雾灵山国家级自然保护区大型真菌物种多样性

大型真菌在维持生态系统稳定和为人类提供经济价值方面都具有重要作用, 本文对雾灵山国家级自然保护区中的大型真菌资源进行了详细调查, 为该保护区大型真菌资源开发和利用提供基础资料。作者于2019‒2020年采用样线法和随机踏查法对该保护区大型真菌物种资源多样性进行了初步调查和评估, 共采集大型真菌标本1,132份。结合形态学和ITS序列证据进行了鉴定, 并通过查阅相关文献资料对该保护区大型真菌物种资源价值进行了评价。结果表明: 雾灵山国家级自然保护区共有236种大型真菌, 隶属于2门6纲18目56科107属, 其中15种属于子囊菌门, 221种属于担子菌门。为方便统计, 将大于等于10个种的科定为优势科, 大于等于5个种的属定为优势属。其中优势科有红菇科、蘑菇科、多孔菌科和丝膜菌科, 每个科所包含的种数分别占总种数的8.90%、7.20%、5.93%和4.24%, 共计62种。优势属有红菇属(Russula)、蘑菇属(Agaricus)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、马勃属(Lycoperdon)、小皮伞属(Marasmius)等11个属, 共包含79个种, 占总种数的33.48%。对大型真菌的资源价值评价的结果显示, 保护区内共有食用菌66种、药用菌35种、有毒菌36种和食药兼用菌26种。研究结果表明, 雾灵山国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源丰富, 优势科和优势属中最为丰富的分别是红菇科和红菇属(Russula), 具有经济价值的菌达127种, 为食用菌的引种驯化、药用菌开发利用亦或有毒菌鉴别提供了丰富资源。     

辽宁省浑河源自然保护区食药用菌资源调查

为查明辽宁省浑河源自然保护区大型真菌的资源情况,合理利用和开发当地野生食药用菌资源,本研究经过两年的系统调查和采集,得到大型真菌标本610余份,采用传统的形态学鉴定方法,得到283种食药用菌,隶属于2门6纲20目53科122属,其中食用菌124种,药用菌130种。结果表明,当地的食药用菌资源十分丰富,具有开发利用的潜力,同时也说明当地充足水源和保护完整的森林生态对于大型真菌的生长是有积极作用的,因而在开发和利用野生食药用菌资源时,要重视对生态环境的保护。     

四川冶勒自然保护区大型真菌调查

在调查和分类的基础上发现冶勒自然保护区野生大型真菌共有143种.按Anisworth G.C.(1973)系统,隶属于2个亚门,11个目,34科,70个属.对优势科、食(药)用、有毒菌以及它们的营养类型进行了分析,结果显示:①该地区大型真菌的物种丰富(占四川的11.09%);②潜在的经济和生态价值较高(食用菌82种,药用菌26种,外生菌根菌55种);③营养类型多样化(木生,土生,粪生,外生菌根,虫生).     

罗霄山脉大型真菌区系分析与资源评价

本文采用踏查法对罗霄山脉地区大型真菌资源进行了为期5年的调查, 共采集标本5,100多号。结合形态学与分子生物学方法, 鉴定出大型真菌2门7纲20目72科218属672种, 其中幕阜山脉115种、九岭山脉168种、武功山脉77种、万洋山脉220种、诸广山脉193种; 新增罗霄山脉新记录属37个、新记录种514种。对罗霄山脉大型真菌物种组成分析表明, 含10种以上的优势科有18科, 其物种数占物种总数的73.36%, 为多孔菌科、蘑菇科、粉褶蕈科等; 含5种以上的优势属有34属, 其物种数占物种总数的55.36%, 包括粉褶蕈属(Entoloma)、鹅膏属(Amanita)、小皮伞属(Marasmius)等; 在该山脉发现中国特有属2个, 中国特有种46个。大型真菌资源利用价值评估表明, 罗霄山脉有食用菌133种、药用菌136种、毒菌87种, 部分种类具有良好的应用前景。本研究为该地区大型真菌资源的保护、利用和管理提供了较重要的科学依据。     

