园林绿地中植物构成的空间类型及其应用

植物的大小，形态，色彩，质地和季相变化等特征是植物构成空间的相关因素。利用植物可构成五大基本空间类型，它们在园林绿地中具有各自的功能和作用，并已得到广泛应用。     

植食性昆虫寄主植物嗅觉搜寻述介

植食性昆虫与寄主植物关系的本质是化学。植食性昆虫搜寻寄主的嗅觉媒介是植物气味即化学信息物质。在介绍植物气味构成及其扩散模型基础上，阐述了植物气味在地上植食性昆虫成虫、幼虫和地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主过程中的嗅觉导向作用，并指出了今后相关研究需要注意的问题。从植物与环境因子的关系来看，植物气味包括构成性气味和诱发性气味两类，这两类气味的概念既相联系而又不同。构成性气味组分及构成因植物分类地位等而不同。诱发性气味组分因植食性昆虫取食、植物病原微生物、机械致伤等因子的胁迫而变化，这种变化性状随植物属和/或种、植株生长发育阶段、胁迫因子性质及其作用方式而不同。无论是哪种植物气味，其释放均具有节律性。气味扩散过程比较复杂，扩散状态可用数学模型表征。对于地上植食性昆虫成虫，植物气味对其寄主搜寻行为具有导向特异性，重点分析了这种特异性形成的两个假说；鳞翅目昆虫幼虫，能够利用植物化学信息物质趋向寄主植物或回避非寄主植物；地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主，既与寄主植物地下组织释放或分泌的次级代谢物有关，又与一些初级代谢物有关。初级代谢物中的CO₂,起着“搜寻触发器”作用。有助于增强人们对昆虫与植...     

西双版纳片断热带雨林的结构,物种组成及其变经变化的研究

通过对西双版纳地区的６个“龙山”片断热主林与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究,探讨了片断热主林的群落结构、种类组成、生活型构成,种群结构,植物丰富度及多样性等的变化及其规律,随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,热带雨林群落的结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低。在生活型构成上,附生植物,大、中高位芽植物以及地上芽植物比例减少,藤本植物和小高效芽植物比例明显增高。在种群结构上,受轻、中度干扰     

福建尤溪九阜山维管束植物及其分布

福建尤溪九阜山自然保护区有维管束植物171科547属1 104种。本文分析了该区维管束植物科、属的种类组成,阐述了构成森林的主要植物类群及其分布。     

西南地区草地群落灌木植物盖度对生态系统碳库的影响

中国西南地区草地主要为暖性及热性草丛、灌草丛, 约占全国草地面积的1/10, 分析灌木植物盖度与草地碳库及其构成的关系对于准确评估尚处于次生演替阶段的南方草地碳储量具有重要意义。该研究基于野外实地调查, 将西南地区不同地貌类型的41个代表性草地样地依据灌木植物盖度划分为3种类型: 无灌木植物草地群落(灌木植物盖度为0)、低灌木植物盖度草地群落(灌木植物盖度0-10%)和高灌木植物盖度草地群落(灌木植物盖度10%-30%), 测定了群落地上、地下生物量和凋落物生物量以及植物和土壤碳含量, 计算碳密度。结果表明: 随着草地群落灌木植物盖度增大, 生态系统植被碳密度从0.304 kg·m ^-2增加到1.574 kg·m ^-2, 其中根系和凋落物碳库也呈增长趋势; 土壤碳密度从7.215 kg·m ^-2增加到9.735 kg·m ^-2, 生态系统碳密度从7.519 kg·m ^-2增加到11.309 kg·m ^-2。草地碳库构成中, 低灌木植物盖度草地群落的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库比例最小。草地群落灌木植物盖度增加改变了草地生态系统碳库构成并导致生态系统碳库增加, 建议在估算草地生态系统碳库时, 需要统筹考虑并兼顾南方地区草地群落灌木植物盖度变化。     

