西南地区草地群落灌木植物盖度对生态系统碳库的影响

中国西南地区草地主要为暖性及热性草丛、灌草丛,约占全国草地面积的1/10,分析灌木植物盖度与草地碳库及其构成的关系对于准确评估尚处于次生演替阶段的南方草地碳储量具有重要意义。该研究基于野外实地调查,将西南地区不同地貌类型的41个代表性草地样地依据灌木植物盖度划分为3种类型:无灌木植物草地群落(灌木植物盖度为0)、低灌木植物盖度草地群落(灌木植物盖度0–10%)和高灌木植物盖度草地群落(灌木植物盖度10%–30%),测定了群落地上、地下生物量和凋落物生物量以及植物和土壤碳含量,计算碳密度。结果表明:随着草地群落灌木植物盖度增大,生态系统植被碳密度从0.304 kg·m~(–2)增加到1.574 kg·m~(–2),其中根系和凋落物碳库也呈增长趋势;土壤碳密度从7.215 kg·m~(–2)增加到9.735 kg·m~(–2),生态系统碳密度从7.519 kg·m~(–2)增加到11.309 kg·m~(–2)。草地碳库构成中,低灌木植物盖度草地群落的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库比例最小。草地群落灌木植物盖度增加改变了草地生态系统碳库构成并导致生态系统碳库增加,建议在估算草地生态系统碳库时,需要统筹考虑并兼顾南方地区草地群落灌木植物盖度变化。     

Spatial distributions of biomass and carbon density in natural grasslands of Hebei,China

分析不同草地类型生物量与碳密度空间分布特征及其影响因素, 揭示草地植物碳库的变化规律, 对于了解我国草地生态系统碳汇具有重要意义。2011-2013年以河北省天然草地为研究对象, 调查了不同草地类型的地上活体生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及各组分的碳密度。结果表明: 温性草原、温性草甸、温性山地草甸、低地盐化草甸、暖性草丛和暖性灌草丛6种草地类型的总生物量差异显著, 其中低地盐化草甸总生物量最高, 为2 770.2 g·m ^-2, 而温性草原最低, 为747.6 g·m ^-2, 前者约为后者的3.7倍; 地上活体生物量最大的是低地盐化草甸, 其次是暖性灌草丛和温性山地草甸, 最小的是温性草原, 分别为285.0、235.1、203.1和110.6 g·m ^-2; 凋落物生物量也是低地盐化草甸最大, 其次是温性山地草甸和温性草甸, 分别为584.0、187.9和91.0 g·m ^-2。6种草地类型的根系生物量均大于地上生物量, 是地上生物量的1.9-4.3倍, 不同草地类型根冠比的平均值为3.1; 低地盐化草甸的根系生物量最高, 为1901.3 g·m ^-2, 温性草原的根系生物量最低, 只有低地盐化草甸的1/3。在各类草地生物量碳密度方面, 低地盐化草甸的地上活体碳密度、凋落物碳密度与根系碳密度均为最大, 分别为132.7、81.2和705.9 g C·m ^-2。草地地上生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及总生物量均随海拔的升高先减少而后增加(p < 0.05); 草地生态系统总生物量和根系生物量随大于10 ℃积温的增加先降低而后升高(p < 0.01)。该研究中暖性灌草丛多分布在石质山区, 土层很薄, 植物地上生物量和根系生物量都比土层较厚的草甸草原低。可见, 在较大区域比较不同草地类型生物量时, 应综合考虑气候、土壤、地理等因素。     