广西姑婆山及邻近地区大型真菌物种多样性

姑婆山紧邻南岭生物多样性保护优先区，孕育了丰富的生物资源。为了解该区域大型真菌物种多样性，该文采用随机踏查法对广西姑婆山自治区级自然保护区(以下简称姑婆山)及邻近地区大型真菌资源进行调查采集，并结合形态学和分子生物学方法进行物种鉴定。结果表明：(1)共发现348种大型真菌，隶属于2门6纲17目69科175属，其中包含食用菌40种、药用菌42种、毒菌7种。(2)对该区的物种组成分析表明，优势科为蘑菇科(Agaricaceae)、牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)、粉褶蕈科(Entolomataceae)和锈革菌科(Hymenochaetaceae)等9科；优势属为鹅膏属(Amanita)、靴耳属(Crepidotus)、毛皮伞属(Crinipellis)和粉褶蕈属(Entoloma)等11属。(3)共发现2个中国特有属，即脆孔菌属(Fragiliporia)和臧氏牛肝菌属(Zangia);11个中国特有种，即厚集毛菌(Coltricia crassa)、魏氏集毛菌(C.weii)、丛生粉褶蕈(Entoloma caespitosum)、极细粉褶蕈(E.praegracile)、近薄囊粉褶蕈...     

近十年中国重要食药用菌研究进展

食用菌跻身我国第五大农作物,我国已经成为名副其实的食药用菌大国。本文对近十年来食药用菌重要种类名称变更、人工培植或栽培技术的突破和基因组学研究的进展进行了综述。随着分子系统学研究的深入,灵芝、黑木耳、毛木耳、桑黄等重要种类的名称得到更正和完善;冬虫夏草、羊肚菌、暗褐网柄牛肝菌等难栽培种类在全世界范围内首次实现人工栽培;大多数常见食药用菌种类完成了基因组解析。分析了分类和系统发育研究、生物学研究、组学研究与食药用菌产业发展的关系,基础研究促进食药用菌产业发展,同时产业发展为基础研究提出更多的科学问题。     

云南化佛山自然保护区大型真菌多样性及分布特征分析

对云南化佛山自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成和生态分布特征进行了详细的调查和分析.调查结果表明:该保护区内共有233种(含亚种、变种和变型)大型真菌,隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门16目48科94属,其中,红菇科(Russulaceae)、小菇科(Mycenaceae)、丝膜菌科(Cortinariaceae)、多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)、牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)、陀螺菌科(Gomphaceae)和鹅膏科(Amanitaceae)7个优势科的种数较多,分别含37、22、18、17、16、11和10种.具有重要经济价值的大型真菌中包括药用菌59种、食用菌97种和毒菌35种;根据生态类型划分,有虫生菌1种、木生菌52种、土生菌39种、外生菌根菌141种.该保护区大型真菌的分布与温湿度、林下光照及林龄等生态环境因子的变化有关,具体表现在不同月份、郁闭度和林型条件下,大型真菌的种类组成和数量、优势类群都出现不同的分布特点.6月份木生菌的种数和个体数最多,8月份和9月份外生菌根菌的种数和个体数最多.在郁闭度60％～70％条件下,以多孔菌科和小菇科种类为主;在郁闭度70％～80％的条件下,以红菇科、丝膜菌科和多孔菌科种类为主;在郁闭度80％～90％条件下,以红菇科、丝膜菌科和牛肝菌科种类为主.在中龄林中大型真菌的种数多于幼龄林,其中,红菇科、丝膜菌科、牛肝菌科和陀螺菌科种类在幼龄林和中龄林中均有分布;鹅膏科种类只分布在中龄林中.根据调查结果,对该保护区大型真菌的保护提出了一些建议.     