杭州市分布中国种子植物特有种组成分析

为进一步了解杭州市植物区系的组成和特点，通过查阅资料，整理了杭州市域范围内分布的中国特有种子植物名录，并在此基础上，对研究区内特有种子植物的科属构成、生活型、区系组成、重点保护种类和濒危种类等进行统计和分析。结果显示：研究区内中国特有种子植物共100科328属708种，种类构成以被子植物为主，生活型以草本最多。区系组成上，科级水平以热带性分布成分为主，而在属级水平，则是以温带分布的属最多，说明研究区区系成分复杂。国家重点保护野生植物有31种，濒危植物中受威胁物种有46种。研究结果可为开展特有植物的生物多样性保护提供参考资料。     

胶州湾海岸湿地维管束植物的区系特征与保护

胶州湾海岸湿地植被分4个主要植被型、15个主要植物群落,作为湿地植被建群种、优势种和主要伴生种的维管束植物共有35科61属75种,分盐生植物、水生植物、湿生植物和沙生植物4大生态类群。其中禾本科、黎科、蓼科等7个较大科的种子植物构成了胶州湾海岸湿地维管束植物区系的主体。从分布区类型构成看,胶州湾海岸湿地植物区系成分中世界分布属最多,达24属,占总属数的39.3%,这反映了湿地植被的隐域性特征。温带分布区成分和热带分布区成分作为区系成分的主体占总属数的52.4%。针对胶州湾海岸湿地发生的退化现象,提出了保护胶州湾海岸湿地维管束植物的初步措施。     

宁夏头道湖沙地主要植物群落水分状况的研究

本文研究了宁夏阿拉善头道湖荒漠地区沙地植物群落的水分状况。通过对三个植物群落中十三种植物的蒸腾强度、绿色部分产量与环境因子关系的定位研究,得出下列结论: 1.植物蒸腾强度的大小和日进程的规律与植物的形态、生态特征有密切关系。典型旱生植物蒸腾强度很大,日进程变化剧烈,多构成双峰或多峰曲线;肉质旱生植物蒸腾强度最小,日进程变化平缓,多构成单峰曲线;中生植物蒸腾强度中等,日进程变化不甚急剧,多构成单峰或双峰曲线;广中生植物蒸腾强度最大,日进程与中生植物相类似。蒸腾强度的季节变化还受植物物候期的影响。 2.各植物群落和各种植物的蒸腾耗水量不同,这与植物的蒸腾量和绿色部分产量的多寡有关,但主要决定于绿色部分产量的大小。蒸腾耗水量还受土壤湿度、降雨量的影响。 3.从半固定沙地上植物的水分状况看,蒸腾耗水量所支出的水分与土壤湿度所能供给植物利用的水分是平衡的。     

根瘤与菌根

植物根系和土壤微生物有着十分密切的关系,它们互相影响、互相制约。微生物不仅存在于土壤中,也存在于一部分植物的根组织里,与植物构成特殊的共生关系,即根瘤和菌根。１基本概念与基本类型１．１根瘤指豆科等植物根部的瘤状突起。是土壤中某些细菌或放线菌与植物根部...     

广西特有植物的研究

<正> 目次 前言 一、广西特有植物的种类 (一)特有属(二)特有种(三)准特有种(四)非特有的模式植物(五)存疑种 二、广西特有植物的区系特征和地理分布 (一)特有植物的科、属、种构成(二)地理分布(三)区系特征 三、广西的特有植物与邻近地区植物区系的关系     

疏叶骆驼刺根系对土壤异质性和种间竞争的响应

近年来, 植物根系对土壤异质性的响应和植物根系之间的相互作用一直是研究的热点。过去的研究主要是针对一年生短命植物进行的, 而且多是在人工控制的温室条件下进行的。而对于多年生植物根系对养分异质性和竞争的综合作用研究很少。该文对塔里木盆地南缘多年生植物疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)根系生长对养分异质性和竞争条件的响应途径与适应策略进行了研究, 结果表明: (1)在无竞争的条件下, 疏叶骆驼刺根系优先向空间大的地方生长, 即使另一侧有养分斑块存在, 其根系也向着空间大的一侧生长; (2)在有竞争的条件下, 疏叶骆驼刺根系生长依然是优先占领空间大的一侧, 但是竞争者的存在抑制了疏叶骆驼刺的生长, 导致其枝叶生物量和根系生物量都明显减少(p < 0.01), 而养分斑块的存在促进了疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长; (3)疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长不仅需要养分, 也需要足够的空间, 空间比养分更重要; (4)有竞争者存在的时候, 两株植物的根系都先长向靠近竞争者一侧的空间, 即先占据“共有空间”。研究结果对理解植物根系觅食行为和植物对环境的适应策略有重要意义。     