河北省天然草地生物量和碳密度空间分布格局

分析不同草地类型生物量与碳密度空间分布特征及其影响因素, 揭示草地植物碳库的变化规律, 对于了解我国草地生态系统碳汇具有重要意义。2011-2013年以河北省天然草地为研究对象, 调查了不同草地类型的地上活体生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及各组分的碳密度。结果表明: 温性草原、温性草甸、温性山地草甸、低地盐化草甸、暖性草丛和暖性灌草丛6种草地类型的总生物量差异显著, 其中低地盐化草甸总生物量最高, 为2 770.2 g·m ^-2, 而温性草原最低, 为747.6 g·m ^-2, 前者约为后者的3.7倍; 地上活体生物量最大的是低地盐化草甸, 其次是暖性灌草丛和温性山地草甸, 最小的是温性草原, 分别为285.0、235.1、203.1和110.6 g·m ^-2; 凋落物生物量也是低地盐化草甸最大, 其次是温性山地草甸和温性草甸, 分别为584.0、187.9和91.0 g·m ^-2。6种草地类型的根系生物量均大于地上生物量, 是地上生物量的1.9-4.3倍, 不同草地类型根冠比的平均值为3.1; 低地盐化草甸的根系生物量最高, 为1901.3 g·m ^-2, 温性草原的根系生物量最低, 只有低地盐化草甸的1/3。在各类草地生物量碳密度方面, 低地盐化草甸的地上活体碳密度、凋落物碳密度与根系碳密度均为最大, 分别为132.7、81.2和705.9 g C·m ^-2。草地地上生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及总生物量均随海拔的升高先减少而后增加(p < 0.05); 草地生态系统总生物量和根系生物量随大于10 ℃积温的增加先降低而后升高(p < 0.01)。该研究中暖性灌草丛多分布在石质山区, 土层很薄, 植物地上生物量和根系生物量都比土层较厚的草甸草原低。可见, 在较大区域比较不同草地类型生物量时, 应综合考虑气候、土壤、地理等因素。     

Carbon stock and seasonal dynamics of carbon flux in warm-temperature tussock ecosystem in Shandong Province,China

了解山东省草地生态系统碳库现状和碳通量变化规律对于全国尺度草地生态系统碳源/汇核算有着重要的意义。该研究采用野外面上调查取样和固定加强点静态箱法(LI-840红外分析仪联用)相结合的方法, 分析了山东省暖性草丛生态系统的固碳现状、碳通量季节动态以及净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)对各种环境因子的响应。研究结果表明: 山东暖性草丛生态系统平均碳密度为2.74 Mg C·hm ^-2, 碳密度的构成排序为土壤碳密度(89%) >生物量碳密度(9%) >凋落物碳密度(2%), 山东暖性草丛碳库总储量约为15.88 Tg C; 结缕草(Zoysia japonica)暖性草丛生态系统NEE的季节动态总体表现为夏季低, 冬季高, 非生长季节(11月至次年4月)向外界净排放CO₂, 表现为碳源效应; 生长季节(4-9月)则为净吸收CO₂ , 表现为碳汇效应, 峰值月份的平均固碳速率在-2.58- -4.46 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1之间; 2012和2013年泰山小流域暖性草丛NEE年平均值分别为-0.43 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1和-0.31 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 都表现为碳汇效应; 光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(T_a)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤10 cm深度温度(T_s)和含水量(W)是结缕草暖性草丛生态系统NEE动态的主要影响因素, 但不同月份NEE动态的影响因素各异, 且因子间存在着互作效应, 主成分分析表明, NEE的季节动态主要受温度、水分和光强等因子控制。     