中国野生食用真菌种类及生态习性

我国野生食用真菌种类多,分布广泛,资源丰富。已知657种,132属,41科。其中担子菌620种,占总数的94.4%,子囊菌37种,占5.6%。有过栽培记载和试验或利用菌丝体发酵培养的约80种,32属,18科。目前大量人工栽培的约22种。上述食用真菌按其种数多少主要包括在白蘑科Tricholomataceac,红菇科Russulaceae,牛肝菌科Boletaceae,蘑菇科Agaricaceae,侧耳科Pleurotaceae,珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae,丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae,球盖菇科Strophariaceae,蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae,羊肚菌科Morchellaceae,喇叭菌科Cantharellaceae,齿菌科Hydnaceae,多孔菌科Polyporaceae。依繁殖生长的基物为主,将我国野生食用真菌的生态习性划分为五类。木生菌138种,粪生菌9种,土生菌128种,虫生菌12种,菌根真菌352种。     

中国菌根食用菌名录

菌根食用菌是一个未被合理利用的非木质林产品类群。通过文献和数据调研,本名录共收录532个中国菌根食用菌分类单元,它们隶属于28科62属,包括子囊菌门的39个分类单元以及担子菌门的493个分类单元。其中红菇科和牛肝菌科种类最丰富,红菇属、乳菇属、枝瑚菌属、蜡伞属、乳牛肝菌属、口蘑属、块菌属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏菌属和丝膜菌属是我国菌根食用菌的代表属。本研究揭示了我国菌根食用菌的多样性,并对我国菌根食用菌持续发展给予了初步建议。     

大青沟自然保护区大型真菌区系多样性的研究

本文对内蒙古大青沟自然保护区内的真菌区系进行了多样性分析。结果:含10种以上的科为口蘑科、革盖菌科、丝膜菌科、蘑菇科、球盖菇科、蜡伞科和炭角菌科;含5种以上的属为丝盖伞属、小皮伞属、多孔菌属、鳞伞属、光柄菇属、炭角菌属、蘑菇属、赤褶菌属、蜡伞属、湿伞属、靴耳属、囊蘑属、栓菌属和马鞍菌属;从种的组成上可划分为世界分布种(34.11%)、北温带分布种(42.05%)、北温带－澳大利亚分布种(5.30%)、温带－亚热带、热带分布种(3.31%)、欧亚大陆分布种(2.98%)、东亚－北美间断分布种(2.32%)、东亚分布种(1.97%)、中国－日本共有种(4.64%)和特有成分(3.97%)等9个分布型,表现出鲜明的温带区系特征。在区系亲缘关系上与长白山较为接近,而与热带、亚热带的区系较为疏远。     

A First Record of Obligate Halophilic Aspergilli from the Dead Sea

The isolation of obligate halophilic aspergilli from the Dead Sea and the range of salt tolerance of halophilic fungi isolated, are reported here for the first time. The mycobiota of the Dead Sea isolated in this study, was dominated by Aspergillus and Penicillium species; Cladosporium were found in lesser numbers. All three genera were obtained from the water sample; however, Aspergillus was the only genus obtained from the sediment. There was significant difference in growth of each isolate at different salt concentrations and intraspecies analysis revealed dissimilarity in response of strains to different salt concentrations in the growth medium The isolates were euryhaline, with halotolerance up to 20–25% solar salt, Aspergillus and Penicillium species showing a higher level of halotolerance, as compared to that of Cladosporium. Halophilic fungi were found in greater numbers in the sediment sample as compared to that in the water sample. Penicillium and Cladosporium species were exclusively facultative halophiles, while some species of Aspergillus were facultative halophiles. All the obligate halophiles isolated, belonged to the genus Aspergillus and were identified as A. penicillioides and A unguis, the latter being a first record of the species from the Dead Sea.     