The unfolding of plant growth form‐defence syndromes along elevation gradients

Understanding the functional economics that drives plant investment of resources requires investigating the interface between plant phenotypes and the variation in ecological conditions. While allocation to defence represents a large portion of the carbon budget, this axis is usually neglected in the study of plant economic spectrum. Using a novel geometrical approach, we analysed the co‐variation in a comprehensive set of functional traits related to plant growth strategies, as well as chemical defences against herbivores on all 15 Cardamine species present in the Swiss Alps. By extracting geometrical information of the functional space, we observed clustering of plants into three main syndromes. Those different strategies of growth form and defence were also distributed within distinct elevational bands demonstrating an association between the functional space and the ecological conditions. We conclude that plant strategies converge into clear syndromes that trade off abiotic tolerance, growth and defence within each elevation zone.     

Carbon relations and competition between woody species in a Central European hedgerow

Summary Growth of woody species has two components, one pertaining to increment of biomass, the other to the architectonic arrangement of dry matter in space. Only the combination of both components explained the competitive strength of species that dominate in different stages of a hedgerow succession in Central Europe. Biomass increment was measured using an empirical volumetric method, and plant architecture was investigated from branching patterns which determined the growth form of species. Assimilate partitioning was determined from total plant carbon gain and biomass increment in different above-ground plant parts. Those species with lower dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus costs for occupying and shading space during canopy development were the stronger competitors and replanced pioneers, even though their rate of CO₂ uptake was low. Ecological implications of different partitioning patterns for the survival of a plant and for successional changes in vegetation are discussed.     

基于提高鸟类多样性的北京城市线性公园绿地植物景观探析

植被覆盖率高的线性公园,可作为鸟类的迁徙途径和栖息之所,并猜测其可作为生态廊道的一部分,适宜的营造植物景观、提升植物种类的多样性对保护鸟类多样性有促进作用。因此,采用标准取样法对北京城市线性公园绿地进行研究,提取可能影响鸟类多样性的植物群落因素、植物生境因素,对提高鸟类多样性提出建设性的意见。研究结果主要表明,在线性公园绿地宽度30~200m内,随着宽度的增加,鸟类的数量有所提高;含有不同类型植物生境的线性公园绿地,对鸟类目标种的吸引力不同,植物生境类型数较多样的线性公园绿地具有较高的鸟类目标种吸引力;不同的鸟类目标种偏好在不同的树种上进行活动。     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区森林群落演替分析

植物群落演替分析对植被恢复,森林管理等有重要的意义。以空间代替时间的方法,搜集数据,运用TWINSPAN和DCA进行分析。结果表明:五鹿山植物群落的演替系列:酸枣灌丛→荆条灌丛→黄刺玫灌丛→白皮松+侧柏林→白皮松林→油松林→辽东栎林;虎榛子灌丛→茶条槭灌丛→华北落叶松林→白桦林。这可以作为五鹿山植物群落演替的模型。在演替进程中物种的结构、组成以及生活型变化显著。使用六个指数来分析演替过程中物种的异质性、均匀度和丰富度变化。随着演替的进行,物种异质性、丰富度均有所增加,均匀度逐渐降低。     

How plants make tubes

The plant body requires the transport of various materials over large distances. Two cell types that bear a striking resemblance morphologically are the cells specialized for water transport and those responsible for the transport of oxygen: xylem and lysigenous aerenchyma, respectively. Each of these cell types undergoes programmed cell death and cellular autolysis, resulting in the production of a functional space within the plant body. The major morphological difference observed is the presence of the lignified secondary wall in water-conducting tissues. The prevalence of tubular structures in other plant tissues suggests that the ability to form spaces through cellular autolysis is a fundamental paradigm in plant development and evolution.     