山东省暖性草丛生态系统碳库现状和碳通量季节变化特征

了解山东省草地生态系统碳库现状和碳通量变化规律对于全国尺度草地生态系统碳源/汇核算有着重要的意义。该研究采用野外面上调查取样和固定加强点静态箱法(LI-840红外分析仪联用)相结合的方法, 分析了山东省暖性草丛生态系统的固碳现状、碳通量季节动态以及净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)对各种环境因子的响应。研究结果表明: 山东暖性草丛生态系统平均碳密度为2.74 Mg C·hm ^-2, 碳密度的构成排序为土壤碳密度(89%) >生物量碳密度(9%) >凋落物碳密度(2%), 山东暖性草丛碳库总储量约为15.88 Tg C; 结缕草(Zoysia japonica)暖性草丛生态系统NEE的季节动态总体表现为夏季低, 冬季高, 非生长季节(11月至次年4月)向外界净排放CO₂, 表现为碳源效应; 生长季节(4-9月)则为净吸收CO₂ , 表现为碳汇效应, 峰值月份的平均固碳速率在-2.58- -4.46 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1之间; 2012和2013年泰山小流域暖性草丛NEE年平均值分别为-0.43 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1和-0.31 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 都表现为碳汇效应; 光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(T_a)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤10 cm深度温度(T_s)和含水量(W)是结缕草暖性草丛生态系统NEE动态的主要影响因素, 但不同月份NEE动态的影响因素各异, 且因子间存在着互作效应, 主成分分析表明, NEE的季节动态主要受温度、水分和光强等因子控制。     

四川西北部亚高山云杉天然林生态系统碳密度、净生产量和碳贮量的初步研究

该文利用野外实际调查数据对四川西北部亚高山云杉(Picea asperata)天然林碳密度、净生产量、碳贮量及其分布进行了分析,结果表明,在调查区域,云杉天然林分平均生物量为230.37×10³ kg·hm^-2,其中乔木层为212.77×10³ kg·hm^-2,占林分生物量的92.30%。云杉天然林生态系统各组分的平均碳密度为树干57.85%,树皮47.12%,树枝51.22%,树叶48.27%和树根52.39%,灌木层平均碳密度49.91%,草本层平均碳密度46.34%,地被层平均碳密度43.21%,枯落物层平均碳密度39.44%,土壤碳密度平均值为1.41%,随土层深度增加各层次土壤碳密度逐渐减少。云杉林平均生态系统总碳贮量为273.79×10³ kg·hm^-2,其中乔木层109.30×10³ kg·hm^-2,占云杉林生态系统总碳贮量的39.92%,灌木层5.69×10³ kg·hm^-2,占2.08%,草本层1.26×10³ kg·hm^-2,占0.46%,地被物层0.60×10³ kg·hm^-2,占0.22%,枯落物层0.83×10³ kg·hm^-2,占0.30%,林内土壤(0~100 cm)碳贮量为156.11×10³ kg·hm^-2,占57.01%。云杉林的碳库分布序列为土壤(0~100 cm)>乔木层>灌木层>草本层>枯落物层>地被物层。云杉天然林分平均净生产总量为6 838.5 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,碳素年总净固量平均为3 584.98 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,其中乔木层净生产量为4 676 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,占林分总量的68.38%,碳素年平均固定量2 552.99 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,占林分总量的71.21%。     

中国寒温带不同林龄白桦林碳储量及分配特征

为了解中国寒温带地区不同林龄白桦林生态系统碳储量及固碳能力, 在样地调查基础上, 以大兴安岭地区25、40与61年白桦(Betula platyphylla)林生态系统为研究对象, 对其乔木层、林下地被物层(灌木层、草本层、凋落物层)、土壤层(0-100 cm)碳储量与分配特征进行调查研究。结果表明白桦林乔木层各器官碳含量在440.7-506.7 g·kg ^-1之间, 各器官碳含量随着林龄的增长而降低; 灌木层、草本层碳含量随林龄的增加呈先降后升的变化趋势; 凋落物层碳含量随林龄增加而降低; 土壤层(0-100 cm)碳含量随林龄增加而显著升高, 随着土层深度的增加而降低。白桦林生态系统各层次碳储量均随林龄的增加而明显升高。25、40与61年白桦林乔木层碳储量分别为11.9、19.1和34.2 t·hm ^-2, 各器官碳储量大小顺序表现为树干>树根>树枝>树叶, 树干碳储量分配比例随林龄增加而升高。25、40与61年白桦林生态系统碳储量分别为77.4、180.9和271.4 t·hm ^-2, 其中土壤层占生态系统总碳储量的81.6%、87.7%和85.9%, 是白桦林生态系统的主要碳库。随林龄增加, 白桦林年净生产力(2.0-4.4 t·hm ^-2·a ^-1)、年净固碳量(1.0-2.1 t·hm ^-2·a ^-1)均出现增长, 老龄白桦林仍具有较强的碳汇作用。     

