形成中起了重要作用.以南方菟丝子(Cuscuta australis R.Br.)和三叶鬼针草(Biden pilosa L.)为研究对象,采用完全随机区组实验设计方法,测定并分析基质养分(不施肥与施肥)对寄生植物生长的影响,探讨寄生植物生物量与寄主生长特性、生物量和光源捕获能力的相关性.结果表明,施肥显著增加寄生植物南方菟丝子的吸器数量、缠绕圈数、相对盖度、营养器官生物量、生殖器官生物量和总生物量,但对生殖器官的生物量比无显著影响.施肥显著增加寄主植物的根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量、叶生物量比、比叶面积和叶绿素含量,但显著降低根冠比与根生物量比.南方菟丝子生物量与三叶鬼针草生物量、叶生物量比、比叶面积以及相对叶绿素含量之间均存在显著正相关,与根生物量比和根冠比存在显著负相关.研究结果表明施肥可以提高寄主植物的光资源捕获能力,将更多地生物量分配至叶等光合机构上,从而促进寄主植物(生产者)的生长,并间接促进寄生植物(初级消费者)的生长.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Puccinia carici-adenocauli, a new rust fungus onCarex, and its anamorph,Aecidium adenocauli

Field observations and inoculation experiments showed thatAecidium adenocauli onAdenocaulon himalaicum was an anamorph of aPuccinia onCarex hakonensis andC. uda. From comparative morphology with caricicolous puccinias, the rust on theseCarex species was considered as a new species and was named asPuccinia carici-adenocauli. Contribution No. 142, Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba     

A New Family,Alteromonadaceae fam. nov., Including Marine Proteobacteria of the Genera Alteromonas,Pseudoalteromonas, Idiomarina,and Colwellia

The taxonomic positions of the marine genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Idiomarina, and Colwellia within the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria were specified on the basis of their phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics. Gram-negative aerobic bacteria of the genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, and Idiomarina and facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the genus Colwellia were found to form a phylogenetic cluster with a 16S rRNA sequence homology of 90% or higher. The characteristics of these genera presented in this paper allow their reliable taxonomic identification. Based on the analysis of our experimental data and analyses available in the literature, we propose to combine the genera Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Idiomarina, and Colwellia into a new family, Alteromonadaceae fam. nov., with the type genus Alteromonas.