Mushroom diversity in sustainable shade tea forest and the effect of fire damage

A survey of the biodiversity of wild macrofungi, including edible species yields, was carried out from 1 May to 30 September 2007 at four different forest types (in mainly Miang tea forest). The plots 100 m², comprised a tea garden with a few planted canopy tree species (37.2% canopy cover), a cultivated sustainable tea forest (80.2% canopy cover), an abandoned sustainable tea forest (89.8% canopy cover), and an abandoned sustainable tea forest that had suffered fire damage (72.9% canopy cover). All visible mushrooms were collected during weekly forays. Macro-characters of the fungi were annotated and photographed by digital camera and the fungi were identified to genera and morphospecies (e.g. Agaricus sp.1, Agaricus sp.2). The fresh weight of wild edible mushrooms produced in the plots was also recorded during this period. The biodiversity of macrofungi in abandoned sustainable tea forest was highest with 115 species in 47 genera, followed by cultivated sustainable tea forest with 85 species in 42 genera and fire damaged abandoned sustainable tea forest with 48 species in 25 genera, while only 19 species belonging to 15 genera were found in the tea garden. Twenty-one species belonging to nine genera with a total of 60.9 kg of edible fungi were collected throughout this study. The fresh weight of edible mushrooms was recorded with the highest fresh weight (25.3 kg) collected from the abandoned sustainable tea forest, followed by 18.2 kg in the cultivated sustainable tea forest, while in the fire damaged sustainable tea forest 16.4 kg were collected and only 1 kg was collected in the tea garden. Abandoned sustainable tea forest contained a greater shade tree biodiversity and higher canopy cover than other plots. This area has a generally higher humidity, a greater ground litter cover, a greater number of microhabitats, a greater number of trees that can form mycorrhizal associations and this probably accounts for the higher diversity of macrofungi and production of edible mushrooms. The fire damaged sustainable tea forest had lower mushroom diversity and edible mushroom production possibly due to the loss of litter and lower tree diversity. The tea garden supported a poor diversity of mushrooms and almost no edible mushrooms. Shade tea forest (Miang tea forest) is a good method to produce tea in a sustainable way as it maintains diversity of mushrooms and other organisms and could be developed as an alternative to shade coffee.     

Food web structure of the fungivorous insect community on bracket fungi in a Bornean tropical rain forest

1. If fungivorous insect diversity is maintained by host specialisation on particular fungi, it should be higher in the tropics than in temperate or boreal regions owing to high macrofungus species diversity. 2. To reveal the community and food web structure of fungivorous insects on bracket fungi, fungivorous insects were collected from 427 fruiting bodies belonging to 22 genera throughout the development and deterioration process in a 3‐ha plot of lowland dipterocarp tropical rain forest on Borneo Island. 3. Eight hundred and twenty‐nine individuals of 82 coleopteran species in 13 families from 111 fruiting bodies of 15 fungal genera were collected. Tenebrionidae and Staphylinidae were most common. Fifty‐three and 19 insect species were observed on Ganoderma and Phellinus, respectively. The numbers of insect species and individuals on a particular fungal genus were positively correlated with the abundance of that fungal genus. 4. Quantitative food web analysis revealed a high degree of specialisation at the whole‐community level. At least 65% of insect individuals were observed on Ganoderma at every stage of development and deterioration. Diverse insects coexist on one dominant fungal genus, Ganoderma, in contrast to our hypothesis. 5. The high abundance of Ganoderma fruiting bodies, which lack obvious defences against insect feeding, probably influences the bracket fungus–insect food web in this tropical rainforest.     

秦岭药用真菌区系研究

旨在积累秦岭山区药用真菌资源的基础资料,同时,也是该地区野生真菌资源的开发、利用和保护前提。此次研究采用野外踏查、室内查对标本和校对相关文献资料的方法对秦岭山区药用真菌种质资源及其区系特点进行了初步的研究和探讨。结果显示,秦岭共有药用真菌196种,其中隶属于39科90属,含10种以上的科有4科,共107种,占全部种数的54.59%,分别为多孔菌科、红菇科、口蘑科和马勃科;含5种及5以上的属有8属,共5 9种,占总种数的30.09%,依次为红菇属、乳菇属、栓菌属、木层孔菌属、鬼伞属、马勃属、粘盖牛肝菌属、秃马勃属;从属的区系地理成分上可划分为广布成分(67.78%)、泛热带成分(4.44%)、热带亚洲-热带非洲成分(1.59%)和北温带成分(26.67%)4个分布型,其中以广布成分为主,表现典型温带区系特征。从其药理作用上分析,主要有抗癌、抗菌消炎、舒筋活络、止血、调节免疫力、养胃、补益等作用。     