河南典型暖(热)性草地固碳特征及区域差异

通过野外调查取样与室内分析,研究了河南两种气候区内分布的典型草地(豫西北的暖性草丛和暖性灌草丛,豫南的暖性草丛、暖性灌草丛、热性草丛和热性灌草丛)植被与土壤碳密度特征及碳分布差异.结果表明: 豫西北与豫南地区草地植被地上平均生物量分别为327.4和221.4 g·m^-2,呈北高南低趋势,差异显著;而根系平均生物量分别为1.58×10³和1.94×10³ g·m^-2,呈南高北低趋势,且差异显著.豫西北和豫南地区地上平均碳密度分别为113.75和77.35 g C·m^-2.豫西北地区暖性草丛植被地上碳密度大于暖性灌草丛,但差异不显著;而豫南地区热性草丛活体碳密度显著低于其他3种类型草地.豫西北与豫南地区地下平均碳密度分别为6.35×10³和5.14×10³ g C·m^-2.豫西北地区2种类型草地根系碳密度和土壤碳密度差异均不显著;豫南地区热性灌草丛根系碳密度显著低于其他3种类型草地,而热性草丛土壤碳密度显著大于其他3种类型草地.豫西北和豫南地区草地生态系统平均碳密度分别为6.46×10³和5.22×10³ g C·m^-2,呈北高南低趋势,且土壤贡献最大(78%～90%).豫西北地区2种类型草地生态系统碳密度差异不显著;豫南地区热性草丛生态系统碳密度最高为9.70×10³ g C·m^-2,显著大于其他3种类型草地.本研究结果为准确计算河南不同类型草地生态系统碳储量及评估其固碳潜力提供基础数据.     

宁夏典型温性天然草地固碳特征

本文研究了宁夏草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种温性典型天然草地生态系统碳储量及其构成特征。结果表明: 草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原植被总生物量分别为1178.91、481.22、292.80和209.09 g·m^-2。其中,地下根系生物量是构成草甸草原和温性草原植被总生物量的主体,分别占总生物量的73.1%和56.6%;地上植被生物量是构成草原化荒漠和荒漠草原植被总生物量的主体,分别占总生物量的50.3%和47.6%;枯落物生物量占比较低,分别仅为8.5%、8.0%、6.4%和16.2%。草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种天然草地生态系统碳储量分别为13.90、5.94、2.69和2.37 kg·m^-2,其中植被碳储量分别为470.26、192.23、117.17、83.36 g·m^-2,0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳储量分别为13.43、5.75、2.58和2.29 kg·m^-2,土壤有机碳储量是构成宁夏典型天然草地碳储量的主体,分别占到了生态系统碳储量的96.6%、96.8%、95.6%和96.5%。4种草地类型植被总生物量、植被碳储量、土壤有机碳储量和生态系统碳储量均表现为:草甸草原＞温性草原＞草原化荒漠＞荒漠草原。     

围栏封育对天山北坡草甸草原生态系统碳交换的影响

草本层和大气间的碳交换及其对环境因子的响应是目前研究的热点。该研究通过静态箱法, 采用LI-840 CO₂/H₂O红外分析仪, 对新疆天山北坡草甸草原围封9年的样地和围栏外自然放牧生态系统碳交换进行监测, 分析了围栏内外生态系统碳交换的差异性、日变化、季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 围栏内生态系统碳交换高于围栏外, 围栏内外表现出明显的差异性; 围栏内外生态系统碳交换均存在明显的日变化和季节变化规律, 呈单峰曲线, 且在植物生长季峰形比较明显。在整个监测期间, 围栏内外生态系统CO₂净交换最小值分别为-7.62和-6.63 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 生态系统呼吸最大值分别为8.55和7.04 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 生态系统总初级生产力最大值分别为-14.66和-13.89 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1。因围栏内植被得到保护, 草本植物生长茂盛, 光合作用强, 生态系统CO₂净交换较小, 同时有机碳的输入增强了生态系统呼吸。分析发现生态系统碳交换与气温和0-10 cm土壤温度显著相关, 与气温的相关性高于与0-10 cm土壤温度的相关性, 且围栏内禁牧处理相关性高于围栏外自然放牧草地; 土壤含水量与生态系统碳交换存在一定的相关性, 但其相关性略低于温度与生态系统碳交换的相关性。     