大豆航天搭载SP4选择效果与SP2代变异率相关分析

摘要：为了明确大豆航天搭载早期世代农艺性状选择的依据,提高航天搭载育种早期世代选择效果。对6个大豆品种经过航天搭载后的SP2代变异率和SP4代选择效果进行了分析,结果表明遗传力高的SP2代的单株荚数和单株粒数2个农艺性状的变异率与SP4代入选单株数相关达到极显著水平;SP2代遗传力较高底荚高度和节间长度的变异率与SP4代入选单株相关达到显著水平,SP2代遗传力不高的植株高度和主茎节数变异率与SP4代入选单株相关不显著;SP2代对单株荚数、单株粒数、底荚高度、节间长度进行选择有效,而对植株高度和主茎节数选择效果不明显。     

Scaling relations for a functionally two-dimensional plant: Chamaesyce setiloba (Euphorbiaceae)

Many characteristics of plants and animals scale with body size as described by allometric equations of the form Y = βM(α), where Y is an attribute of the organism, β is a coefficient that varies with attribute, M is a measure of organism size, and α is another constant, the scaling exponent. In current models, the frequently observed quarter-power scaling exponents are hypothesized to be due to fractal-like structures. However, not all plants or animals conform to the assumptions of these models. Therefore, they might be expected to have different scaling relations. We studied one such plant, Chamaesyce setiloba, a prostrate annual herb that grows to functionally fill a two-dimensional space. Number of leaves scaled slightly less than isometrically with total aboveground plant mass (α ≈ 0.9) and substantially less than isometrically with dry total stem mass (α = 0.82), showing reduced allocation to leaf as opposed to stem tissue with increasing plant size. Additionally, scalings of the lengths and radii of parent and daughter branches differed from those predicted for three-dimensional trees and shrubs. Unlike plants with typical three-dimensional architectures, C. setiloba has distinctive scaling relations associated with its particular prostrate herbaceous growth form.     

Modelling dendritic ecological networks in space: an integrated network perspective

Dendritic ecological networks (DENs) are a unique form of ecological networks that exhibit a dendritic network topology (e.g. stream and cave networks or plant architecture). DENs have a dual spatial representation; as points within the network and as points in geographical space. Consequently, some analytical methods used to quantify relationships in other types of ecological networks, or in 2‐D space, may be inadequate for studying the influence of structure and connectivity on ecological processes within DENs. We propose a conceptual taxonomy of network analysis methods that account for DEN characteristics to varying degrees and provide a synthesis of the different approaches within the context of stream ecology. Within this context, we summarise the key innovations of a new family of spatial statistical models that describe spatial relationships in DENs. Finally, we discuss how different network analyses may be combined to address more complex and novel research questions. While our main focus is streams, the taxonomy of network analyses is also relevant anywhere spatial patterns in both network and 2‐D space can be used to explore the influence of multi‐scale processes on biota and their habitat (e.g. plant morphology and pest infestation, or preferential migration along stream or road corridors).     

Beta Diversity of Plant-Pollinator Networks and the Spatial Turnover of Pairwise Interactions

Interactions between species form complex networks that vary across space and time. Even without spatial or temporal constraints mutualistic pairwise interactions may vary, or rewire, across space but this variability is not well understood. Here, we quantify the beta diversity of species and interactions and test factors influencing the probability of turnover of pairwise interactions across space. We ask: 1) whether beta diversity of plants, pollinators, and interactions follow a similar trend across space, and 2) which interaction properties and site characteristics are related to the probability of turnover of pairwise interactions. Geographical distance was positively correlated with plant and interaction beta diversity. We find that locally frequent interactions are more consistent across space and that local flower abundance is important for the realization of pairwise interactions. While the identity of pairwise interactions is highly variable across space, some species-pairs form interactions that are locally frequent and spatially consistent. Such interactions represent cornerstones of interacting communities and deserve special attention from ecologists and conservation planners alike.