Quantitative and qualitative seasonal changes in the microbial community from the phyllosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi colonizing immature, mature and senescing primary leaves of field grown Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) were analysed over a complete growing season. Greatest microbial numbers were detected on senescing primary leaves and these numbers increased over most of the season. The number of colonizers detected on mature leaves was found to be stable over most of the study.Filamentous fungi and yeasts were identified to the genus level and the communities found to have greatest diversity during the summer months. There was no consistent pattern of diversity according to leaf type. Two genera of filamentous fungi, Cladosporium and Alternaria and two yeast genera, Cryptococcus and Sporobolomyces were the most numerous fungal populations isolated. Only 8 filamentous fungi and 3 yeast genera were commonly isolated on PDA (potato dextrose agar).Bacterial strains (1236) were isolated on Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) agar and identified to species, or in some cases sub-species level, by analysis of their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Isolated bacteria were grouped into 78 named and 37 unnamed species clusters. Greatest number of bacterial species were isolated from young plants and leaves, sampled during the autumn months. Bacterial community diversity was lowest in mid-summer and winter months. Pseudomonas was the most commonly isolated genus and Erwinia herbicola the most common species. P. aureofaciens was the only species isolated from soil that was also isolated from the phyllosphere of B. vulgaris throughout the season.     

Diversity and ecological distribution of macrofungi in the Laojun Mountain region,southwestern China

Surveys of the macrofungi associated with eight different vegetation types in the Laojun Mountain region of southwestern China yielded approximately 520 species belonging to 175 genera. Species richness and diversity were highest in mixed conifer and broadleaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests. In typical forests of temperate regions of the world, there are five dominant genera of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi. The distribution patterns of species in these genera for the different vegetation types indicate that they are able to associate with a wide variety of different trees. Analysis of data for common macrofungal species and taxonomic similarity of the communities present in the eight vegetation types suggest that the greater the differences in the plant species that comprise the vegetation, the less similar are the common macrofungal species associated with the most common host plants. These same data also show that some species of macrofungi occur only in one or two vegetation types. There were 156 species of edible fungi recorded from the different vegetation types, and these fungi appear to be abundant in the Laojun Mountain region. At different positions along the elevation gradient, positive correlations existed with respect to the relationship between species richness and diversity, and the general trend was for macrofungal species richness and diversity to decrease with increasing elevation, with the numbers of species recorded being significantly lower at the very highest elevation. The relative dominance of certain taxa in the assemblage of species present was found to increase with increasing elevation, and variation in the evenness component of diversity was slight. As such, the differences in dominance and evenness were also not significant (P > 0.05). Macrofungal species richness was slightly more diverse on shaded slopes than on more exposed (sunny) slopes, and the differences in species diversity, dominance and evenness were relatively minor. This suggests that slope aspect may only weakly influence the distribution of macrofungal species in the Laojun Mountain region.     

Nests of Marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus L.) as refuges of potentially phytopathogenic and zoopathogenic fungi

Birds’ nests may be refuges for various species of fungi including that which are potentially phytopathogenic and zoopathogenic. Among the 2449 isolates of fungi obtained from nests of Marsh harriers 96.8% belonged to filamentous fungi. In total, 37 genera were identified from 63 fungi species. Within the mycobiotas of the examined nests populations of fungi which are potentially pathogenic for humans, homoiothermous animals and plants dominated. Among 63 species, 46 (72%) were potentially pathogenic fungi of which 18 species were potentially phytopathogenic and 32 species were pathogenic for homoiothermous animals. Inter alia species of fungi were found in the Marsh harriers nests: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Chrysosporium keratinophilum and Fusarium poae, Fusarium sporotrichioides. In terms of numbers, dominant in Marsh harrier nests were fungi pathogenic to birds, other homoiothermous animals and humans. On that basis it was concluded that Marsh harrier nests are both a source of fungal infections for that species and one of the links in the epidemiological cycle of opportunistic fungi for humans.     