Carbon density and its spatial distribution in the Potentilla fruticosa dominated alpine shrub in Qinghai,China

Aims Shrub recovery is recognized as an important cause of the increase of carbon stocks in China, and yet there are great uncertainties in the carbon sink capacities of shrubs. Our objectives were to estimate carbon density and its spatial distribution in alpine shrubs.
Methods Eight sites in Potentilla fruticosa dominated shrublands across Qinghai, China were investigated. Plant biomass and carbon content in leaves, branches and stems, and roots were measured to analyze the biomass allocation and carbon density.
Important findings Mean carbon densities in biological carbon, litter, soil and whole ecosystem of P. fruticosa shrublands were 5088.54, 542.1, 35903.76 and 41534.4 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Carbon density in the shrub layer was more than 68% of the biological carbon density of the whole ecosystem and was mainly distributed in roots (49.5%-56.1%). Carbon density of the herbaceous layer was 22.5% of the biological carbon density of the whole ecosystem and was also mainly distributed in roots (59.6%-75.1%). The biological carbon density of P. fruticosa shrublands (5.08 t·hm^-2) was lower than the average carbon density of shrub communities in China (10. 88 t·hm^-2). Soil carbon density contributed the largest proportion (85.8%) of total carbon density in P. fruticosa shrublands.     

Storage of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in temperate shrubland ecosystems across Northern China

Aims Studying storage of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in ecosystems is of significance in understanding carbon and nutrient cycling. Previous researches in ecosystem C, N and P storage have biased towards forests and grasslands. Shrubland ecosystems encompass a wide gradient in precipitation and soil conditions, providing a unique opportunity to explore the patterns of ecosystem C, N and P storage in relation to climate and soil properties.
Methods We estimated densities and storage of organic C, N and P of shrubland ecosystems in Northern China based on data from 433 shrubland sites.
Important findings The main results are summarized as follows: the average organic C, N and P densities in temperate shrubland ecosystems across Northern China were 69.8 Mg·hm^-2, 7.3 Mg·hm^-2 and 4.2 Mg·hm^-2, respectively. The average plant C, N and P densities were 5.1 Mg·hm^-2, 11.5 × 10^-2 Mg·hm^-2 and 8.6 × 10^-3 Mg·hm^-2, respectively, and were significantly correlated with precipitation and soil nutrient concentrations. The average litter C, N and P densities were 1.4 Mg·hm^-2, 3.8 ×10^-2 Mg·hm^-2, 2.5 ×10^-3 Mg·hm^-2 and were significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation. The average soil organic C, N and P densities in the top 1 m were 64.0 Mg·hm^-2, 7.1 Mg·hm^-2 and 4.2 Mg·hm^-2, respectively and the former two were significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation. The total organic C, N and P storage of shrublands in Northern China were 1.7 Pg, 164.9 Tg and 124.8 Tg, respectively. The plant C, N and P storage were 128.4 Tg, 3.1 Tg and 0.2 Tg, respectively. The litter C, N and P storage were 8.4 Tg, 0.45 Tg, 0.027 Tg, respectively. Soil is the largest C, N and P pool in the studied area. The soil organic C, N and P storage in the top 1 meter were 1.6 Pg, 161.3 Tg and 124.6 Tg, respectively.     

Current stocks and potential of carbon sequestration of the forest tree layer in Qinghai Province,China

为阐明青海省森林生态系统乔木层植被碳储量现状及其分布特征, 该研究利用240个标准样地实测的乔木数据, 估算出青海省森林生态系统不同林型处于不同龄级阶段的平均碳密度, 并结合青海省森林资源清查资料所提供的不同龄级的各林型面积, 估算了青海省森林生态系统乔木层的固碳现状、速率和潜力。结果表明: 1) 2011年青海省森林乔木层平均碳密度为76.54 Mg·hm ^-2, 总碳储量为27.38 Tg。云杉(Picea spp.)林、柏木(Cupressus funebris)林、桦木(Betula spp.)林、杨树(Populus spp.)林是青海地区的主要林型, 占青海省森林面积的96.23%, 占青海省乔木层碳储量的86.67%, 其中云杉林的碳储量(14.78 Tg)和碳密度(106.93 Mg·hm ^-2)最高。按龄级划分, 乔木层碳储量表现为过熟林>中龄林>成熟林>近熟林>幼龄林。2)青海省乔木层总碳储量从2003年的23.30 Tg增加到2011年的27.38 Tg, 年平均碳增量为0.51 Tg·a ^-1。乔木层固碳速率为1.06 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1, 其中柏木林的固碳速率最大(0.44 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1); 桦木林的固碳速率为负值(-1.06 Mg·hm ^-2·a ^-1)。3)青海省乔木层植被固碳潜力为8.50 Tg, 其中云杉林固碳潜力最高(3.40 Tg)。该研究结果表明青海省乔木层具有较大的固碳潜力, 若对现有森林资源进行合理管理和利用, 将会增加青海省森林的碳固存能力。     

Carbon storage of the forests and its spatial pattern in Nei Mongol,China

Aims
Forest carbon storage in Nei Mongol plays a significant role in national terrestrial carbon budget due to its large area in China. Our objectives were to estimate the carbon storage in the forest ecosystems in Nei Mongol and to quantify its spatial pattern.
Methods
Field survey and sampling were conducted at 137 sites that distributed evenly across the forest types in the study region. At each site, the ecosystem carbon density was estimated thorough sampling and measuring different pools of soil (0-100 cm) and vegetation, including biomass of tree, grass, shrub, and litter. Regional carbon storage was calculated with the estimated carbon density for each forest type.
Important findings
Carbon storage of vegetation layer in forests in Nei Mongol was 787.8 Tg C, with the biomass of tree, litter, herbaceous and shrub accounting for 93.5%, 3.0%, 2.7% and 0.8%, respectively. Carbon density of vegetation layer was 40.4 t·hm^-2, with 35.6 t·hm^-2 in trees, 2.9 t·hm^-2 in litter, 1.2 t·hm^-2 in herbaceous and 0.6 t·hm^-2 in shrubs. In comparison, carbon storage of soil layer in forests in Nei Mongol was 2449.6 Tg C, with 79.8% distributed in the first 30 cm. Carbon density of soil layer was 144.4 t·hm^-2. Carbon storage of forest ecosystem in Nei Mongol was 3237.4 Tg C, with vegetation and soil accounting for 24.3% and 75.7%, respectively. Carbon density of forest ecosystems in Nei Mongol was 184.5 t·hm^-2. Carbon density of soil layer was positively correlated with that of vegetation layer. Spatially, both carbon storage and carbon density were higher in the eastern area, where the climate is more humid. Forest reserves and artificial afforestations can significantly improve the capacity of regional carbon sink.     