西藏高山草原AM真菌生态分布

对西藏高原37种草地植物(建群种或常见种)70个带根土样的AM真菌进行了研究.结果表明:1)在所分离到的5属35种AM真菌中,球囊霉属、无梗囊霉属、盾巨孢囊霉属真菌分别为18、9、6种,内养囊霉属、类球囊霉属各1种.其中,藏南、藏北草原AM真菌分别为4属23种、4属22种,Shannon指数分别为2.31和2.75,但藏北草原AM真菌孢子密度、种的丰度显著高于藏南.2)不同生态区域AM真菌呈共有种较少、特有种较多、优势种差异较大的分布特征.3)高寒草原、山地草甸、高寒草甸草原AM真菌Shannon指数分别为1.91、1.83、1.80,呈严重退化态势的温性草原仅为1.64;海拔4000～4600 m地带,种的丰度最高,海拔4600～5220 m 地带,真菌Shannon指数和物种均匀度最高,分别为2.42和0.79;4)球-囊霉属真菌在不同海拔段均为优势属,但在海拔＜4000 m地带相对多度较高;无梗囊霉属主要分布于海拔＞4000 m地带;盾巨孢囊霉属主要分布于海拔3500～5220 m地带;类球囊霉属主要见于海拔4000～5220 m的藏北高寒草甸草原,少量见于高寒草原环境;内养囊霉属仅见于海拔3500～3700 m的藏南温性草原.     

比较分析草菇与其他真菌直系同源基因的关系

担子菌类的食用菌种类多、价值高、产量大,然而其产业的升级发展需要对食用菌生长发育相关生物学问题进行深入解析。目前多种食用菌完成了全基因组测序,然而作为非模式种其与模式丝状真菌间的直系同源基因目前尚缺乏全基因组水平的系统研究,在一定程度上限制了其分子生物学研究的深入。本研究以草菇为参照物种,将其与几种食用菌和模式丝状真菌进行两两直系同源基因分析,并对多物种间不同类型的直系同源基因进行功能富集。结果显示：一对一直系同源基因较多富集于基因复制、转录、翻译、修饰、加工等保守的基本功能类别;非一对一直系同源基因多属于基因家族,且包含了65%的转录因子,功能上富集在碳水化合物、脂质、氨基酸、次生代谢物及外源物质的代谢通路。无直系同源基因则较多富集在与基因重组、修复、信号转导相关的功能类别、特导性转录因子以及未知的预测基因。结果为食用菌分子生物学的深入研究提供有价值的参考。     

Diversity and dynamics of microbial communities in brown planthopper at different developmental stages revealed by high‐throughput amplicon sequencing

The microbiome associated with brown planthopper (BPH) plays an important role in mediating host health and fitness. Characterization of the microbial community and its structure is prerequisite for understanding the intricate symbiotic relationships between microbes and host insect. Here, we investigated the bacterial and fungal communities of BPH at different developmental stages using high‐throughput amplicon sequencing. Our results revealed that both the bacterial and fungal communities were diverse and dynamic during BPH development. The bacterial communities were generally richer than fungi in each developmental stage. At 97% similarly, 19 phyla and 278 genera of bacteria were annotated, while five fungal phyla comprising 80 genera were assigned. The highest species richness for the bacterial communities was detected in the nymphal stage. The taxonomic diversity of the fungal communities in female adults was generally at a relatively higher level when compared to other developmental stages. The most dominant phylum of bacteria and fungi at each developmental stage all belonged to Proteobacteria and Ascomycota, respectively. A significantly lower abundance of bacterial genus Acinetobacter was recorded in the egg stage when compared to other developmental stages, while the dominant fungal genus Wallemia was more abundant in the nymph and adult stages than in the egg stage. Additionally, the microbial composition differed between male and female adults, suggesting that the microbial communities in BPH were gender‐dependent. Overall, our study enriches our knowledge on the microbial communities associated with BPH and will provide clues to develop potential biocontrol techniques against this rice pest.