内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物叶片与根系氮利用效率空间格局及影响因素

氮利用效率是植物的关键功能性状, 同时紧密关联生态系统功能, 但是目前对氮利用效率的区域格局及影响因素仍然不清楚。该研究分析了内蒙古和青藏高原草原82个调查地点、139种植物叶片和根系的氮利用效率及其与环境因素、植物功能群之间的关系, 实验结果显示: 1)草甸草原植物叶片的氮利用效率为53 g·g ^-1, 显著大于高寒草甸(46 g·g ^-1)、荒漠草原(41 g·g ^-1)和典型草原(39 g·g ^-1)。高寒草甸根系氮利用效率为108 g·g ^-1, 显著高于其他生态系统。2)叶片氮利用效率比根系对温度更加敏感, 但随着干旱指数的增加, 两者均表现出显著的降低趋势。3)杂类草叶片和根系氮利用效率低于莎草科和禾本科植物, 豆科植物叶片和根系氮利用效率分别比非豆科植物低48%和60%。4)植物氮利用效率与土壤氮含量之间没有显著关系。总体上, 内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物叶片和根系氮利用效率的空间格局存在差异, 主要影响因素为植物功能群和干旱指数。本研究系统揭示内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物氮利用效率的空间格局及关键驱动因子, 有助于在全球变化背景下了解我国草地生产力维持机制, 同时为草原生态系统管理提供科学依据。     

Estimation of biomass allocation and carbon density of Rhododendron simsii shrubland in the subtropical mountainous areas of China

Aims As an important potential carbon sink, shrubland ecosystem plays a vital role in global carbon balance and climate regulation. Our objectives were to derive appropriate regression models for shrub biomass estimation, and to reveal the biomass allocation pattern and carbon density in Rhododendron simsii shrubland.
Methods We conducted investigations in 27 plots, and developed biomass regression models for shrub species to estimate shrub biomass. The biomass of herb and litterfall were obtained through harvesting. Plant samples were collected from each plot to measure carbon content in different organs.
Important findings The results showed that the power and linear models were the most appropriate equation forms. The D and D²H (where D was the basal diameter (cm) and H was the shrub height (m)) were good predictors for organ biomass and total biomass of shrubs. All of the biomass models reached extremely significant level, and could be used to estimate shrub biomass with high accuracy. It was more difficult to predict leaf and annual branch biomass than stem biomass, because leaf and annual branch were susceptible to herbivores and inter-plant competition. The mean biomass of the shrub layer was 20.78 Mg·hm^-2, in which Rhododendron simsii and Symplocos paniculata biomass accounted for 93.63%. Influenced by both environment and species characteristics, the biomass of the shrub layer organs was in the order of stem > root > leaf > annual branch. The root:shoot ratio of the shrub layer was 0.32, which was less than other shrubs in subtropical regions. The relative higher aboveground biomass allocation reflected the adaptation of plants to the warm and humid environment for more photosynthesis. The mean total community biomass was 26.26 Mg·hm^-2, in which shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer accounted for 79.14%, 7.62% and 13.25%, respectively. Litter biomass was relatively high, which suggested that this community had high nutrient return. There were significant correlations among aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and total biomass of shrub layer and herb layer. The mean biomass carbon density of the community was 11.70 Mg·hm^-2 and the carbon content ratio was 44.55%. The carbon density was usually obtained using the conversion coefficient of 0.5 in previous studies, which could overestimate carbon density by 12.22%.     

Construction of CO2-response model of electron transport rate in C4 crop and its application

准确估算光合电子流对CO₂响应的变化趋势对深入了解光合过程具有重要意义。该研究在植物光合作用对CO₂响应新模型(模型I)的基础上构建了电子传递速率(J)对CO₂的响应模型(模型II), 并对用LI-6400-40便携式光合仪测量的玉米(Zea mays)和千穗谷(Amaranthus hypochondriacus)的数据进行了拟合。结果表明, 模型II可以很好地拟合玉米和千穗谷叶片J对CO₂浓度的响应曲线(J-C_a曲线), 得到玉米和千穗谷的最大电子传递速率分别为262.41和393.07 mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 与估算值相符合。在此基础上, 对光合电子流分配到其他路径进行了探讨。结果显示, 380 mmol·mol ^-1 CO₂浓度下玉米和千穗谷碳同化所需的电子流为247.92和285.16 mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 分配到其他途径的光合电子流为14.49和107.91 mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1(考虑植物CO₂的回收利用)。比较两种植物的其他途径光合电子流分配值发现, 两者相差6倍之多。分析认为这与千穗谷和玉米的催化脱羧反应酶种类以及脱羧反应发生的部位不同密切相关。该发现为人们研究C₄植物中烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷磷酸苹果酸酶型和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸苹果酸酶型两种亚型之间的差异提供了一个新的视角。此外, 构建的电子传递速率对CO₂的响应模型为人们研究C₄植物的光合电子流的变化规律提供了一个可供选择的数学工具。     

Litter standing crop of shrubland ecosystems in southern China

Aims Litter is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, which plays significant roles in carbon and nutrient cycles. Quantifying regional-scale pattern of litter standing crop would improve our understanding in the mechanism of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, also with help in predicting the responses of carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems to future climate change. Our objective was to examine variation in litter standing crop of shrublands along the environmental gradients in southern China.
Methods During 2011-2014, we investigated the litter standing crop at 453 shrublands sites by the stratified random sampling, reflecting climatic and soil attributes across southern China.
Important findings We found that the mean value of litter standing crop in these shrubland ecosystems across southern China was 0.32 kg·m^-2. It was 68% of forest litter standing crop (0.47 kg·m^-2) and was five times higher than that in grasslands (0.06 kg·m^-2) in China. Litter standing crop increased with latitude. Our results showed that litter standing crop was negatively correlated with mean annual temperature, soil total P and soil pH, but not significantly correlated with other environmental variables, including mean annual precipitation, soil carbon, nitrogen and soil organic matter. The conversion coefficient of carbon in litter standing crop was 0.41, which is significantly lower than that of vegetation in shrublands (0.50), resulting in an overestimate in carbon storage of litter standing crop in shrubland up to 22% by applying wrong conversion coefficient. We concluded that litter standing crop of shrublands is an important component in terrestrial ecosystems. Mean annual temperature was the most important environmental variable, accounting for the variation in litter standing crop of shrublands in southern China. To our best of knowledge, this is the first study to quantify variation in litter standing crop of shrublands at the regional scale. Therefore, our study will have important implications for assessing the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems in China.     

Biomass allocation and carbon density of Sophora moorcroftiana shrublands in the middle reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River,Xizang, China

Aims The expansion of shrublands is considered as one of the key reasons leading to the increase of carbon density in terrestrial ecosystems in China. In the present study, our aims were to explore the biomass allocation and carbon density of Sophora moorcroftiana shrublands in Xizang.
Methods We sampled the biomass of S. moorcroftiana shrubs from 18 sites in the middle reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River, Xizang. Using concentrations of different organs, we estimated the carbon density of different layers in S. moorcroftiana shrublands.
Important findings The plant cover rather than biomass volume (the product of cover and height) provided the best fit for aboveground biomass. The average of the total biomass was 5.71 Mg·hm^-2, ranging from 2.32 to 8.96 Mg·hm^-2. The average biomass of shrub layer, the main component of shrub ecosystem, was 4.08 Mg·hm^-2, accounting for 71% of the total biomass. The belowground biomass of shrub and herb layers was 2.08 and 0.86 Mg·hm^-2, respectively, which was higher than the corresponding aboveground biomass. The average biomass carbon density was 2.48 Mg·hm^-2. Shrub vegetation in the eastern part of the middle reaches has lower carbon density than that in the western part. The relatively high biomass allocation to roots to increase water and nutrient undertake as well as physical support for plants is an important strategy of S. moorcroftiana to cope with the arid environment on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Moreover, the lower carbon density in the eastern part of the middle reaches might be due to the dry environment resulted from high temperature and evapotranspiration and enhanced human activities at low altitudes. The continuous decrease of evapotranspiration under scenarios of future climate change may lead to increase in carbon density in S. moorcroftiana shrublands.